Search Results (4,230)

Functional feed additives can improve growth, health, and fillet quality in farmed fish, but their stability during feed processing is limited. This study evaluated the effects of dietary microencapsulated rosemary essential oil (REO), astaxanthin (AX), and butyric acid (BA) on growth, oxidative response, and fillet quality in juvenile rainbow trout (7.9 ± 0.3 g; 90 days). Growth parameters, intestinal and liver health, oxidative status, and fillet pH and color, together with proximate composition and fatty acid profile, were measured. All supplemented groups exhibited higher growth performance compared to controls. Histology and stress/inflammatory markers indicated no adverse effects on tissue health. Regarding fillet quality, REO maintained protein content, AX enhanced lipid content and color stability, and BA promoted a leaner fillet with higher protein deposition. Fillet pH remained more stable in REO and BA groups after frozen storage, suggesting improved product stability. Fatty acid profiles were moderately altered, with REO increasing C18:1n7 and AX enhancing polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas BA had minimal effects. Plasma antioxidant enzyme activities were lower in supplemented fish, indicating improved redox balance. Overall, microencapsulation preserved the bioactive properties of REO, AX, and BA, supporting their practical use as targeted functional feed additives in rainbow trout aquaculture. Full article

Drawing on the well-documented preference for natural and highly biodiverse environments in humans, it has been proposed that other animals may also recognise and show interest in natural stimuli. If widespread across animals, such a preference could have important evolutionary and welfare implications. However, we currently lack investigations of this preference outside humans. To begin filling this gap, we examined whether juvenile guppies (Poecilia reticulata) exhibit a spontaneous preference for natural stimuli. In a dichotomous choice test, guppies were given the opportunity to choose between an environment containing live aquatic plants and one with structurally similar, in shape and size, artificial plants. After habituation to the testing apparatus, guppies spent significantly more time in the environment with live plants, suggesting a preference for natural stimuli. This supports the idea that, beyond humans, other animals may also be capable of recognizing and responding to natural stimuli. Full article

Many filter-feeding invertebrates consume microplastics (MP) under laboratory conditions, but little is known about newly settled, field-collected juveniles. To address this information gap, we collected 3439 juvenile invertebrates in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, USA. Previous studies suggest that the IRL is a MP hotspot. A total of 70% of IRL adult oysters (Crassostrea virginica) contained MP (mean: 2.3 MP/individual), and MP number and MP length were positively correlated with animal size. We predicted that juvenile C. virginica and other sessile invertebrates would contain MP with a positive correlation to animal size. Five species were examined; 51% were C. virginica (mean shell length ± SD: 6.3 ± 4.7 mm). Overall, 117 (3.4%) animals contained potential MP (fibers: 90.7%). Of these particles that matched FTIR databases with a score of 70% or greater, 51% were plastic and 49% were anthropogenically modified particles. No correlations to animal size were found for particle presence (logistic regressions: p ≥ 0.20 for all species) or particle length (linear regressions: p ≥ 0.23 for all species). Thus, even though found in a MP hotspot, our extrapolated results suggest few juveniles (<1%) contained MP. This information is important for understanding the relationship between MP and the life histories of filter-feeding animals, especially for species considered biological indicators of MP. Full article

The effects of dietary tributyrin (TB) supplementation in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei fed a high-soybean-meal diet were evaluated in an 8-week growth trial. The basal diet contained 24% fishmeal, while the experimental diet was supplemented with TB at 2.24 g kg⁻¹. Tanks were randomly assigned each dietary treatment in triplicate, with each tank consisting of 50 shrimp with 1.66 ± 0.24 g as an initial weight. Shrimp fed with the control diet exhibited the lowest growth, whereas supplementation with TB improved growth performance. For ADCs (apparent digestibility coefficients), non-significant variances were detected in dry matter, crude lipid, and crude protein; however, ash was highly significant in the control (0.00) group. Moreover, gross energy was highly significant in the TB-supplemented group. Whole-body and dorsal muscle proximate composition showed no substantial differences (p > 0.05), except that ash was highly significant in the whole body for the control diet, while lipids were highly significant in dorsal muscles for the TB diet. The biochemical, antioxidant and immune parameters of the hepatopancreas and hemolymph showed non-significant changes in both groups, except total protein (TP) and triglycerides (TGs) were highly significant in the TB-supplemented group in both the hemolymph and hepatopancreas. Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) was highly significant in the control group in the hemolymph. Non-significant changes were detected among treatment groups for most of the textural properties of the shrimp; however, hardness was highly significant in the control group. The TB group showed a highly significantly larger intestinal villus height (p < 0.05). Compared with shrimp fed a control diet, those receiving the tributyrin-supplemented diet showed improved gut morphology and structure, as well as enhanced histological characteristics of the hepatopancreas. Overall, TB supplementation significantly enhanced the specific growth rate, weight gain rate, final body weight, and intestinal morphology. Although some indicators were not affected, these results indicate that TB has potential as a valuable dietary supplement in aquaculture. Full article

We investigated the expression profiles and functions of CircRNAs in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Datong yaks at different developmental stages, with the aim of clarifying their regulatory roles in skeletal muscle development. Samples of longissimus dorsi muscle were collected from Datong yaks at three developmental stages: 90-day-old fetuses, 6-month-old juveniles, and 3-year-old adults. High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to identify CircRNAs. Differential expression analysis, along with GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, was conducted. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network was subsequently constructed to screen for core CircRNAs. A total of 17,027 CircRNAs were identified, with 6821 being differentially expressed. These differentially expressed CircRNAs showed significant enrichment in skeletal muscle development-related functions, such as sarcomere and calcium ion homeostasis, and were involved in key pathways, including the FoxO (Forkhead box O) and calcium signaling pathways. Construction of the ceRNA network revealed 20 core CircRNAs (e.g., CircRNA_10402 and CircRNA_15445), which may modulate the expression of 84 mRNAs by competing for binding with 42 miRNAs. This study preliminarily reveals the dynamic regulatory network of CircRNAs during skeletal muscle development in Datong yaks, providing new theoretical insights for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying yak muscle development and for molecular breeding. Full article

In terrestrial environments, nest site selection by birds and mammals is often related to the physical attributes of surrounding vegetation. Similarly, some elasmobranchs use different habitats, including kelps, as oviposition sites. However, habitat features that drive oviposition site selection remain poorly understood. We examined the relationship between kelp morphology (holdfast diameter, number of stripes, and total length) and kelp forest configuration (density, size structure, predator density) with egg presence to identify the factors influencing oviposition choice in the redspotted catshark (Schroederichthys chilensis). We conducted surveys over a latitudinal gradient (19° S to 39° S), encompassing much of the overlap between the kelp, Lessonia trabeculata and S. chilensis in Chile. Eggs were exclusively attached between the upper stipe and basal fronds of Lessonia trabeculata in all sites. At the individual scale, S. chilensis selected larger kelps within a patch, independent of the general population size structure. The number of eggs and clutches was positively associated with stipe length and holdfast diameter. Across all sites, egg-bearing kelps were consistently clustered at a similar depth in the kelp forest rather than being randomly distributed. At the site scale, egg number had a negative correlation with their main predator abundance, Taliepus dentatus, and juvenile kelp density. These results suggest that S. chilensis shows low plasticity in substrate use, as evidenced by non-random, consistent oviposition in kelp morphology along a latitudinal gradient. Our results underscore the need to incorporate kelp size thresholds and the protection of egg-bearing aggregations into harvesting regulations, as overexploitation of L. trabeculata directly threatens the reproductive viability of S. chilensis. Full article

This study evaluated the effects of feed fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus on the growth performance and intestinal condition of the juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Three fermentation times (3, 6, and 9 h) were compared against a non-fermented control diet. The experimental design followed a randomized block scheme, with four treatments and four replicates. Juvenile rainbow trout (22.2 ± 0.9 g) were distributed among 16 tanks (500 L) connected to a recirculation system at a density of 15 fish per tank. A commercial diet (45% crude protein) was fermented through solid-state fermentation. After 60 days, growth performance and intestinal condition were assessed. The microbial fermentation of extruded commercial feeds was efficient, increasing the lactic acid bacteria count and reducing pH within 6 h. Feeding fermented feeds reduced feed intake without affecting fish growth performance. Feed fermented for 3 and 6 h improved feed efficiency, and evidence of enhanced nitrogen utilization was observed. In addition, feed fermented for 6 h increased intestinal colonization by lactic acid bacteria and enhanced intestinal lipase activity. Feed fermented for 9 h showed evidence of improved intestinal condition. Overall, this study indicates that feed fermentation improves feed efficiency and intestinal condition in rainbow trout. Full article

Developmental and life-course criminology (DLC) has been the epicenter of criminology for over 35 years. The onset of DLC began with theoretical models that sought to better understand the development of antisocial and criminal activity. Then, with the ‘aging’ of longitudinal studies and the development of advanced quantitative methods, researchers began to empirically test DLC-related hypotheses and propositions. While the extant research base has been extensive, less work has considered how findings from DLC research can inform justice policy. By reviewing key insights from the extant research, this essay focuses on how DLC-related research has made policy gains and, more importantly, how it can lead to more informed decision making surrounding youthful offenders. Full article

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) of the genus Meloidogyne are major plant pests causing severe crop losses. Microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have emerged as promising biopesticides. In this study, we evaluated the effects of two fungal VOCs, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, on nematode survival in five Meloidogyne species (M. incognita, M. javanica, M. hapla, M. arenaria, and M. luci) in plate assays. Results showed near-complete (95–100%) J2 mortality at 500–1000 ppm within 24 h. At lower concentrations, mobility declined, and species-dependent differences were observed: 1-octen-3-ol was more effective against M. arenaria. Meanwhile, 3-octanone showed stronger effects only on M. hapla and moderate effects on M. incognita and M. javanica. Further experiments using solely M. javanica showed that egg differentiation was significantly inhibited at 7, 14, and 21 days, with up to an 80% reduction at 1000 ppm, and the effects persisted at 125 ppm. Egg hatching from egg masses was reduced by up to 95% in a concentration-dependent manner, irrespective of compound type. Soil-like microcosm assays resulted in substantial reductions in recovered juveniles, with over 90% reduction at 125 ppm after 24 h, suggesting sustained effects under the tested conditions. In more complex plant–soil greenhouse conditions, effects were reduced, although decreasing trends in nematode infection were observed. Overall, these results indicate that fungal VOCs exhibit strong effects on different nematode life stages under controlled conditions, highlighting 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone as promising candidates for further evaluation in nematode management strategies. Full article

This article explores the state of golden root (Rhodiola rosea L.) coenopopulations (CPs) on the Rybachy and Sredny peninsulas (Murmansk Region, Russia). The authors describe 10 coenopopulations of this domestically and internationally protected rare species, which is found in different locations on the Barents Sea coast. They are characterized by significant differences in the density of individual species (ramets): the maximum values are indicated for the coastal rocky territories in CP 6, with a high proportion of juvenile individuals, and the minimum in CP 8, which is associated with the presence of a strong phytocenosis competitor, Lathyrus aleuticus. The recovery index in most coenopopulations is below one, allowing the authors to classify the species as threatened in the studied area. The authors also assess the vitality index based on studying the morphometric parameters of individual species—it varies significantly depending on the growing conditions and the composition of the accompanying phytocenoses. Analysis of the age structure shows the predominance of young coenopopulations, with two distinct peaks of juvenile and young generative individuals. R. rosea exhibits high ecological plasticity in various biotopes on the Barents Sea coast, and therefore, the coenopopulations of its coastal communities form the basis for this species’ stability in the studied area and need to be protected. Full article

Crohn’s disease (CD) in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is frequently diagnosed late due to overlapping symptoms and non-specific biomarkers. We hypothesized that longitudinal cytokine profiling could identify a pre-symptomatic signature predictive of CD conversion in pediatric JIA patients. Ninety pediatric participants (JIA, CD, psoriatic arthritis, healthy controls) underwent serum cytokine profiling (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-36α, IL-37, IL-6, IL-18, IL-27, IL-31) at baseline and 12 months. Statistical analysis used Mann–Whitney U tests for two-group comparisons, the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc for multi-group comparisons, Fisher’s Exact Test for categorical outcomes, and exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Baseline screening identified a subgroup of JIA patients (N = 4) with significantly elevated IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-36α. At 12 months, all four patients in this subgroup received a secondary CD diagnosis (4/4 converters vs. 0/21 non-converters; Fisher’s Exact Test: p < 0.0001). The longitudinal analysis at conversion revealed a broader pro-inflammatory shift, with marked increases in IL-18 and IL-31, alongside elevated IL-37, suggesting a compensatory regulatory response. PCA confirmed that converters clustered distinctly from both stable JIA and established CD. A baseline IL-1 family signature may represent a preliminary predictive signature for CD onset in pediatric JIA. Although constrained by the small converter subgroup (N = 4), these data support cytokine profiling for earlier diagnosis in high-risk populations. Full article

As aquaculture adopts more sustainable feed formulations, interest in functional feed additives has grown to help mitigate the health and performance challenges associated with low-marine-ingredient diets. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with a commercial blend of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (SCFAs and MCFAs; BalanGUT™ AQ P, BASF) on growth, health, and disease resistance to Vibrio anguillarum in juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed practical low fishmeal and fish oil diets. Over an 8-week trial, fish were fed diets containing 0.3%, 0.5%, or 1% of a glyceride blend of SCFAs and MCFAs (BalanGUT™ AQ P) or a Control diet without functional additive supplementation. Growth performance and feed utilization were not affected by the supplementation of SCFAs/MCFAs glycerides, although non-significant trends (p > 0.05) toward improved specific growth rate (up to 12%) and reduced feed conversion ratio (up to 17%) were observed in sea bream fed supplemented diets, particularly during the 4 initial weeks and at the highest inclusion level (1%). Moderate (0.5%) and high (1%) supplementation levels of SCFAs and MCFAs significantly improved survival following Vibrio anguillarum challenge, despite no significant changes being observed in general systemic innate immune markers, such as serum lysozyme or ACH50 activities. SCFAs/MCFAs supplementation, particularly at 0.3% or 0.5%, also modulated intestinal morphology, including thinner submucosa and smaller goblet cell area in the posterior intestine, suggestive of a more homeostatic mucosa and reduced basal inflammation when feeding a low-FM/FO-based diet. These results suggest that the protective effects of this SCFAs/MCFAs glyceride blend are mediated primarily through local rather than systemic immune modulation. Overall, this study supports the use of functional SCFAs and MCFAs glyceride blends as a functional strategy to promote resilience and health in fish fed sustainable, low-marine-ingredient diets. Full article

Background/Objectives: Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are chronic immune-mediated disorders, causing striated muscle weakness and extramuscular symptoms. Real-world, single-centre data are needed to interpret phenotype patterns and evolving therapies. Methods: A single-centre, retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Rheumatology Clinic of the National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2025. Data included demographics, IIM subtypes, extramuscular involvement, co-existing Sjögren disease (SD), biopsy results, autoantibodies, and treatment. Due to sample size, descriptive analysis was used. Results: The study included 35 patients (31.4% men). Mean age was 50.7 years; mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.0 kg/m². The cohort consisted of 10 dermatomyositis (DM), one polymyositis (PM), two immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM), one inclusion body myositis (IBM), 16 anti-synthetase syndrome (ASyS), four juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), and one clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM). SD co-occurred in eight cases, including six cases of ASyS. Anti-Jo1 was observed in 13 ASyS cases and one DM. Glucocorticoids (GCSs) were administered in all patients for induction in addition to cyclophosphamide (28.6%), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (51.4%), and methotrexate (MTX) (17.1%). Maintenance therapy included MTX (20%), MMF (31.4%), rituximab (34.3%), azathioprine (AZA) (42.9%), and others. Two DM, two JDM, and one ASyS patient received JAK inhibitors, one DM and one JDM anifrolumab, one IBM sirolimus, and four patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) nintedanib. Conclusions: This Polish single-centre cohort shows effective use of novel therapies for IIM. Sirolimus, JAK inhibitors, and nintedanib were effective. Co-occurrence of SD in ASyS patients requires further research. Full article

Background: Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) exhibit gait abnormalities, postural instability, and compensatory movement strategies due to joint pain, inflammation, and reduced neuromuscular control. These alterations negatively affect functional mobility and movement efficiency. Although gait retraining is commonly recommended in rehabilitation, objective evidence on its short-term biomechanical effects remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the immediate impact of a single-session standardized movement training intervention on gait biomechanics in children with JIA. Methods: Seventeen children with JIA underwent pre–post gait assessments using the Xsens MVN Awinda wearable motion capture system. The intervention focused on step symmetry, stride length, heel–toe progression, and upright trunk posture, delivered by an experienced physiotherapist following a standardized protocol. Scalar kinematic outcomes were analyzed using paired statistical tests, and time-normalized kinematic waveforms were compared with healthy reference data from 25 age-matched participants derived from the COMPWALK-ACL dataset. Results: Significant improvements were observed in multiple gait parameters following the intervention. Trunk lateral lean decreased significantly (p = 0.0002; d = −1.35), indicating enhanced postural stability. Significant changes were also found in ankle dorsiflexion–plantarflexion (p = 0.0081; d = 0.83) and knee flexion–extension (p = 0.0252; d = 0.68). Waveform analyses showed increased similarity to healthy patterns, particularly in trunk and knee kinematics. Spatiotemporal parameters reflected a slower, more controlled gait pattern, with increased stride time and stance duration. Conclusions: A single session of standardized movement training can produce immediate improvements in gait biomechanics in children with JIA, especially in trunk control and lower-limb kinematics. Wearable motion analysis provides a sensitive tool for detecting these short-term adaptations and supports the inclusion of structured movement training in pediatric JIA rehabilitation. Full article