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Keywords = melt absorbability of core ores

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15 pages, 4529 KiB  
Article
Influence of Quantity and Quality of Bonding Phases on Strength of Iron Ore Sinters
by Zhigang Que, Laixin Wang, Yinxuan Fu, Fan Gu and Jinming Shi
Metals 2025, 15(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15010047 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 848
Abstract
Sinter is the main raw material of blast furnaces, and its strength influences its running condition. Nevertheless, there is no comprehensive definition of the influencing mechanisms of the strength of the sinter. In this paper, the influences of the quantity and quality of [...] Read more.
Sinter is the main raw material of blast furnaces, and its strength influences its running condition. Nevertheless, there is no comprehensive definition of the influencing mechanisms of the strength of the sinter. In this paper, the influences of the quantity and quality of the bonding phase on the strength of the sinter were investigated by changing the sintering parameters, such as the maximum sintering temperature, the binary basicity of adhering fines, holding time at high temperature, and types of core ores. As the maximum temperature increased from 1240 °C to 1320 °C and the binary basicity of the adhering fines increased from 5.0 to 9.0, and the strength of the sinter increased first and then decreased. The strength of the sinter was improved by increasing the holding time at high temperatures and reducing the melt absorbability of core ores. The strength of the sinter was comprehensively influenced by the strength of the bonding phase, the fluidity of the original melt, and the melt absorbability of core ores. There is a multivariate linear relationship between them. Moreover, the strength of the bonding phase had the greatest effect on the strength of the sinter, followed by the fluidity of the original melt, and the melt absorbability of core ores was the smallest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Smelting Technology and Prospects)
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19 pages, 4686 KiB  
Article
Development of Novel Phase-Change Materials Derived from Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol and Aromatic Acyl Chlorides
by Alejandro Angel-López, Ángel Norambuena, C. Arriaza-Echanes, Claudio A. Terraza, Alain Tundidor-Camba, Deysma Coll and Pablo A. Ortiz
Polymers 2023, 15(14), 3069; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15143069 - 17 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1975
Abstract
In this research, novel, organic, solid-liquid phase-change materials (PCMs) derived from methoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG) and aromatic acyl chlorides (ACs) were prepared through a condensation reaction. The MPEGs were used as phase-change functional chains with different molecular weights (350, 550, 750, 2000, and [...] Read more.
In this research, novel, organic, solid-liquid phase-change materials (PCMs) derived from methoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG) and aromatic acyl chlorides (ACs) were prepared through a condensation reaction. The MPEGs were used as phase-change functional chains with different molecular weights (350, 550, 750, 2000, and 5000 g/mol). The aromatic ACs, terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) and isophthaloyl chloride (IPC), were employed as bulky linker cores. Solubility tests demonstrated that this family of PCMs is soluble in protic polar solvents such as H2O and MeOH, and insoluble in nonpolar solvents such as n-hexane. Fourier-ransform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR UATR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, DEPT 135°, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC NMR) were used to confirm the bonding of MPEG chains to ACs. The crystalline morphology of the synthesized materials was examined using polarized optical microscopy (POM), revealing the formation of spherulites with Maltese-cross-extinction patterns. Furthermore, it was confirmed that PCMs with higher molecular weights were crystalline at room temperature and exhibited an increased average spherulite size compared to their precursors. Thermal stability tests conducted through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated decomposition temperatures close to 400 °C for all PCMs. The phase-change properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), revealing that the novel PCMs melted and crystallized between −23.7 and 60.2 °C and −39.9 and 45.9 °C, respectively. Moreover, the heat absorbed and released by the PCMs ranged from 57.9 to 198.8 J/g and 48.6 to 195.6 J/g, respectively. Additionally, the PCMs exhibited thermal stability after undergoing thermal cycles of melting-crystallization, indicating that energy absorption and release occurred at nearly constant temperatures. This study presents a new family of high-performance organic PCMs and demonstrates that the orientation of substituent groups in the phenylene ring influences supercooling, transition temperatures, and thermal energy storage capacity depending on the MPEG molecular weight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)
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15 pages, 5010 KiB  
Article
Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Deposited Metal of E120C-K4 High Strength Steel Flux-Cored Wire
by Wen Wu, Tianli Zhang, Haoxin Chen, Jingjing Peng, Kaiqin Yang, Sanbao Lin, Peiyin Wen, Zhuoxin Li, Shanglei Yang and Sindo Kou
Materials 2023, 16(8), 3239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083239 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2564
Abstract
The effect of different heat inputs of 1.45 kJ/mm, 1.78 kJ/mm and 2.31 kJ/mm on the microstructure and mechanical properties of deposited metals of the self-developed AWS A5.28 E120C-K4 high strength steel flux-cored wire was studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and [...] Read more.
The effect of different heat inputs of 1.45 kJ/mm, 1.78 kJ/mm and 2.31 kJ/mm on the microstructure and mechanical properties of deposited metals of the self-developed AWS A5.28 E120C-K4 high strength steel flux-cored wire was studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and mechanical property test. With the increase in heat input, the results showed that the microstructure of deposited metals became coarse. Acicular ferrite increased at first and then decreased, granular bainite increased and degenerated upper bainite and martensite decreased slightly. Under the low heat input of 1.45 kJ/mm, the cooling rate was fast and the element diffusion was uneven, which caused composition segregation and easy to form large size inclusions SiO2-TiC-CeAlO3 with weak binding to the matrix. Under the middle heat input of 1.78 kJ/mm, the composite rare earth inclusions in dimples were mainly TiC-CeAlO3. The dimples were small and uniformly distributed, and the dimple fracture mainly depended on the wall-breaking connection between medium-sized dimples rather than an intermediate media. Under the high heat input of 2.31 kJ/mm, SiO2 was easy to adhere to high melting point Al2O3 oxides to form irregular composite inclusions. Such irregular inclusions do not need to absorb too much energy to form necking. Finally, the integrated effects of microstructure and inclusions resulted in the optimum mechanical properties of deposited metals with a heat input of 1.78 kJ/mm, which was a tensile strength of 793 MPa and an average impact toughness at −40 °C of 56 J. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Materials Processing (Second Volume))
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28 pages, 2133 KiB  
Review
A Review of Molten Salt Reactor Multi-Physics Coupling Models and Development Prospects
by Jianhui Wu, Jingen Chen, Xiangzhou Cai, Chunyan Zou, Chenggang Yu, Yong Cui, Ao Zhang and Hongkai Zhao
Energies 2022, 15(21), 8296; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218296 - 6 Nov 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6765
Abstract
Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are one type of GEN-IV advanced reactors that adopt melt mixtures of heavy metal elements and molten salt as both fuel and coolant. The liquid fuel allows MSRs to perform online refueling, reprocessing, and helium bubbling. The fuel utilization, [...] Read more.
Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are one type of GEN-IV advanced reactors that adopt melt mixtures of heavy metal elements and molten salt as both fuel and coolant. The liquid fuel allows MSRs to perform online refueling, reprocessing, and helium bubbling. The fuel utilization, safety, and economics can be enhanced, while some new physical mechanisms and phenomena emerge simultaneously, which would significantly complicate the numerical simulation of MSRs. The dual roles of molten fuel salt in the core lead to a tighter coupling of physical mechanisms since the released fission energy will be absorbed immediately by the molten salt itself and then transferred to the primary heat exchanger. The modeling of multi-physics coupling is regarded as one important aspect of MSR study, attracting growing attention worldwide. Up to now, great efforts have been made in the development of MSR multi-physics coupling models over the past 60 years, especially after 2000, when MSR was selected for one of the GEN-IV advanced reactors. In this paper, the development status of the MSR multi-physics coupling model is extensively reviewed in the light of coupling models of N-TH (neutronics and thermal hydraulics), N-TH-BN (neutronics, thermal hydraulics, and burnup) and N-TH-BN-G (neutronics, thermal hydraulics, burnup, and graphite deformation). The problems, challenges, and development trends are outlined to provide a basis for the future development of MSR multi-physics coupling models. Full article
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13 pages, 7195 KiB  
Article
Suppression of Aluminum Dust Explosion by Ca(H2PO4)2/RM Composite Powder with Core–Shell Structure: Effect and Mechanism
by Junfeng Wang, Xiangbao Meng, Ke Yan and Jinshe Chen
Processes 2019, 7(10), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100761 - 18 Oct 2019
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4960
Abstract
A Ca(H2PO4)2/RM composite powder suppressant with core–shell structure was prepared with modified red mud (RM) as the carrier and Ca(H2PO4)2 as the loaded particles, using a solvent–antisolvent process, in an attempt to [...] Read more.
A Ca(H2PO4)2/RM composite powder suppressant with core–shell structure was prepared with modified red mud (RM) as the carrier and Ca(H2PO4)2 as the loaded particles, using a solvent–antisolvent process, in an attempt to suppress aluminum dust explosion more effectively. The suppression effects of the Ca(H2PO4)2/RM composite powder suppressant for aluminum dust flame propagation and for explosion overpressure were tested in a vertical glass tube test apparatus and a 20 L explosion vessel. The results show that the Ca(H2PO4)2/RM composite powder suppressant was more effective in suppressing aluminum dust flame propagation and explosion overpressure than either Ca(H2PO4)2 or RM powder alone. Finally, the suppression mechanism of the Ca(H2PO4)2/RM composite powder suppressant was analyzed. On the one hand, a large amount of burning heat was absorbed through the decomposition of Ca(H2PO4)2 and the melting phase transformation of the decomposition product; on the other hand, the strong isolation provided by the RM helped limit flame propagation. The strong adsorptivity of RM allowed this material to adsorb the radicals from the explosion reaction perfectly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)
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17 pages, 9921 KiB  
Article
Fluoropolymer-Containing Opals and Inverse Opals by Melt-Shear Organization
by Julia Kredel, Christian Dietz and Markus Gallei
Molecules 2019, 24(2), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020333 - 17 Jan 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5910
Abstract
The preparation of highly ordered colloidal architectures has attracted significant attention and is a rapidly growing field for various applications, e.g., sensors, absorbers, and membranes. A promising technique for the preparation of elastomeric inverse opal films relies on tailored core/shell particle architectures and [...] Read more.
The preparation of highly ordered colloidal architectures has attracted significant attention and is a rapidly growing field for various applications, e.g., sensors, absorbers, and membranes. A promising technique for the preparation of elastomeric inverse opal films relies on tailored core/shell particle architectures and application of the so-called melt-shear organization technique. Within the present work, a convenient route for the preparation of core/shell particles featuring highly fluorinated shell materials as building blocks is described. As particle core materials, both organic or inorganic (SiO2) particles can be used as a template, followed by a semi-continuous stepwise emulsion polymerization for the synthesis of the soft fluoropolymer shell material. The use of functional monomers as shell-material offers the possibility to create opal and inverse opal films with striking optical properties according to Bragg’s law of diffraction. Due to the presence of fluorinated moieties, the chemical resistance of the final opals and inverse opals is increased. The herein developed fluorine-containing particle-based films feature a low surface energy for the matrix material leading to good hydrophobic properties. Moreover, the low refractive index of the fluoropolymer shell compared to the core (or voids) led to excellent optical properties based on structural colors. The herein described fluoropolymer opals and inverse opals are expected to pave the way toward novel functional materials for application in fields of coatings and optical sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart and Functional Polymers)
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17 pages, 17327 KiB  
Article
Effect of PCM on the Hydration Process of Cement-Based Mixtures: A Novel Thermo-Mechanical Investigation
by Claudia Fabiani, Anna Laura Pisello, Antonella D’Alessandro, Filippo Ubertini, Luisa F. Cabeza and Franco Cotana
Materials 2018, 11(6), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11060871 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4503
Abstract
The use of Phase Change Material (PCM) for improving building indoor thermal comfort and energy saving has been largely investigated in the literature in recent years, thus confirming PCM’s capability to reduce indoor thermal fluctuation in both summer and winter conditions, according to [...] Read more.
The use of Phase Change Material (PCM) for improving building indoor thermal comfort and energy saving has been largely investigated in the literature in recent years, thus confirming PCM’s capability to reduce indoor thermal fluctuation in both summer and winter conditions, according to their melting temperature and operation boundaries. Further to that, the present paper aims at investigating an innovative use of PCM for absorbing heat released by cement during its curing process, which typically contributes to micro-cracking of massive concrete elements, therefore compromising their mechanical performance during their service life. The experiments carried out in this work showed how PCM, even in small quantities (i.e., up to 1% in weight of cement) plays a non-negligible benefit in reducing differential thermal increases between core and surface and therefore mechanical stresses originating from differential thermal expansion, as demonstrated by thermal monitoring of cement-based cubes. Both PCM types analyzed in the study (with melting temperatures at 18 and 25 C) were properly dispersed in the mix and were shown to be able to reduce the internal temperature of the cement paste by several degrees, i.e., around 5 C. Additionally, such small amount of PCM produced a reduction of the final density of the composite and an increase of the characteristic compressive strength with respect to the plain recipe. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Smart Materials for the Built Environment)
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9 pages, 1325 KiB  
Article
The Case for Tetrahedral Oxy-subhydride (TOSH) Structures in the Exclusion Zones of Anchored Polar Solvents Including Water
by Klaus Oehr and Paul H. LeMay
Entropy 2014, 16(11), 5712-5720; https://doi.org/10.3390/e16115712 - 3 Nov 2014
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6938
Abstract
We hypothesize a mechanistic model of how negatively-charged exclusion zones (EZs) are created. While the growth of EZs is known to be associated with the absorption of ambient photonic energy, the molecular dynamics giving rise to this process need greater elucidation. We believe [...] Read more.
We hypothesize a mechanistic model of how negatively-charged exclusion zones (EZs) are created. While the growth of EZs is known to be associated with the absorption of ambient photonic energy, the molecular dynamics giving rise to this process need greater elucidation. We believe they arise due to the formation of oxy-subhydride structures (OH)(H2O)4 with a tetrahedral (sp3) (OH)(H2O)3 core. Five experimental data sets derived by previous researchers were assessed in this regard: (1) water-derived EZ light absorbance at specific infrared wavelengths, (2) EZ negative potential in water and ethanol, (3) maximum EZ light absorbance at 270 nm ultraviolet wavelength, (4) ability of dimethyl sulphoxide but not ether to form an EZ, and (5) transitory nature of melting ice derived EZs. The proposed tetrahedral oxy-subhydride structures (TOSH) appear to adequately account for all of the experimental evidence derived from water or other polar solvents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy and EZ-Water)
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