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Keywords = microwave-induced pyrolysis

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17 pages, 7508 KiB  
Article
Supramolecular Graphene Quantum Dots/Porphyrin Complex as Fluorescence Probe for Metal Ion Sensing
by Mariachiara Sarà, Andrea Romeo, Gabriele Lando, Maria Angela Castriciano, Roberto Zagami, Giovanni Neri and Luigi Monsù Scolaro
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157295 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 239
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) obtained by microwave-induced pyrolysis of glutamic acid and triethylenetetramine (trien) are fairly stable, emissive, water-soluble, and positively charged nano-systems able to interact with negatively charged meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS4). The stoichiometric control during the preparation affords a [...] Read more.
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) obtained by microwave-induced pyrolysis of glutamic acid and triethylenetetramine (trien) are fairly stable, emissive, water-soluble, and positively charged nano-systems able to interact with negatively charged meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS4). The stoichiometric control during the preparation affords a supramolecular adduct, GQDs@TPPS4, that exhibits a double fluorescence emission from both the GQDs and the TPPS4 fluorophores. These supramolecular aggregates have an overall negative charge that is responsible for the condensation of cations in the nearby aqueous layer, and a three-fold acceleration of the metalation rates of Cu2+ ions has been observed with respect to the parent porphyrin. Addition of various metal ions leads to some changes in the UV/Vis spectra and has a different impact on the fluorescence emission of GQDs and TPPS4. The quenching efficiency of the TPPS4 emission follows the order Cu2+ > Hg2+ > Cd2+ > Pb2+ ~ Zn2+ ~ Co2+ ~ Ni2+ > Mn2+ ~ Cr3+ >> Mg2+ ~ Ca2+ ~ Ba2+, and it has been related to literature data and to the sitting-atop mechanism that large transition metal ions (e.g., Hg2+ and Cd2+) exhibit in their interaction with the macrocyclic nitrogen atoms of the porphyrin, inducing distortion and accelerating the insertion of smaller metal ions, such as Zn2+. For the most relevant metal ions, emission quenching of the porphyrin evidences a linear behavior in the micromolar range, with the emission of the GQDs being moderately affected through a filter effect. Deliberate pollution of the samples with Zn2+ reveals the ability of the GQDs@TPPS4 adduct to detect sensitively Cu2+, Hg2+, and Cd2+ ions. Full article
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25 pages, 7725 KiB  
Article
Mathematical Modelling and Optimization for Facile Synthesis of Structured Activated Carbon (ACs) from Adansonia kilima (Baobab) Wood Chips Integrating Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis for the Elimination of Lead (II) Cations from Wastewater Effluents
by Santhana Sellamuthu, Zaira Zaman Chowdhury, Khalisanni Khalid, Shahjalal Mohd. Shibly, Md Mahfujur Rahman, Masud Rana, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, H. M. T. Khaleed, Sarfaraz Kamangar, Mohd. Rafie Bin Johan, Mohamed Hussein, Ajita Mitra and Abu Nasser Faisal
Molecules 2023, 28(18), 6640; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186640 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1703
Abstract
In this research, activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from ligno-cellulosic residues of Adansonia kilima (Baobab) wood chips (AKTW) using two-step semi-carbonization and subsequent pyrolysis using microwave-induced heating (MWP) in the presence of a mild activating agent of K2CO3. The [...] Read more.
In this research, activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from ligno-cellulosic residues of Adansonia kilima (Baobab) wood chips (AKTW) using two-step semi-carbonization and subsequent pyrolysis using microwave-induced heating (MWP) in the presence of a mild activating agent of K2CO3. The influence of process input variables of microwave power (x1), residence time (y1), and amount of K2CO3 (z1) were analysed to yield superior quality carbon having maximum removal efficiencies (R1) for lead (II) cations from waste effluents, fixed carbon percentages (R2), and carbon yield percentages (R3). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to develop relevant mathematical models, with an appropriate statistical assessment of errors. Level factorial response surface methodology (RSM) relying on the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was implemented for the experimental design. The surface area and porous texture of the samples were determined using Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) adsorption/desorption curves based on the N2 isotherm. Surface morphological structure was observed using field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to observe the thermal stability of the sample. Change in the carbon content of the samples was determined using ultimate analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to observe the crystalline and amorphous texture of the samples. The retention of a higher proportion of fixed carbon (80.01%) ensures that the synthesized adsorbent (AKTWAC) will have a greater adsorption capacity while avoiding unwanted catalytic activity for our synthesized final sample. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lignocellulosic Biomass III)
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22 pages, 2501 KiB  
Review
A Review on the Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics
by Changze Yang, Hui Shang, Jun Li, Xiayu Fan, Jianchen Sun and Aijun Duan
Processes 2023, 11(5), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11051487 - 14 May 2023
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9746
Abstract
The exhaustion of fossil energy and the severe pollution induced by using plastics has forced people to embark on the road to sustainable development. The high value of the recycling of plastics has become an important part of energy conservation. Microwave treatment, owning [...] Read more.
The exhaustion of fossil energy and the severe pollution induced by using plastics has forced people to embark on the road to sustainable development. The high value of the recycling of plastics has become an important part of energy conservation. Microwave treatment, owning specific interactions between the electric field and the molecules of treated materials, presents potential advantages in the application of plastic pyrolysis. Therefore, the research status of the microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of plastics to produce high-value-added liquid oil, gas, and solid carbon was reviewed in this paper. The effects of plastic properties, microwave treatment parameters, microwave absorbers, co-pyrolysis, catalysts, and reactor devices on the process and the products were analyzed. It is essential to optimize the experimental design by studying microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis technology and the application of catalysts, understanding the mechanism of co-pyrolysis to improve product selectivity. At the same time, the continuous MAP device for large-scale plastics treatment still needs to be developed. In addition, developing a large-scale simulation computing research platform for screening catalysts, optimizing processes, and commercial production is required to make the process more efficient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
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13 pages, 4055 KiB  
Article
Natural Hollow Fiber-Derived Carbon Microtube with Broadband Microwave Attenuation Capacity
by Yanfang Zhao, Aichun Long, Pengfei Zhao, Lusheng Liao, Rui Wang, Gaorong Li, Bingbing Wang, Xiaoxue Liao, Rentong Yu and Jianhe Liao
Polymers 2022, 14(21), 4501; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14214501 - 24 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1926
Abstract
Constructing hierarchical structures is indispensable to tuning the electromagnetic properties of carbon-based materials. Here, carbon microtubes with nanometer wall thickness and micrometer diameter were fabricated by a feasible approach with economical and sustainable kapok fiber. The carbonized kapok fiber (CKF) exhibits microscale pores [...] Read more.
Constructing hierarchical structures is indispensable to tuning the electromagnetic properties of carbon-based materials. Here, carbon microtubes with nanometer wall thickness and micrometer diameter were fabricated by a feasible approach with economical and sustainable kapok fiber. The carbonized kapok fiber (CKF) exhibits microscale pores from the inherent porous templates as well as pyrolysis-induced nanopores inside the wall, affording the hierarchical carbon microtube with excellent microwave absorbing performance over broad frequency. Particularly, CKF-650 exhibits an optimized reflection loss (RL) of −62.46 dB (10.32 GHz, 2.2 mm), while CKF-600 demonstrates an effective absorption bandwidth (RL < −10 dB) of 6.80 GHz (11.20–18.00 GHz, 2.8 mm). Moreover, more than 90% of the incident electromagnetic wave ranging from 2.88 GHz to 18.00 GHz can be dissipated by simply controlling the carbonization temperature of KF and/or the thickness of the carbon-microtube-based absorber. These encouraging findings provide a facile alternative route to fabricate microwave absorbers with broadband attenuation capacity by utilizing sustainable biomass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Cellulose-Based Materials: Synthesis and Application)
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11 pages, 17576 KiB  
Article
Comparative Investigation of the Physicochemical Properties of Chars Produced by Hydrothermal Carbonization, Pyrolysis, and Microwave-Induced Pyrolysis of Food Waste
by Moonis Ali Khan, Bassim H. Hameed, Masoom Raza Siddiqui, Zeid A. Alothman and Ibrahim H. Alsohaimi
Polymers 2022, 14(4), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040821 - 20 Feb 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3807
Abstract
This work presents a comparative study of the physicochemical properties of chars derived by three thermochemical pathways, namely: hydrothermal carbonization, HTC (at 180, 200 and 220 °C), pyrolysis, PY, (at 500, 600 and 700 °C) and microwave assisted pyrolysis, MW (at 300, 450 [...] Read more.
This work presents a comparative study of the physicochemical properties of chars derived by three thermochemical pathways, namely: hydrothermal carbonization, HTC (at 180, 200 and 220 °C), pyrolysis, PY, (at 500, 600 and 700 °C) and microwave assisted pyrolysis, MW (at 300, 450 and 600 W). The mass yield of HTC samples showed a decrease (78.7 to 26.7%) as the HTC temperature increased from 180 to 220 °C. A similar decreasing trend in the mass yield was also observed after PY (28.45 to 26.67%) and MW (56.45 to 22.44%) of the food waste mixture from 500 to 700 °C and 300 to 600 W, respectively. The calorific value analysis shows that the best among the chars prepared by three different heating methods may be ranked according to the decreasing value of the heating value as: PY500, MW300, and HTC180. Similarly, a decreasing trend in H/C values was observed as: PY500 (0.887), MW300 (0.306), and HTC180 (0.013). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses revealed that the structure of the three chars was distinct due to the different temperature gradients provided by the thermochemical processes. The results clearly show that the suitable temperature for the HTC and PY of food waste was 180 °C and 500 °C, respectively, while the suitable power for the MW of food waste was 300 W. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Materials from Natural Resources)
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17 pages, 2181 KiB  
Review
A Review of Bio-Oil Production through Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis
by Mauro Giorcelli, Oisik Das, Gabriel Sas, Michael Försth and Mattia Bartoli
Processes 2021, 9(3), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9030561 - 23 Mar 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5688
Abstract
The issue of sustainability is a growing concern and has led to many environmentally friendly chemical productions through a great intensification of the use of biomass conversion processes. Thermal conversion of biomass is one of the most attractive tools currently used, and pyrolytic [...] Read more.
The issue of sustainability is a growing concern and has led to many environmentally friendly chemical productions through a great intensification of the use of biomass conversion processes. Thermal conversion of biomass is one of the most attractive tools currently used, and pyrolytic treatments represent the most flexible approach to biomass conversion. In this scenario, microwave-assisted pyrolysis could be a solid choice for the production of multi-chemical mixtures known as bio-oils. Bio-oils could represent a promising new source of high-value species ranging from bioactive chemicals to green solvents. In this review, we have summarized the most recent developments regarding bio-oil production through microwave-induced pyrolytic degradation of biomasses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Conversion Techniques Intensification)
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20 pages, 561 KiB  
Review
Recycling of Aseptic Beverage Cartons: A Review
by Gordon L. Robertson
Recycling 2021, 6(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling6010020 - 11 Mar 2021
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 16344
Abstract
Aseptic beverage cartons are multilayer polymer-coated paperboards with a layer of aluminum foil. Due to their multilayer structure it is commonly assumed that they cannot be recycled. This is not the case and this review details the multifarious processes that are used to [...] Read more.
Aseptic beverage cartons are multilayer polymer-coated paperboards with a layer of aluminum foil. Due to their multilayer structure it is commonly assumed that they cannot be recycled. This is not the case and this review details the multifarious processes that are used to recycle aseptic beverage cartons. Hydrapulping to recover the paper fibers that constitute 75% of the carton is the most widespread process, followed by the manufacture of construction materials such as boards and tiles which utilize the complete carton. A range of mechanical, chemical and thermal processes are used to separate the PolyAl (polyethylene and aluminum) residual that remains after the paper fibers have been recovered. The simplest process involves agglutination followed by extrusion to obtain pellets that can then be used in industrial and consumer products or combined with other materials such as lignocellulosic wastes. Chemical approaches involve the solubilization of polyethylene and the removal of aluminum. Various thermal processes have also been investigated and a novel microwave-induced pyrolysis process appears the most commercially viable. It is concluded that the focus in future years is likely to be on recycling cartons into construction materials where there is a theoretical yield of 100% compared with 75% for hydrapulping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Recycling 2021)
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12 pages, 433 KiB  
Article
Kinetic Study of the Pyrolysis of Waste Printed Circuit Boards Subject to Conventional and Microwave Heating
by Jing Sun, Wenlong Wang, Zhen Liu, Qingluan Ma, Chao Zhao and Chunyuan Ma
Energies 2012, 5(9), 3295-3306; https://doi.org/10.3390/en5093295 - 31 Aug 2012
Cited by 90 | Viewed by 8976
Abstract
This paper describes a kinetic study of the decomposition of waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) under conventional and microwave-induced pyrolysis conditions. We discuss the heating rates and the influence of the pyrolysis on the thermal decomposition kinetics of WPCB. We find that the [...] Read more.
This paper describes a kinetic study of the decomposition of waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) under conventional and microwave-induced pyrolysis conditions. We discuss the heating rates and the influence of the pyrolysis on the thermal decomposition kinetics of WPCB. We find that the thermal degradation of WPCB in a controlled conventional thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) occurred in the temperature range of 300 °C–600 °C, where the main pyrolysis of organic matter takes place along with an expulsion of volumetric volatiles. The corresponding activation energy is decreased from 267 kJ/mol to 168 kJ/mol with increased heating rates from 20 °C/min to 50 °C/min. Similarly, the process of microwave-induced pyrolysis of WPCB material manifests in only one stage, judging by experiments with a microwave power of 700 W. Here, the activation energy is determined to be only 49 kJ/mol, much lower than that found in a conventional TGA subject to a similar heating rate. The low activation energy found in microwave-induced pyrolysis suggests that the adoption of microwave technology for the disposal of WPCB material and even for waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) could be an attractive option. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste to Energy Technologies)
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