Search Results (3,707)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor characterized by dysregulated cellular signaling and resistance to apoptosis. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure has been reported to modulate cancer-related cellular processes, while resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenol, exhibits notable antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic actions. Here, we investigated whether 75 Hz PEMF potentiates RES-mediated apoptosis in human glioblastoma U87-MG cells by examining key molecules involved in apoptotic signaling and the transcriptional responses of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related genes. U87-MG glioblastoma cells and non-tumour human astroglial SVG-P12 cells were cultured and divided into the following six groups: (I) untreated cells; (II) RES-treated cells; (III) temozolomide (TMZ)-treated cells; (IV) PEMF-exposed cells; (V) cells treated with RES followed by PEMF exposure; and (VI) cells treated with TMZ followed by PEMF exposure. Cell viability was assessed in both cell lines by alamar blue assay, and selectivity indices were derived from the resulting IC50 values. Apoptotic responses and gene expression profiles were assessed in U87-MG cells by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR, while selected apoptosis-related proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. RES treatment induced stronger cytotoxic effects than TMZ in U87-MG cells, and this response was markedly enhanced following PEMF exposure, the IC₅₀ falling from 33.64 to 10.53 µg/mL. In SVG-P12 astroglia the IC₅₀ of RES rose from 17.95 to 98.31 µg/mL under the same exposure, so that the selectivity index of RES increased from 0.53 to 9.34, whereas that of TMZ remained essentially unchanged (1.54 versus 1.50). Combined RES and PEMF treatment significantly increased both early and late apoptosis. Molecular analyses revealed upregulation of pro-apoptotic markers accompanied by an increased Bax/BcL-2 ratio, consistent with protein-level changes. Transcripts of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related components were also elevated relative to untreated cells, but to a markedly lesser extent than the apoptotic markers. PEMF exposure significantly enhances the pro-apoptotic effects of RES in glioblastoma cells while relatively preserving SVG-P12 cell viability, supporting further investigation of this combination as a potential adjuvant approach. Full article

The freeze–thaw process in sperm cryopreservation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that impair motility, viability, and fertilizing capacity in fish, including the Javaen barb (Systomus rubripinnis), an endemic Indonesian cyprinid of conservation concern. Cryopreservation underpins gene bank development for aquatic genetic resources and supports biodiversity conservation alongside hatchery-based stock enhancement. This study evaluated five natural antioxidants: basil leaf extract (BLE), noni fruit extract (NFE), moringa leaf extract (MLE), sambiloto leaf extract (SLE), and honey–egg yolk (HEY). Each antioxidant was supplemented into the Kurokura’s cryopreservation extender across a graded concentration series (BLE 1–4%, NFE and MLE 0.5–1.5%, SLE 6–9%, and HEY 1–2% with a fixed 5% egg yolk) and compared with an antioxidant-free control. Radical scavenging capacity was measured by DPPH assay (IC₅₀: BLE 134.06, MLE 297.04, NFE 422.86, SLE 3010.46 ppm), and post-thaw motility, duration of motility, viability, abnormality, fertilization rate, and ATP bioluminescence were assessed. The most effective doses tested were doses of 1% for BLE, NFE, and MLE, 1.25% for HEY, and 7% for SLE. BLE at 1% gave the best overall profile (motility 85.00 ± 0.88%; duration 7.14 ± 0.38 min; viability 82.00 ± 1.86%; abnormality 18.26 ± 0.16%), significantly exceeding the control (65.00 ± 2.31%; 4.56 ± 0.33 min; 68.00 ± 2.42%; 23.54 ± 0.28%; p < 0.05), whereas SLE sustained the longest motility. All extracts supported fertilization rates above 82% versus 70.08 ± 3.82% in the control, and 1% BLE preserved post-thaw luminescence equivalent to fresh sperm (165,217 vs. 164,087 RLU), interpreted comparatively. These locally available, plant-derived antioxidants offer a low-cost route to germplasm conservation of Javaen barb, strengthening conservation hatchery and broodstock management, sustainable aquaculture production, and food security for inland fisheries communities. Full article

This study aims to comprehensively investigate the usability of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract as a natural dye, including its fastness properties, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant activity. In the study, dyeing processes were carried out on cotton fabric, wool fabric, wool yarn, polyester, leather, and pine wood materials using different mordanting techniques (pre-, co-, and post-mordanting) and pH values (4 and 8). Copper-II-sulfate, iron-II-sulfate, alum, silver nitrate, Reşadiye clay, and Önal-1 [3% (v/v) NH₃ + 3% (w/v) Urea + 3% (w/v) CaC₂O₄] were used as mordants. Washing, light, rubbing, and perspiration fastness of the dyed materials were evaluated according to international standards, and color properties were analyzed using the CIE-Lab* system and Kubelka–Munk (K/S) values. Structural characterization of the extract was carried out using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS/MS, and TLC. Antibacterial activity of the dyed materials was assessed using the disk-diffusion method, with undyed, extract-only, and mordant-only controls used to distinguish the contributions of the extract and the mordants. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) evaluation across six solvent fractions revealed marked solvent-dependent efficacy, with the apolar hexane fraction exhibiting the highest reducing capacity (436.3 ± 12.45 µmol TE/g fw), followed by the chloroform (423.83 ± 11.76 µmol TE/g fw) and hexane/ethyl acetate (406.98 ± 10.23 µmol TE/g fw) fractions, whereas the polar methanol fraction showed the lowest reducing capacity (100.76 ± 4.32 µmol TE/g fw). This reducing potential was statistically associated with the enriched flavonoid and phenolic core constituents identified via LC-MS/MS, primarily hesperidin (8.365 ± 0.432 mg/g) and isoquercetin (0.645 ± 0.054 mg/g). Because only the single-electron-transfer FRAP assay was performed, no radical-scavenging (IC₅₀) metrics are reported. The reducing capacity is therefore interpreted cautiously as a collective property of the phenolic–flavonoid fraction, in which hesperidin and isoquercetin are the principal contributors rather than any single decisive compound. The results revealed that white mulberry leaf extract exhibited high K/S values (21.33 for cotton fabric and 27.91 for wool yarn) and excellent antibacterial activity, particularly when a silver nitrate mordant was used. LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds, including hesperidin (8.365 mg/g), isoquercetin (0.645 mg/g), and vanillic acid (0.189 mg/g) in the extract. These findings indicate that white mulberry leaf extract is a plant-derived colorant with multifunctional potential for textile, leather, and wood substrates. The present work does not quantify the environmental footprint of the complete process; therefore, no overall sustainability advantage relative to conventional dyeing is claimed. Any future environmental assessment should include measured extraction energy, water consumption, mordant loading, residual-metal concentrations in spent baths, and wastewater-treatment requirements. Full article

Riming and aggregation are critical ice-phase microphysical processes in winter clouds, but their overlapping signatures and dynamic transitions pose challenges for conventional single-frequency radar detection. We introduce a novel gradient-based identification method using ground-based triple-frequency dual-polarization radar observations. By analyzing vertical gradients of triple-frequency radar variables, rather than their absolute values, we discern these microphysical processes through physically based thresholds that reflect particle growth regimes. This approach captures subtle spatiotemporal variations in riming and aggregation that conventional threshold methods would miss, particularly in resolving layered riming-aggregation transitions. The dynamic gradient-based method demonstrates enhanced physical consistency and adaptability near process boundaries, thereby improving the tracking of ice-particle evolution. These advances provide a pathway to refine microphysical parameterizations and enhance high-resolution snowfall forecasting. Full article

Metallized pellets are spherical iron-bearing burden materials obtained by treating iron ore pellets through processes such as direct reduction. They contain a certain proportion of metallic iron and mainly consist of metallic iron, incompletely reduced oxides, gangue, and other nonmetallic components. They are one of the commonly used iron-bearing materials in electric smelting furnaces. The melting process of metallized pellets not only affects the melting efficiency of the charge but is also accompanied by slag–metal separation and gangue separation, which is directly related to mass transfer, heat transfer, and production efficiency during the smelting process. However, existing studies have mainly focused on the melting behavior of pellets in a single-phase molten pool, while studies on gangue separation, interfacial migration, and slag–metal separation during pellet melting at the slag–metal two-phase interface remain rare. Because this region involves complex interfacial heat transfer, fluid flow, and interfacial interactions, investigating only the overall melting process of pellets is insufficient to reveal the actual gangue separation mechanism. Therefore, a systematic investigation of the melting and separation processes of pellets at the slag–metal interface is necessary. Based on the principle of similarity, a water–oil–ice three-phase physical model was employed in this study, in which water, silicone oil, and ice balls containing dyed silicone oil samples were used to simulate molten iron, slag, and pellets, respectively. The dyed silicone oil is specially designed to simulate the gangue in the pellet. Visualization experiments were conducted to investigate the evolution of pellet melting morphology, oil droplet (gangue) release behavior, and diffusion characteristics in the oil layer under different initial oil droplet positions and static or parallel flow conditions. The results show that the initial position of the oil droplet and the parallel flow significantly affect the local melting behavior of the ice ball and the oil droplet release process. In particular, the release time of the oil droplet located above the ice ball is significantly longer than that of the oil droplet located below the ice ball. The parallel flow significantly changes the melting sequence of the ice ball and the oil droplet release path by enhancing convective heat transfer in the lower region of the ice ball. According to the initial position of the oil droplet and the flow conditions, the oil droplet release process can be classified into five typical separation types, including (1) lateral release of the upper oil droplet after the ice shells on both sides melt through, (2) release of the upper oil droplet through a hole at the bottom of the upper hemisphere, (3) direct release of the lower oil droplet through a local hole, (4) two-stage release of the lower oil droplet controlled by interfacial constraint, and (5) single-stage release of the oil droplet on the downstream flow side driven by parallel flow. The oil droplet release time in the parallel flow cases is shorter than that in the static conditions. The diffusion behavior of the oil droplet after entering the oil layer is weakly affected by the parallel flow and is mainly characterized by inertial diffusion along the initial release direction, followed by spreading toward the surrounding area. This study reveals the slag–metal separation mechanism during pellet melting at the slag–metal interface under the combined control of flow, ice shell morphology, and interfacial interactions, providing experimental evidence for optimizing the melting and separation behavior of pellet charges in electric smelting furnaces and related smelting processes. Full article

Modulated by diverse climatic and oceanic forcing factors, the sea ice durations in the nearshore waters of the Bohai and northern Yellow Seas exhibit complex fluctuations on interannual and interdecadal timescales. Systematically analyzing the oscillatory patterns and trend stationarity of long-term sea ice duration series provides robust theoretical and practical guidance for coastal ice disaster early warning, marine industrial safety, and coastal economic sustainability. This study analyzes annual sea ice duration series recorded over 59 winters (1966–2024) at six representative coastal marine stations spanning the full spatial gradient of regional ice regimes across the Bohai and northern Yellow Seas. Isolated missing values were filled by linear interpolation, and the Ljung–Box Q test confirmed that the residual series do not follow a white-noise process. Two categories of stationarity tests—conventional unit root tests and Fourier series expansion-augmented stationarity tests—are adopted to quantify the stationary properties, nonlinear trend transitions, and smooth structural breaks of sea ice durations at each station. The results reveal marked spatial differences in interannual volatility and evolutionary trends among stations: two smooth transitional shifts are identified for Bayuquan (BYQ) and Qinhuangdao (QHD), whereas the remaining stations each exhibit a single shift. Long-term trends range from multistage declining patterns to a rising pattern for Donggang (DGG), while Zhimaowan (ZMW) shows a statistically insignificant trend. This work provides quantitative statistical evidence for sea ice risk evaluation and coastal structural safety protection across the Bohai and northern Yellow Seas, and offers actionable decision-making references for climate change adaptation and integrated coastal zone governance in ice-affected coastal zones worldwide. Full article

The Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM) is emerging as a complementary governance mechanism supporting global net-zero transitions. While small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent the backbone of most emerging economies, their organizational readiness to engage in carbon markets remains underexplored. This study advances the organizational readiness literature by contextualizing SME preparedness within emerging carbon market governance and sustainability transition frameworks. Integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), this study identifies and prioritizes key determinants of SME readiness and compares readiness levels across three major sectors in Vietnam: Industry and Construction (IC), Services (SV), and Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (AFF). The analysis assesses five dimensions of readiness: knowledge, financial, institutional, managerial, and technological readiness. The findings indicate that knowledge readiness received the highest priority weight, followed by financial and institutional readiness. Sectoral analysis reveals that IC SMEs exhibit the highest readiness and remain the top-ranked sector across all leave-one-expert-out and criterion-weight sensitivity analyses, whereas the relative ordering of SV and AFF is more sensitive to panel composition. By revealing the relative importance of readiness dimensions and sectoral differences in an early-stage carbon governance context, this study provides policy-relevant insights for fostering inclusive low-carbon development pathways. Full article

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in water research. However, many AI models, particularly complex machine learning models, often generate outcomes that are difficult for humans to interpret. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has been developed to address these challenges by providing transparent and human-interpretable explanations of model behavior and predictions. We conducted a structured narrative review using predefined searches of Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus to synthesize empirical XAI applications across six water-research domains: hydrological processes, water quality and pollution, groundwater systems, urban water systems, climate–water interactions, and water and wastewater treatment. The review covers feature-importance methods, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), partial dependence plots (PDPs), individual conditional expectation (ICE) plots, accumulated local effects (ALE) plots, counterfactual explanations, and deep-learning attribution methods. Building on previous reviews and perspectives focused on particular water domains or methodological priorities, we provide a cross-domain synthesis of XAI spanning natural and engineered water systems, with emphasis on method selection, model and data compatibility, explanation reliability, and operational implementation. These capabilities, however, must be interpreted with appropriate caution because XAI explanations remain conditional on the data, fitted model, and explanation method, and therefore should not be treated as evidence of causal mechanisms or environmental controls. Recognizing these limitations, we provide practical guidance for selecting and evaluating XAI methods and outline priorities for developing reliable, scalable, and operationally useful AI systems for water research and management. Full article

Elymus repens (L.) Gould has a long history of use in traditional medicine across the British Isles, particularly among Gaelic and Anglo-Saxon communities, where it has been employed as a diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent. Despite its ethnopharmacological significance, comprehensive insights into its phytochemical composition and biological activities remain limited. The present study aimed to provide an integrated characterization of E. repens through macro- and microscopic analyses, advanced phytochemical profiling, and evaluation of the biological activities of the rhizome part. Microscopic examination revealed distinct anatomical features differentiating rhizome and stem, leaf tissues, supporting accurate identification and pharmacognostic standardization. Chemical profiling using Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) enabled the tentative identification of 93 metabolites, including amino acids, in aerial and rhizome extracts. These compounds were primarily classified into polyamines (e.g., feruloylputrescine, hydroxycoumaroylagmatine), phenolic acids (gallic, vanillic, and ferulic acids), flavonoids (apigenin, tricin, saponarin analogues), amino acids (arginine, tyrosine, tryptophan), organic acids (malic, succinic acids), nucleosides (adenosine, thymidine), and phospholipids. Biological evaluation demonstrated that the hydroethanolic rhizome extract exhibited notable antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus (IC₅₀ = 34.9 µg/mL). Additionally, hydroethanolic extracts of both the aerial and rhizome parts showed no cytotoxicity in the Artemia salina lethality assay at concentrations up to 10 mg/mL, indicating a favorable preliminary safety profile. Of particular interest is tricin, which possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and potential nephroprotective therapeutic effects; its mechanism of action is associated with the suppression of oxidative stress, the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, and the disruption of metabolic processes in microbial cells. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacognostic characterization of E. repens, highlighting its potential as a source of bioactive compounds. The metabolite profile obtained directly from the biologically active extract, combined with its proven antifungal activity, serves as direct confirmation of the antimicrobial aspect of this plant’s traditional use, while its broader applications in ethnomedicine require targeted pharmacological testing. These findings contribute valuable data for chemotaxonomic classification and future pharmacological investigations. Full article

Two claims dominate popular discussion of US food safety: (1) Food recalls are rising year over year, and (2) undeclared allergens have become the leading cause. In this study, we aimed to (1) test both claims against the openFDA Food Enforcement bulk export for fiscal years (FY) 2013–2025, the post-FSMA-core period following implementation of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), including 24,761 conventional human-food product recall records; (2) identify the dominant microbiological hazards and undeclared allergens that drive FDA recalls; (3) compare the FDA recall record with USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) recalls of meat, poultry, and egg products; and (4) evaluate potential correlations between FDA and FSIS recall activity and the foodborne-illness burden recorded in CDC’s National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS). Product recall records were recoded into five hazard categories using a validated 70-rule keyword scheme. Our analysis showed that annual product recall records did not increase (mean falling from 2403/yr in FY2013–2017 to 1593/yr in FY2018–2025, Welch t = 3.08, p = 0.024), and microbiological hazards were the largest category in 12 of 13 years, exceeding allergens 1.7-fold cumulatively. Listeria monocytogenes was a major driver of microbiological food recalls concentrated in fresh produce, ice cream/frozen desserts, and dairy/cheese; whereas undeclared milk was by a wide margin the most-cited allergen in food recalls concentrated in dairy/cheese, ice cream, and bakery products. Compared to FDA recalls, FSIS recalls were fewer, more severe (68.6% vs. 45.6% Class I), and allergen-led, reflecting differing inspection frameworks rather than a uniform allergen surge. Overall, food recalls and foodborne outbreak illnesses did not display a significant correlation (Spearman rho = 0.30). Classification lag shortened over the period (rho = −0.32, p < 0.001), a process-efficiency gain that can masquerade as rising recall activity in count-based trackers. Across all four objectives, the recall record describes a maturing, severity-weighted surveillance system rather than a deteriorating food supply. Full article

This study utilizes the 89 GHz dual-polarization channel of the Ground-Based Multi-Frequency and Dual-Polarization Microwave Radiometer (GMD-MR) to overcome the challenges posed by the insensitivity of low-frequency microwave channels to cloud ice particles. By integrating data from Micro-Rain Radars (MRRs), we developed and implemented advanced convolutional and deep learning models. These models leverage brightness temperature, polarization differences, and constraints from cloud and precipitation data to quantitatively estimate cloud ice content, cloud water content profiles, rainwater content profiles, and precipitation rates, achieving correlation coefficients of 0.6, 0.7, 0.84, and 0.84, respectively. Our analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ice water, cloud liquid water, and rain liquid water paths during precipitation events highlights their predictive value for precipitation occurrence. With a prediction accuracy of 97% and a temporal correlation coefficient of 0.9, our findings affirm the effectiveness of ground-based radiometers and micro-rain radars in precipitation detection. This study demonstrates the capability of multi-instrument joint retrieval for various meteorological parameters, highlighting the significant potential of multi-source microwave data fusion in quantitative precipitation estimation. It establishes and reinforces the foundation for future investigations into the physical processes of precipitation evolution. Full article

Dispersive soils are widely distributed in the seasonally frozen regions of northeastern China, where hydrothermal dynamics driven by seasonal freeze–thaw (FT) cycles dominate the hydrological evolution and mechanical deterioration of soil masses, posing a serious threat to the long-term stability of hydraulic engineering in cold regions. However, the hydro–thermo–mechanical (HTM) coupled degradation mechanisms of dispersive clay from the South Nenjiang Main Canal remain poorly understood, particularly the linkage between FT-induced microstructural evolution and macroscopic mechanical behavior. In this study, low-plasticity dispersive clay specimens were subjected to 0–12 FT cycles. Unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial tests were conducted to evaluate mechanical behavior, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with the Pore and Crack Analysis System (PCAS) was used to quantify microstructural evolution. Results indicated that increasing FT cycles transformed the stress–strain response from mild strain-softening to strain-hardening, with the failure mode evolving toward bulging-type ductile failure. Cohesion exhibited a pronounced exponential decay, with the most significant degradation occurring within the first three FT cycles and stabilizing after approximately six FT cycles, whereas the internal friction angle showed only minor variation. At the microscale, porosity and total pore area increased continuously through micropore coalescence and macropore development, with a slight decrease in fractal dimension indicating reduced pore boundary complexity and smoothed pore interfaces due to frost heave-induced pore merging. The FT-induced hydrothermal disturbance promoted pore-water phase transition and redistribution, resulting in progressive pore enlargement and loss of structural integrity. Because the specimens were tested in sealed, closed-system conditions with a nearly constant total water content, this degradation chain is attributable specifically to in situ ice–water phase transitions and internal pore-water redistribution, i.e., water-phase-change-driven processes, rather than to external water supply. It is demonstrated that interparticle bond breakage and pore expansion–coalescence driven by ice–water phase transitions dominate strength degradation, promoting a transition from structure-dominated to friction-dominated strength behavior. A normalized cohesion reduction factor and a cohesion degradation index are further proposed to quantify the progressive loss of structural integrity and to provide a design-oriented tool for cold-region geotechnical practice. These findings provide a basis for stability assessment and hazard mitigation of dispersive soils in cold-region engineering. Full article

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides are promising bioactive components for developing blood pressure-regulating functional foods. Idesia polycarpa meal (IPM), an underutilized protein-rich byproduct from oil processing, is currently restricted to low-value applications such as animal feed, and systematic research on its ACE inhibitory peptides remains largely absent. This study hypothesized that controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of IPM protein could release novel ACE inhibitory peptide candidates with high activity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed that ultrasonic treatment induced moderate conformational loosening of IPM protein, with thermal denaturation temperature decreasing from 162.20 °C to 158.79 °C, while the core secondary structure remained intact, thereby improving enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. After sequential purification via ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography, the CP3-H3 fraction (molecular weight < 3 kDa) exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory rate of 95.39% at 1.0 mg/mL. Amino acid analysis showed that the active fraction contained 48.92% hydrophobic amino acids and 11.55% aromatic amino acids, which matched the structural requirements for potent ACE inhibition. Eight novel ACE inhibitory peptides were identified via LC-MS/MS combined with multi-round in silico screening, all of which were not recorded in the Database of Food-derived Bioactive Peptides (DFBP). Molecular docking analysis revealed that all eight peptides could stably bind to the active pocket of ACE, among which WDW showed the strongest binding affinity to PTGS2 with a binding free energy of −10.7 kcal/mol. Network pharmacology analysis demonstrated that these peptides exerted antihypertensive effects through synergistic regulation of 142 core blood pressure homeostasis-related targets and multiple key pathways. The core peptide WNWD was chemically synthesized and verified to have an ACE inhibitory IC₅₀ value of 3.529 mM. This study demonstrates that IPM is a promising food-derived source of ACE inhibitory peptides, and provides a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of Idesia polycarpa processing byproducts. Full article

To address the issue of noise affecting the accuracy of the SAR ADC sample-and-hold circuit in battery management chips, a low-noise sample-and-hold circuit employing a charge-sharing technique is proposed to suppress the noise from both switches and the operational amplifier. By utilizing capacitance multiplication technology, a large effective capacitance is realized with a small physical capacitor, enabling more thorough noise suppression while avoiding the layout area penalty associated with large capacitors. Through the regulation of switching timing, the system operates in a discrete-time mode, thereby preventing loop instability that may arise from a closed-loop configuration, while still fulfilling the sample-and-hold function. The capacitance multiplication circuit employs a low-noise operational amplifier, which relaxes the design requirements for the amplifier in the main ADC signal path. The proposed circuit is designed using a standard commercial 0.35 μm BCD process and verified through Cadence Virtuoso (Version: IC617) with the Spectre simulator (Version: 15.1), including transient-noise and process-temperature corner analyses. The results demonstrate that, at a sampling frequency of 20 kHz, the proposed low-noise sample-and-hold circuit for SAR ADC achieves an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 14.03 bits, a signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 86.02 dB, and a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 91.89 dB, providing theoretical guidance for high-precision multi-cell battery management chips. Full article

The prototypical complex-forming reactions of OH + CO and OH + SO are critical elementary processes in atmospheric chemistry and combustion systems. The vibrational mode-specific quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) investigations for these two reactions were performed on full-dimensional globally accurate potential energy surfaces (PESs). Integral cross-sections (ICS), differential cross-sections (DCS), and product energy distributions for different vibrational excitation modes were calculated and analyzed. Although both exothermic oxygen-transfer reactions share similar topological features in their PES profiles, their energy landscapes exhibit pronounced differences, giving rise to entirely distinct dynamic and kinetic behaviors. This work will advance our understanding of how PES topology, collision energy, and mode-specific vibrational excitation jointly govern reactivity and energy dissipation in radical oxidation processes involving carbon- and sulfur-containing oxides. Full article