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Keywords = leaky bucket

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19 pages, 3047 KB  
Article
Synergism of Fuzzy Leaky Bucket with Virtual Buffer for Large Scale Social Driven Energy Allocation in Emergencies in Smart City Zones
by Miltiadis Alamaniotis and Michail Alexiou
Electronics 2024, 13(4), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13040762 - 14 Feb 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1136
Abstract
Smart cities can be viewed as expansive systems that optimize operational quality and deliver a range of services, particularly in the realm of energy management. Identifying energy zones within smart cities marks an initial step towards ensuring equitable energy distribution driven by factors [...] Read more.
Smart cities can be viewed as expansive systems that optimize operational quality and deliver a range of services, particularly in the realm of energy management. Identifying energy zones within smart cities marks an initial step towards ensuring equitable energy distribution driven by factors beyond energy considerations. This study introduces a socially oriented methodology for energy allocation during emergencies, implemented at the zone level to address justice concerns. The proposed method integrates a fuzzy leaky bucket model with an energy virtual buffer, leveraging extensive data from diverse city zones to allocate energy resources during emergent situations. By employing fuzzy sets and rules, the leaky bucket mechanism distributes buffered energy to zones, aiming to maximize energy utilization while promoting social justice principles. Evaluation of the approach utilizes consumption data from simulated smart city zones during energy-constrained emergencies, comparing it against a uniform allocation method. Results demonstrate the socially equitable allocation facilitated by the proposed methodology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data and Large-Scale Data Processing Applications)
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15 pages, 3384 KB  
Article
DASH Live Broadcast Traffic Model: A Time-Bound Delay Model for IP-Based Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Systems
by Hyungyoon Seo and Goo Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010247 - 29 Dec 2020
Viewed by 2420
Abstract
This paper proposes a live broadcast traffic model for an internet protocol (IP)-based terrestrial digital broadcasting system to transmit dynamic adaptive streaming over hypertext transfer protocol (DASH) media. The IP-based terrestrial digital broadcasting systems such as Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0 transmit [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a live broadcast traffic model for an internet protocol (IP)-based terrestrial digital broadcasting system to transmit dynamic adaptive streaming over hypertext transfer protocol (DASH) media. The IP-based terrestrial digital broadcasting systems such as Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0 transmit media content (e.g., full high definition and ultra-high definition) in units of DASH segment files. Although the DASH segment file has the same quality and playback time, the size of each DASH segment file can vary according to the media composition. The transmission resource of the terrestrial broadcasting system has increased the transmission capacity of broadcasting with new technologies. However, the transmission capacity is still limited and fixed compared to wired broadcasting networks. Therefore, a problem occurs with the efficiency of broadcasting resources and transmission delay when transmitting a variable segment file to a terrestrial digital broadcasting network. In this paper, the resource efficiency and transmission delay results that occur when transmitting the actual DASH segment file are simulated through the live broadcast traffic model, and the maximum delay time that a viewer accessing the terrestrial broadcast can experience is presented. Full article
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19 pages, 4172 KB  
Article
“Leaky Bucket” of Kazakhstan’s Power Grid: Losses and Inefficient Distribution of Electric Power
by Emil Velinov, Yelena Petrenko, Elena Vechkinzova, Igor Denisov, Luis Ochoa Siguencia and Zofia Gródek-Szostak
Energies 2020, 13(11), 2947; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112947 - 8 Jun 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3778
Abstract
This paper aims to determine and explain the main factors for power losses (the so-called “leaky bucket” effect) in Kazakhstan and the reasons for inefficient energy distribution within the country. Energy efficiency in Kazakhstan is much lower compared to more economically developed countries. [...] Read more.
This paper aims to determine and explain the main factors for power losses (the so-called “leaky bucket” effect) in Kazakhstan and the reasons for inefficient energy distribution within the country. Energy efficiency in Kazakhstan is much lower compared to more economically developed countries. The differences between energy efficiency in various regions of Kazakhstan are also significant. This article explores the impact of administrative monopoly tariffs on the regional energy efficiency, based on a national study conducted in Kazakhstan in 2017. The purpose of the study was to identify the administrative barriers and their impact on the sustainability of enterprise development. What hinders the distribution of energy resources among different regions is artificial barriers in the energy market and the administrative tariff monopoly for electric power. This leads to the inefficient distribution of resources throughout the country. In addition, it is difficult to leverage low distribution efficiency in the absence of a market. The authors attempt to prove that the magnitude of administrative barriers directly affects the efficiency and competitiveness of business, as well as the final prices of goods and services for the end consumer. Full article
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15 pages, 725 KB  
Article
Analysis of the State-Dependent Queueing Model and Its Application to Battery Swapping and Charging Stations
by Doo Il Choi and Dae-Eun Lim
Sustainability 2020, 12(6), 2343; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062343 - 17 Mar 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3381
Abstract
This study analyzes the performance of a queue length-dependent overload control policy using a leaky bucket (LB) scheme. This queueing model is applied to the operation of a battery swapping and charging station for electric vehicles (EVs). In addition to the LB scheme, [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the performance of a queue length-dependent overload control policy using a leaky bucket (LB) scheme. This queueing model is applied to the operation of a battery swapping and charging station for electric vehicles (EVs). In addition to the LB scheme, we propose two congestion control policies based on EV queue length thresholds. With these policies, the model determines both EV-arrival and battery-supply intervals, and these depend on the number of EVs waiting in the queue. The queue length distributions, including those at arbitrary epochs, are derived using embedded Markov chain and supplementary variable methods. Performance measures such as blocking probability and mean waiting time are investigated using numerical examples. We study the characteristics of the system using numerical examples and use a cost analysis to investigate situations in which the application of each congestion control policy is advantageous. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic Feasibility for Sustainability)
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18 pages, 781 KB  
Article
A PEV Charging Service Model for Smart Grids
by Khaled Shuaib, Liren Zhang, Ahmed Gaouda and Mohammed Abdel-Hafez
Energies 2012, 5(11), 4665-4682; https://doi.org/10.3390/en5114665 - 16 Nov 2012
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6677
Abstract
Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) are envisioned to be more popular during the next decade as part of Smart Grid implementations. Charging multiple PEVs at the same time within a power distribution area constitutes a major challenge for energy service providers. This paper discusses [...] Read more.
Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) are envisioned to be more popular during the next decade as part of Smart Grid implementations. Charging multiple PEVs at the same time within a power distribution area constitutes a major challenge for energy service providers. This paper discusses a priority-based approach for charging PEVs in a Smart Grid environment. In this work, ideas from the communication network paradigm are being utilized and tailored toward achieving the desired objective of monitoring and controlling PEVs electric load in Smart Grid. A detailed example is given to show how uncontrolled penetration of PEVs can impact distribution transformer reliability. The paper introduces the concept of Charging Quality of Service (CQoS) as a smart electric vehicle charging scheme and models it using a priority-controlled leaky bucket approach. The performance of such a model is investigated under the umbrella of a Smart Grid environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grid and the Future Electrical Network)
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