Search Results (21)

Background/Objectives: Frailty is a multifactorial condition influenced by physical and psychosocial factors. Understanding longitudinal changes in these domains may guide prevention strategies. This study examines the relationship between frailty status, physical fitness, and psychosocial conditions in community-dwelling older adults using five-year longitudinal data. Methods: Participants were 52 out of 89 older adults who completed both baseline and five-year follow-up assessments (follow-up rate: 58.4%). Data were collected using 10 physical fitness indicators, the fitness age score (FAS), geriatric depression scale (GDS), Lubben social network scale short form (LSNS-6), and relevant items in the six Kihon Checklist (KCL) domains. Due to low prevalence of frailty, individuals with pre-frailty and frailty were combined into the frailty-risk group. Repeated measures ANOVA with sex as a covariate was conducted to compare groups. Logistic regression was used to identify baseline predictors of frailty status at five years. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: GDS, LSNS-6, and KCL scores remained stable over five years. However, physical fitness significantly declined in several measures, including grip strength, vertical jump height, knee extension strength, functional reach, and FAS. A significant interaction for the timed up and go test showed that the robust group maintained function, while the frailty-risk group declined. Logistic regression identified KCL oral function as a significant predictor (OR = 5.331, 95% CI = 1.593–17.839, p = 0.007). Conclusions: Maintaining both oral function and physical fitness is vital for preventing frailty, even among health-conscious older adults. Proactive strategies may support healthy aging. Full article

Kodo millet, a staple food in North India, is frequently consumed, but its consumption can lead to intoxication and poisoning. Kodo millet is a rich source of nutrition, with anti-oxidant and medicinal properties, and is typically cultivated in dry and semi-arid regions. It is often infected by fungal species rather than bacterial and virus pathogens, causing economic crop loss and adversely affecting grain and fodder yield. Ergot, a parasitic fungal endophyte found in Kodo millet ear heads, can cause poisoning when consumed. Moreover, Kodo millet grains are frequently infested with Aspergillus tamarii Kita, which produces a significant amount of the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a neurotoxin produced by certain A. flavus and Aspergillus oryzae strains, which produce aflatoxins. Mycotoxicosis outbreaks in humans are not well characterized, and the direct correlation between mycotoxin consumption and toxic effects In Vivo is not well established. CPA, a specific inhibitor of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase, can adversely affect broiler chicken health, as demonstrated by toxicological evaluation of aflatoxins and CPA alone or in combination. Most toxins have reported acute and chronic effects in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, including humans, despite thefact that their specific modes of action are unclear. This review explores fungal pathogens, the toxicity of CPA to animals and humans, both by itself and in combination with other mycotoxins, as well as biocontrol strategies and storage methods for better utilization of Kodo grains post harvest. Full article

Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn’s disease, periodontitis, and carcinoma metastasis frequently result in bone destruction. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-17 are known to influence bone loss by promoting the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Fibrinolytic factors, such as plasminogen (Plg), plasmin, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), α2-antiplasmin (α2AP), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are expressed in osteoclasts and osteoblasts and are considered essential in maintaining bone homeostasis by regulating the functions of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Additionally, fibrinolytic factors are associated with the regulation of inflammation and the immune system. This review explores the roles of fibrinolytic factors in bone destruction caused by inflammation. Full article

The geochemistry and mineralogy of Mn nodules offer crucial insights into the origins, environmental changes, and distribution of abyssal resources. However, the conventional laboratory X-ray diffractometer, usually employed for semi-quantitative analysis of mineral composition in Mn nodules, often fails to sufficiently detect minor phases due to beam flux limitations and high background signals. In this study, we investigated differences in manganate composition, even when comprising around 1% of the phase fraction, in two manganese nodules (KC-8 and KODOS-10) using high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The Mn/Fe ratios of KC-8 and KODOS-10 were 1.32 and 6.24, respectively, indicating that KC-8 and KODOS-10 were predominantly formed in hydrogenetic and diagenetic environments. Both samples contained quartz, vernadite, buserite, and feldspar. Todorokite and illite were exclusively observed in KODOS-10. In KC-8, the phase fractions of vernadite and buserite among manganates ranged from 94(5)%–100(4)% and 6(1)%–0%, respectively. However, in KODOS-10, the fractions of vernadite, buserite, and todorokite ranged from 47(1)%–56(2)%, 33.6(4)%–40.1(3)%, and 10(3)%–16.3(8)%, respectively. Full article

Millets are group of underutilized cereal crops with higher nutritional values. The present investigation used different classes of minor millets, including barnyard (sava), little (kutki), finger (ragi), kodo and foxtail millets, for evaluation of their nutritional parameters, i.e., the content of proteins, total amino acids, total sugars, insoluble fibers, soluble fibers, total dietary fibers, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), along with antinutritional and antioxidant parameters, viz., tannic acid, phytic acid, phenol, flavonoid, proline and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity were also thought to elevate millets as a viable staple meal. Foxtail millet showed the maximum inhibition, with an IC₅₀ value of 20.46 ± 1.80 µg mL⁻¹ with respect to α-amylase. The coefficient of correlation between nutritional and antinutritional compositions showed that the starch content was significantly and positively correlated with insoluble fiber (r = 0.465) and dietary fiber (r = 0.487). Moreover, sugar was positively correlated with the phytic acid (r = 0.707), Fe and Zn (r = 0.681) contents. To determine the peptides responsible for anticancer activity, the foxtail protein was subjected to ultrafiltration; it was found that the 3 kDa fraction retained the greatest anticancer activity. Selected millet germplasm line(s) that have the best nutraceutical properties could be used in millet improvement programs. Full article

The existence of a coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistula (CPF) in pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PAVSD) potentially affects treatment; however, its clinical features have not been comprehensively described due to the disease’s rarity. We reviewed 69 cases from 42 studies to reveal the clinical overview of patients with CPF and PAVSD. Among the included patients, the male-to-female ratio was exactly 1:1, and only two patients (3%) exhibited the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. Regarding anatomical features, CPFs originated from the left coronary artery in 65% of patients, and 62% had other major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. Thirty-nine percent of patients had a definitive CPF diagnosis at 0 years of age, whereas 10% were diagnosed in adulthood. Seventy percent underwent catheter angiography to obtain a definitive CPF diagnosis. Ninety-five percent of patients underwent cardiac surgery, and among them, 43% underwent palliative surgery, whereas 52% underwent one-stage repair. Four patients including three adult patients developed cardiac dysfunction due to myocardial ischemia, and three of them exhibited improved cardiac function after the intervention for CPF. Of all the patients, 88% survived and 12% died. The surgical strategy and prognosis were similar to those in PAVSD patients without CPF. This review provides detailed clinical phenotypes that are potentially useful in enhancing the management of patients with this rare disease. Full article

Genetic factors play critical roles in the onset and progression of obesity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is also critical for adiposity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and effects of BAT gene polymorphisms in pediatric obesity. This case-control study included 270 non-obese and 86 obese children. All participants underwent genotyping for type 2 deiodinase (DIO2) Thr92Ala (rs225014). The prevalence of the homozygous Ala/Ala allele of the DIO2 gene in the obese group was 15.1% versus 6.3% in the non-obese group, resulting in an odds ratio (OR) of 3.393 (p = 0.003). The results of this study indicate that the homozygous Ala/Ala allele of the DIO2 gene is associated with an increased risk of pediatric obesity and suggest that pediatric obesity might be suitable for assessing the association with gene polymorphisms related to BAT, especially DIO2 Thr92Ala. Full article

Small woods, linear tree formations, or scattered trees in agricultural areas are receiving increasing attention for their multifunctional role, especially if associated to cultural landscapes. Osaki Kodo’s Traditional Water Management System for Sustainable Paddy Agriculture represents one of the most important cultural landscapes (satoyama) of Japan, also included by the FAO in the GIAHS (Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems) Programme. Here, local farmers surrounded their farmhouses with small woods, called igune, as a protection from the cold winter wind, creating a peculiar landscape characterized by an intensively cultivated plain dotted with small wood patches. The research aims at deepening the knowledge of igune, evaluating the landscape role and monitoring their changes in the last 20 years, through multitemporal and spatial analyses. In addition, a literature review has been performed to assess other Ecosystem Services (ESs) provided by igune within the study area. Despite the limited overall surface, 1737 igune and small woods currently characterize the area, with 72% of them having a surface smaller than 0.5 hectares. The multitemporal and spatial analyses show that their number, distribution, and spatial pattern remained almost completely unchanged in the last 20 years, testifying their key role in characterizing the local cultural landscape. Least-Cost Path analysis highlighted a crucial role in connecting the two forest nodes of the region, as 90% of the path passes inside more than 70 different igune and small woods. Literature review demonstrated that igune and other small woods still provide various ESs, including ecological network, habitat for various flora and fauna species, firewood, and byproducts, as well as cultural services. This maintenance of the traditional management in cultural forests is crucial not only to retain their landscape role, but mostly for the preservation of the related ESs, as changes in the management can lead to changes in horizontal and vertical structures, and in species composition. Full article

Improving agricultural research and education is highly recommended to control agricultural development and environmental sustainability in Cambodia. Agricultural research mostly focuses on interviews with farmers as a first measure in developing countries, but a lack of quantitative accuracy remains one of the major constraints. In this situation, we conducted educational activities for master’s degree students of the Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) to append agronomic information with popular equipment in interdisciplinary fieldwork in Pursat Province, Cambodia. For the popular equipment, an RGB camera, a reflectometer as well as pH and EC meters were selected. The agronomic information collected by the students supported the results obtained during the interviews. For example, the difference in fertilizer application between the irrigated and nonirrigated areas was confirmed by the soil ammonium concentration evaluated with a reflectometer; the difference in rice growth among water conditions was confirmed by the leaf area percentage evaluated with an RGB camera. Since the majority of the students lacked agricultural and statistical knowledge, the agronomic information quantified by popular equipment provided proper educational materials. The interdisciplinary fieldwork also indicated serious problems in the study area, such as low beneficial crop production and environmental sustainability. To overcome these problems, improving agricultural education is required to foster skillful agricultural professionals, and the quantification of agronomic information is an essential issue. Full article

In this study, we developed a multi-wavelength terahertz-wave parametric generator that operates with only one injection seeding laser. Tunable lasers used as an injection seeder must be single-frequency oscillators, and conventional multi-wavelength terahertz-wave parametric generator requires basically the same number of lasers as the number of wavelengths. In order to solve this problem, we developed a new external cavity semiconductor laser that incorporates a DMD in its wavelength-selective mechanism. In this process, stable multi-wavelength oscillation from a single laser was made possible by efficiently causing four-wave mixing. This seed laser can be applied to practical real-time terahertz spectroscopy by arbitrarily switching the desired wavelength to be generated and the interval between multiple wavelengths. Full article

Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease of unknown origin that is characterized by immune system abnormalities, vascular damage, and extensive fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs. α2-antiplasmin is known to be the main plasmin inhibitor and has various functions such as cell differentiation and cytokine production, as well as the regulation of the maintenance of the immune system, endothelial homeostasis, and extracellular matrix metabolism. The expression of α2-antiplasmin is elevated in dermal fibroblasts from systemic sclerosis patients, and the blockade of α2-antiplasmin suppresses fibrosis progression and vascular dysfunction in systemic sclerosis model mice. α2-antiplasmin may have promise as a potential therapeutic target for systemic sclerosis. This review considers the role of α2-antiplasmin in the progression of systemic sclerosis. Full article

Globally, billions of people are experiencing food insecurity and malnutrition. The United Nations has set a global target to end hunger by 2030, but we are far from reaching it. Over the decade, climate change, population growth and economic slowdown have impacted food security. Many countries are facing the challenge of both undernutrition and over nutrition. Thus, there is a need to transform the food system to achieve food and nutrition security. One of the ways to reach closer to our goal is to provide an affordable healthy and nutritious diet to all. Millets, the nutri-cereals, have the potential to play a crucial role in the fight against food insecurity and malnutrition. Nutri-cereals are an abundant source of essential macro- and micronutrients, carbohydrates, protein, dietary fiber, lipids, and phytochemicals. The nutrient content and digestibility of millets are significantly influenced by the processing techniques. This review article highlights the nutritional characteristics and processing of Indian millets, viz. foxtail, kodo, proso, little, and pearl millets. It also envisages the effect of traditional and modern processing techniques on millet’s nutritional properties. An extensive literature review was conducted using the research and review articles related to processing techniques of millets such as fermentation, germination, dehulling, extrusion, cooking, puffing, popping, malting, milling, etc. Germination and fermentation showed a positive improvement in the overall nutritional characteristics of millets, whereas excessive dehulling, polishing, and milling resulted in reduction of the dietary fiber and micronutrients. Understanding the changes happening in the nutrient value of millets due to processing can help the food industry, researchers, and consumers select a suitable processing technique to optimize the nutrient value, increase the bioavailability of nutrients, and help combat food and nutrition security. Full article

A well-developed lymphatic network is located under the nasal mucosa, and a few drugs that permeate the nasal mucosa are absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries. Lymph from the nasal cavity flows to the cervical lymph nodes (CLNs). In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics of the direct transport of intranasally administered drugs to CLNs through the nasal mucosa of Wistar rats using methotrexate as a model drug. The drug targeting index, which was calculated based on the areas under the concentration–time curves after intravenous and intranasal administration, was 3.78, indicating the benefits of nasal delivery of methotrexate to target CLNs. The direct transport percentage, which was indicative of the contribution of the direct nose–CLN pathway of methotrexate after intranasal administration, was 74.3%. The rate constant of methotrexate from the nasal cavity to CLNs was 0.0047 ± 0.0013 min⁻¹, while that from systemic circulation to CLNs was 0.0021 ± 0.0009 min⁻¹. Through pharmacokinetic analysis, this study demonstrated that the direct nasal–CLN pathway contributed more to the transport of methotrexate to the CLNs than the direct blood–CLN pathway. Full article

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the classical neurotransmitter in the cholinergic nervous system. However, ACh is now known to regulate various immune cell functions. In fact, T cells, B cells, and macrophages all express components of the cholinergic system, including ACh, muscarinic, and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs), choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and choline transporters. In this review, we will discuss the actions of ACh in the immune system. We will first briefly describe the mechanisms by which ACh is stored in and released from immune cells. We will then address Ca²⁺ signaling pathways activated via mAChRs and nAChRs on T cells and B cells, highlighting the importance of ACh for the function of T cells, B cells, and macrophages, as well as its impact on innate and acquired (cellular and humoral) immunity. Lastly, we will discuss the effects of two peptide ligands, secreted lymphocyte antigen-6/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-related peptide-1 (SLURP-1) and hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide (HCNP), on cholinergic activity in T cells. Overall, we stress the fact that ACh does not function only as a neurotransmitter; it impacts immunity by exerting diverse effects on immune cells via mAChRs and nAChRs. Full article

An efficient and reproducible protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation was developed for kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) by optimizing various parameters. Agrobacterium strains EHA 105 and LBA 4404 harboring plasmids pCNL 56 and pCAMBIA 2300, respectively, provided the highest transformation efficiency. Addition of acetosyringone (AS) in infection medium (200 µM-EHA 105, 250 µM-LBA 4404) and co-cultivation medium (50 µM) increased the transformation efficiency. Transient and stable expression of gus gene was confirmed with histochemical assay of infected embryos and leaves of transformed plants, respectively. The best GUS response was obtained by pretreatment of callus with an antinecrotic mixture (10 mg/L Cys + 5 mg/L Ag + 2.5 mg/L As) at infection time of 20 min followed by co-cultivation for 3 days (EHA 105) and 5 days (LBA 4404) in dark. Regenerated transgenic plants were obtained after 8 to 10 weeks of selection on callus induction medium (NAA 0.5 mg/L, BAP 1 mg/L) containing 50 mg/L Kan + 250 mg/L Cef and were rooted for 2 weeks on MS medium containing PAA (1 mg/L) and phytagel. The plantlets established in greenhouse showed normal growth. Therefore, the protocol developed in the present study can be used for development of improved varieties of kodo millet. Full article