Search Results (2,377)

Background/Objectives: Late-life depression is associated with reduced physical activity, but evidence is limited regarding objectively measured weekday walking volume and cadence distribution in older women with clinician-diagnosed major depressive disorder (MDD). This exploratory study compared daily walking between an MDD group and an age-comparable comparison group and examined the post hoc within-sample discrimination of two cadence-based ratios. Methods: Forty women aged 60–93 years (mean age, 71.8 ± 9.7 years) were classified into an MDD group (n = 20) and an age-comparable comparison group without a documented depressive-disorder diagnosis (n = 20). Current depressive symptoms were quantified using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and free-living ambulatory activity was measured over three weekdays using StepWatch 3 monitors. Total instrumented-leg steps were recalculated as the sum of the low-, intermediate-, and higher-cadence step counts from the same three weekday summaries. The feasibility-based sample was analyzed using an exploratory MANOVA with SPSS-based assumption checks, Holm-adjusted follow-up tests, partial eta-squared effect sizes, and post hoc exploratory ROC analyses. Results: The multivariate group difference was significant (Pillai’s trace = 0.407, F (8,31) = 2.656, p = 0.024, partial η² = 0.407). After Holm adjustment, the MDD group demonstrated lower total instrumented-leg steps, fewer intermediate- and higher-cadence walking minutes, fewer intermediate-cadence instrumented-leg steps, and a lower Peak Activity Index; the higher-cadence step-count difference did not remain significant after multiplicity adjustment. The Intermediate + Higher-Cadence Step Ratio showed an AUC of 0.828 (95% CI: 0.701–0.954), and the Intermediate + Higher-Cadence Minutes Ratio showed an AUC of 0.818 (95% CI: 0.684–0.951). Conclusions: In this exploratory cross-sectional sample, lower weekday walking volume and less walking at intermediate and higher cadences were observed in the MDD group. These sample-derived discriminatory findings are not diagnostic and require independent validation. Full article

Starch-modifying glycoside hydrolases (GHs) typically operate via a retaining double-displacement mechanism, involving formation of a covalent glycosyl–enzyme intermediate. This intermediate can be resolved either by water, resulting in hydrolysis, or by a glucan acceptor, leading to transglucosylation. Many GHs exhibit both catalytic activities, although they are classified according to their predominant reaction. For example, branching enzymes (BEs) catalyse α-(1→4) bond cleavage and α-(1→6) branch formation via transglucosylation, while also exhibiting minor hydrolytic and disproportionation activities that broaden their catalytic repertoire. More recent research indicates that the different catalytic activities of BEs can be interconnected, thereby collectively determining the final α-glucan architecture. This challenges the classical view that the predominant branching activity of BEs is catalysed independently. Moreover, the balance between these coupled activities influences substrate specificity and can broaden the substrate scope to include chemically modified starches. Furthermore, the co-application of BEs with other GHs reveals synergistic interactions between catalytic activities, enabling the generation of α-glucan structures that cannot be produced by any of the enzymes individually. In this perspective paper, and based on recent developments, we argue that the catalytic framework of BEs provides multiple strategies for tailoring diverse α-glucan architectures. This enables modulation of structural features across hierarchical levels, from supramolecular to macromolecular organisation. As a result, BEs represent versatile tools for engineering starch functionality beyond digestibility, extending their potential toward pharmaceutical and non-food applications. Looking ahead, we discuss how enzyme-designed and chemically functionalised α-glucan polymers may emerge as a new class of sustainable materials. These materials could provide biodegradable, water-soluble, and renewable alternatives to petrochemical-derived polymers used in personal and home care products. Full article

The shear behavior of corrugated steel web (CSW) composite girders near intermediate supports differs fundamentally from that of conventional beam segments due to the rigid restraint of concrete cross-beams, yet current design codes incorrectly assume the CSWs resist the entire shear force. This paper presents a refined analytical method, based on a three-beam composite model, that explicitly accounts for the cross-beam constraint effect. By assuming a quadratic parabolic distribution of the additional shear-flow intensity along the constraint zone, a closed-form expression for the effective shear force carried by the CSWs is derived. The proposed method is validated against three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations and existing experimental data, and further corroborated by a parametric study covering varying structural configurations. The results confirm a shear redistribution mechanism characterized by “CSWs unloading and flange sharing.” At the section nearest to the cross-beam, the CSWs actually carry only 65.41% of the total shear force, while the flanges share approximately 35%. In contrast, the conventional code method, which neglects flange shear contribution, severely overestimates CSWs’ shear stress, producing an error as high as 35.29% at the section adjacent to the cross-beam. These findings demonstrate that the cross-beam constraint must be considered in shear design, especially near supports, and the proposed method offers a rational and accurate alternative to existing code provisions. Full article

Mechanical treatment recovers combustible and recyclable fractions from mixed municipal solid waste (MSW), but full-scale performance is sensitive to front-end operation, line loading, and feedstock heterogeneity. This study examined material recovery trade-offs at a municipal mechanical treatment facility in Satun, Thailand. Four inverter-controlled regimes were assessed by adjusting the bag opener and trommel motor frequencies, giving measured line throughputs of 14.75, 13.45, 8.03, and 6.54 t·h⁻¹. Output was classified as refuse-derived fuel (RDF), residual waste, recyclables, and bulky/loss material, with composition-based indicators of stream cleanliness and leakage. Each regime was a single short trial on waste from a different collection vehicle, without replication or input homogenization; no statistical comparison is possible, and results are reported as preliminary observations rather than isolated effects of inverter frequency. RDF yield fell from 42.06% of input at the highest throughput to 18.12% at the lowest, whereas recyclable recovery peaked at 4.95% under an intermediate regime that also returned the highest gross revenue. Residual-disposal methane generation potential was 7.78% higher under the lowest-throughput regime than under business-as-usual. Three trade-offs emerged: throughput against selectivity, RDF quantity against cleanliness, and recovery against leakage. The findings help operators select front-end settings on multi-criteria indicators rather than throughput alone. Full article

Peat swamp forests play a critical role in maintaining the ecological integrity of tropical peatlands. The conservation and restoration efforts on these ecosystems have gained considerable attention considering their vulnerability. Accurate spatial mapping of aboveground biomass (AGB) is important to support such measures, and it can be accurately implemented using airborne LiDAR. However, the high operational cost of LiDAR surveys typically restricts their spatial coverage. This study estimated AGB of peat swamp forests by combining two remote sensing datasets, i.e., Planet NICFI imagery (2023–2024) and partially covered airborne LiDAR (10.56% of the total area), in the Katingan–Mentaya peat swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Two workflows were proposed and compared. The first, DL-PowerReg, estimated canopy height model (CHM) using a U-Net deep learning model trained on Planet imagery, followed by AGB mapping through power regression. The second, StepwiseReg-DL, derived LiDAR-based AGB through stepwise regression of LiDAR metrics, then upscaled it to the full study area using U-Net with Planet imagery as input. DL-PowerReg (MAE = 52.24 t/ha) outperformed StepwiseReg-DL (MAE = 62.08 t/ha) and additionally produced an intermediate CHM map, providing complementary information on forest structure. The two approaches estimated total AGB storage in the study area at 47.75 Mt (mean = 239.91 t/ha) and 40.07 Mt (mean = 201.30 t/ha), respectively. This study demonstrates a methodological framework for leveraging spatially incomplete LiDAR data in high-resolution wall-to-wall forest biomass mapping. Full article

Oxygenated intermediate-volatility organic compounds (OIVOCs) represent an important but poorly constrained class of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors due to analytical challenges in their molecular-level characterization. In this study, we conducted a systematic comparison of a non-polar gas chromatography column (HP-5MS) and a polar column (DB-Heavy WAX) for the measurement of atmospheric OIVOCs using thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD–GC/MS). A set of 48 representative oxygenated standards together with urban ambient air samples was analyzed to evaluate chromatographic separation, compound identification, and quantitative responses. The developed analytical method demonstrated excellent linearity (R² > 0.90) and precision, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) typically below 10%. The polar WAX column provided improved chromatographic resolution and peak shapes for 39 oxygenated standards (e.g., ether alcohols, esters, diesters, and nitrogen-containing compounds) driven by strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding and dipole interactions, whereas the HP-5MS column showed stronger selectivity toward non-polar species such as long-chain siloxanes and branched alkanes. Application to urban ambient samples revealed that the WAX column increased the number of identifiable OIVOC species by 14.6% relative to the HP-5MS column. Furthermore, total OIVOC concentrations derived from the WAX column were 7% higher than those obtained using the HP-5MS column, while OIVOC-to-alkane ratios were 2–4 times greater. These differences demonstrate that chromatographic selectivity can influence the characterization of oxygenated compounds within the IVOC volatility range. The potential implications of these analytical differences were further illustrated through secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) estimation, although the limited availability of experimental SOA yield data remains a major uncertainty. Overall, this study demonstrates that appropriate chromatographic method selection is essential for reducing analytical uncertainty and improving the molecular characterization of OIVOCs in complex environmental samples. Full article

High-precision time synchronization refers to the process of achieving and maintaining coordination among independent clocks via the exchange of local and remote time information. Existing analyses of digital receiver delay estimation often rely on an ideal continuous autocorrelation function (ACF), whereas practical receivers operate on discretely sampled intermediate-frequency signals. This paper analyzes how the digital autocorrelation function (DACF) can form delay-insensitive plateaus, referred to here as blind zones, and derives an upper bound on the minimum guaranteed resolvable code-phase step under rational sampling-to-code-rate ratios. Simulations and controlled SDR experiments using real IF signals are used to verify the predicted trend under the tested static laboratory conditions. The results provide guidance for sampling parameter selection and digital receiver design in high-precision wireless time synchronization systems. Full article

Background/objectives: Melatonin has circadian, antioxidant, mitochondrial, and immunomodulatory functions, but human data linking relative melatonergic status to coordinated systemic biomarker burden remain limited. We examined this association and tested its internal robustness to alternative score construction, outlier handling, and missing-data assumptions. Methods: We performed an adult-only cross-sectional secondary analysis of a deidentified biomarker dataset. Of 322 source records, six participants younger than 18 years and two records without age were excluded, yielding 314 adults. Plasma melatonin and 24 h urinary aMT6s were converted to within-cohort rank percentiles and averaged to form a relative melatonergic-axis score. Equal-weight z-score composites represented inflammation, oxidative damage, antioxidant deficit, and biological aging/biological injury; their mean was the integrated systemic biomarker-burden score. Analyses included Kruskal–Wallis tests; Spearman correlations with bootstrap confidence intervals; standardized regression adjusted for age, sex, and BMI; robust covariance estimates; principal component analysis (PCA), winsorization, leave-one-domain/marker-out analyses, and missing-BMI sensitivity models. Results: The lower, intermediate, and higher relative melatonergic tertiles included 105, 104, and 105 adults, respectively. The melatonergic-axis score correlated inversely with integrated systemic burden (Spearman ρ = −0.944; 5000-resample bootstrap 95% CI, −0.953 to −0.931; p < 0.001). In age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted complete-case models (N = 250), each 1 SD higher axis score was associated with a 0.95 SD lower integrated burden (β = −0.949; HC3 95% CI, −0.983 to −0.915; p < 0.001). Results were similar for separate plasma melatonin and aMT6s models, winsorized composites, a PCA-derived score (PC1 explained 75.5% of marker variance; ρ = −0.947), leave-one-domain/marker-out analyses, and missing-BMI sensitivity models. Conclusions: Lower relative melatonergic status was associated with a highly coordinated adverse systemic biomarker pattern. The exceptional magnitude of the association requires audit of primary assay provenance and independent external replication. Because cancer, microbiome, and liquid biopsy endpoints were not measured, oncology implications remain untested prospective hypotheses. Full article

Background: The aim of the present study was to develop and optimize an experimental ELISA test system for the detection of IgG antibodies to Toxocara canis and subsequently apply it for the assessment of human and canine exposure in Uralsk, Kazakhstan, within a One Health framework. Methods: A native somatic antigen of T. canis was fractionated by gel filtration, and the working fraction was selected by SDS-PAGE and pilot ELISA. The optimized test system was used for the analysis of sera of 1000 adult volunteers. Antibody avidity was determined in IgG-positive human specimens, and human seropositivity was evaluated for associations with demographic and questionnaire-derived variables. Serum samples from 100 stray dogs were tested by ELISA and fecal samples by copromicroscopy. Agreement with the commercial DRG ELISA was tested with 50 positive and 50 negative human serum samples. Results: The antigen fraction of 18–22 kDa showed the best separation between positive and negative sera. IgG antibodies against T. canis were detected in 116/1000 volunteers (11.6%). Seropositivity was 17.0% in the 2025 sample and 6.2% in the 2026 sample (odds ratio 3.10; 95% confidence interval 2.01–4.77; p < 0.001). No significant associations were found with sex, age, residence, or questionnaire-derived variables. Among seropositive volunteers, 28.4% had low-avidity, 26.7% intermediate-avidity, 29.3% intermediate/high-avidity and 15.5% high-avidity IgG. Overall, 78/100 of the stray dogs were copropositive, and 93/100 were seropositive. All copropositive dogs were seropositive, and 15 additional seropositive dogs were copronegative. Agreement with the DRG ELISA was 97.0% (Cohen’s κ = 0.94). Conclusions: The experimental ELISA allowed the assessment of T. canis exposure of humans and dogs. Seropositivity in humans in Uralsk showed exposure. High seropositivity in dogs and frequent egg shedding showed a substantial canine reservoir and a potential for environmental contamination. These results support integrated surveillance and control within a One Health context. Full article

Genetic background can shape metabolic phenotypes and may contribute to differences in health robustness among livestock breeds. This study investigated Awassi-associated serum metabolic characteristics in dairy sheep by integrating untargeted metabolomic profiling with farm-level morbidity information. Serum samples were collected from 36 adult sheep representing six genetic groups raised under common feeding and management conditions, Awassi, East Friesian, Hu, and three Awassi–East Friesian–Hu crossbred groups, with six animals per group and an equal number of males and females. Following data preprocessing and normalization, 2284 metabolic features were retained for comparative analysis. Principal component analysis revealed marked differences in serum metabolic profiles among the genetic groups, with Awassi sheep displaying a distinct metabolic pattern relative to the purebred and crossbred populations. Across five comparisons between Awassi and the other genetic groups, 17 metabolic features were consistently more abundant in Awassi sheep. These features were mainly associated with lipid mediator metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, aromatic and indole-related metabolism, and host–microbial co-metabolism. A metabolic signature derived from the Awassi–East Friesian comparison differed significantly among the six groups and was positively associated with Awassi ancestry at the individual level. However, the two crossbred groups with 50% Awassi ancestry did not show a simple intermediate metabolic pattern, suggesting that crossbred metabolic phenotypes may involve non-additive genetic effects. Farm records showed lower total morbidity in Awassi and the three crossbred populations than in the East Friesian and Hu populations. Because the morbidity data were summarized at the population level and were not individually matched to the metabolomic samples, they were interpreted as supporting production context rather than direct metabolite–disease associations. Collectively, these results reveal a distinctive Awassi-associated serum metabolic signature and provide new insights into breed- and ancestry-related metabolic variation in dairy sheep. Full article

European countries with formally comprehensive antimicrobial resistance (AMR) governance frameworks do not always achieve commensurate epidemiological outcomes. Existing benchmarking instruments, which rely either on aggregate mortality counts or on self-reported policy implementation scores, are poorly suited to detecting this dissociation between policy adoption and clinical impact. This study aims to empirically detect and characterize governance–outcome decoupling in the management of AMR across selected European countries, with France as the focal case. We employed a most-similar systems comparative design including Sweden, The Netherlands and Norway as top-performing comparators, and Italy and Greece as contrasting Southern European cases. Outcomes were measured using a normalized indicator developed for this study, the Proportion of Deaths Attributable to AMR relative to Deaths due to Sepsis (PDAA/DS), constructed from MICROBE platform estimates for 2019 and 2021. Implementation profiles were derived from the WHO TrACSS country self-assessment dataset and from a structured review of national strategy documents and surveillance reports. Cross-national rankings were triangulated with ECDC ESAC-Net antibiotic consumption data. The PDAA/DS revealed a stable cross-national performance gradient (Sweden 4.02% in 2019; France 7.67%; Greece 10.32%) and discriminated three distinct configurations of the policy–outcome relationship: embedded governance in the top-performing comparators (high implementation, low PDAA/DS), negative coherence in Italy (low implementation, high PDAA/DS), and policy decoupling in Greece (moderately high self-reported implementation, high PDAA/DS). France, despite reporting maximum implementation across six of nine TrACSS dimensions, occupies an intermediate position consistent with a partial decoupling pattern. A strong ecological correlation between national antibiotic consumption and PDAA/DS (r = 0.886, R² = 0.785, n = 6) supports the construct validity of the indicator and is consistent with consumption volume being a principal correlate of cross-national variation. Effective AMR governance is not captured by the breadth of policy adoption but by the depth of clinical embedding. The PDAA/DS indicator, by normalizing AMR mortality against the broader sepsis burden, enables discrimination between coherent and decoupled governance configurations that are invisible to existing benchmarking tools. France’s profile suggests that the marginal return on additional policy adoption is now low, and that the priority should shift toward operational embedding instruments: prescriber-level surveillance feedback, structured pharmacist–prescriber consultations, and binding justification requirements for prescribing deviations. Full article

Background/Objectives: Endovascular repair (EVAR) is the default for most abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), yet open repair (OR) remains necessary, and the decision hinges on fitness for open surgery. No standardized preoperative tool defines who is “unfit” for OR. We derived and validated a preoperative risk score for severe major adverse events (MAE) after elective OR and examined whether high-risk patients had fewer perioperative events with EVAR. Methods: Using the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Open AAA registry, we identified 9833 elective AAA OR patients without prior aortic surgery. Severe MAE was a 30-day composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, new dialysis, or bowel ischemia. A multivariable model was converted to an integer score, validated, and benchmarked against the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI), E-PASS, and a Vascular Quality Initiative Frailty Index. High-risk (score ≥ 7) OR patients were propensity score matched 1:1 to elective EVAR patients and outcomes were compared. Results: Severe MAE occurred in 10.8% of OR patients. The 0–18-point score had an optimism-corrected C-statistic of 0.67 and calibration slope of 0.96, and it outperformed RCRI (C 0.57), E-PASS (C 0.61), and a Vascular Quality Initiative Frailty Index (C 0.63) (all ΔAUC p < 0.001). Severe MAE rose across low (4%), intermediate (9%), and high (20%) tiers; performance was stable on temporal validation (AUC 0.67, slope 0.94). Among 2357 matched high-risk pairs, severe MAE was 20.3% (OR) vs. 4.4% (EVAR) (risk difference +15.9 percentage points; relative risk 4.6), with the largest absolute benefit in the highest-risk patients. Conclusions: A simple preoperative score stratifies perioperative risk for elective open AAA repair and outperforms generic indices. High-risk patients would have had markedly fewer perioperative adverse outcomes if treated with EVAR. These associational findings can inform shared decision-making. Full article

Integrating newly emerging terms into existing ontologies is a recurring maintenance problem in knowledge engineering, particularly in biomedical domains where terminology evolves faster than manual curation can accommodate. This paper addresses the placement of concepts that are absent from the target ontology—the out-of-knowledge-base setting—in which a textual mention must be assigned one or more insertion positions in the subsumption hierarchy rather than linked to an existing node. We propose a three-stage framework that extends the conventional retrieve-then-select paradigm with an intermediate stage of edge generation and enrichment, which expands the candidate set by traversing the local structure of the ontology. Stage 1 retrieves candidate edges using a fine-tuned bi-encoder trained with a max-margin objective; Stage 2 constructs and structurally enriches candidate edges; Stage 3 selects among them using either a fine-tuned cross-encoder or a large language model under explainable instruction tuning. We evaluate on two datasets derived from SNOMED CT, MM-S14-Disease and MM-S14-CPP, under a strict out-of-knowledge-base protocol. Fine-tuned pre-trained language models outperform zero-shot and instruction-tuned large language models on ranking accuracy, while the instruction-tuned configuration produces expert-auditable justifications at a modest cost in accuracy. On MM-S14-Disease, the strongest configuration places a correct insertion edge among the ten highest-ranked candidates for 38.7% of test mentions and recovers the complete gold edge set for 16.4%, against 26.1% and 9.2% for retrieval alone. The framework is positioned as decision support for ontology curators rather than as an autonomous ontology generator. Full article

Background: Former and current smokers in lung cancer screening remain at elevated risk for lung cancer despite smoking cessation. We and others have shown that curcumin (CUR) exhibits anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects but is limited by poor bioavailability. However, since CUR is lipophilic, co-administration with ω-3 FAs represents a mechanistically rational strategy to enhance delivery and target complementary pathways, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the transcription factor NF-κB (NF-κB) signaling for lung cancer chemoprevention. Methods: We conducted a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II pilot study evaluating CUR combined with ω-3 FAs in high-risk former and current smokers with CT-detected pulmonary nodules. Participants received intervention agents with active-dose groups (low dose = 3; high dose = 9) or a placebo (n = 7) for 6 months. Primary endpoints included radiologic changes in nodule size, number, and density. Secondary endpoints included safety, adherence to the study agent and exploratory biomarker analyses. Correlation analyses of imaging-derived metrics were performed to assess relationships among LDCT parameters. Results: Nineteen participants were enrolled (intervention, n = 12; placebo, n = 7). Eighteen (11 intervention, 7 placebo) subjects completed post-intervention imaging. One subject was unable to complete follow-up and study-related procedures. Data from the treatment arms were pooled for analysis and comparison with the placebo arm. No statistically significant between-group differences were observed in primary imaging endpoints. The intervention was well tolerated, with predominantly grade 1 adverse events. Exploratory analyses demonstrated consistent positive correlations among established imaging biomarkers, with clustering of size-based metrics (mean diameter, volume, sum of longest diameters) and density-based parameters. Multidimensional scaling supported this structure, indicating internal coherence among imaging-derived endpoints. Conclusions: Although no statistically significant treatment effect on the image biomarkers was observed, this pilot study demonstrates feasibility challenges and identifies coherent imaging biomarkers that may serve as intermediate endpoints in early-phase chemoprevention trials. These results support further investigation of strategies utilizing agent combinations with enhanced bioavailability and safety and refinement of trial design in high-risk lung cancer patient populations. Full article

Biochar has attracted increasing attention as a low-cost catalyst for biomass pyrolysis due to its developed pore structure, abundant surface functional groups and tunable physicochemical properties. In this study, biochars loaded with alkali and alkaline earth metal (AAEM) species were prepared by pyrolyzing cellulose impregnated with different chloride and acetate salts, including NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, MgCl₂, CH₃COONa, CH₃COOK, (CH₃COO)₂Ca and (CH₃COO)₂Mg. The resulting AAEM-loaded biochars were subsequently employed as catalysts for cellulose pyrolysis to investigate their effects on product distribution, particularly levoglucosan (LG) and levoglucosenone (LGO) formation. SEM and XRD analyses revealed that the AAEM precursor significantly affected the morphology and phase composition of the biochars. Chloride-derived biochars retained crystalline salt phases or formed corresponding metal oxides, whereas acetate-derived biochars exhibited more dispersed metal-containing species. The introduction of AAEM-loaded biochars generally decreased bio-oil and LG yields while increasing char production, indicating enhanced secondary cracking and repolymerization reactions. Among the investigated catalysts, alkali metal-loaded biochars exhibited stronger inhibition toward LG formation than alkaline earth metal-loaded biochars. The catalytic effects followed the order of C-KCl ≈ C-NaCl > C-MgCl₂ > C-CaCl₂ for chloride-derived biochars and C-CH₃COOK ≈ C-CH₃COONa > C-(CH₃COO)₂Mg > C-(CH₃COO)₂Ca for acetate-derived biochars. Notably, C-(CH₃COO)₂Ca and C-(CH₃COO)₂Mg slightly promoted LGO formation, which was attributed to the synergistic effects of alkaline earth metal species, surface oxygen-containing functional groups and acetate-derived intermediates on dehydration reactions. Thermogravimetric and kinetic analyses further demonstrated that AAEM-loaded biochars reduced the apparent activation energy of cellulose pyrolysis and facilitated thermal decomposition. These findings provide new insights into the catalytic role of AAEM-loaded biochars and suggest a promising strategy for regulating anhydrosugar selectivity, particularly for the production of high-value LGO from biomass pyrolysis. Full article