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16 pages, 9034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vine Identification and Characterization in Goblet-Trained Vineyards Using Remotely Sensed Images

by Chantal Hajjar, Ghassan Ghattas, Maya Kharrat Sarkis and Yolla Ghorra Chamoun

Remote Sens. 2021, 13(15), 2992; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152992 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2511

This paper proposes a novel approach for living and missing vine identification and vine characterization in goblet-trained vine plots using aerial images. Given the periodic structure of goblet vineyards, the RGB color coded parcel image is analyzed using proper processing techniques in order to determine the locations of living and missing vines. Vine characterization is achieved by implementing the marker-controlled watershed transform where the centers of the living vines serve as object markers. As a result, a precise mortality rate is calculated for each parcel. Moreover, all vines, even the overlapping ones, are fully recognized providing information about their size, shape, and green color intensity. The presented approach is fully automated and yields accuracy values exceeding 95% when the obtained results are assessed with ground-truth data. This unsupervised and automated approach can be applied to any type of plots presenting similar spatial patterns requiring only the image as input. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Applications in Agricultural Ecosystems)

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18 pages, 2591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Spray Technology and Application Rate on Leaf Deposit and Ground Losses in Mountain Viticulture

by Costas Michael, Emilio Gil, Montserrat Gallart and Menelaos C. Stavrinides

Agriculture 2020, 10(12), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120615 - 9 Dec 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3878

Abstract

Leaf deposit and ground losses generated from spray application in mountain viticulture were evaluated. Four treatments were examined: A spray gun (1000 L ha⁻¹, High-Volume Sprayer—HVS), a motorized knapsack sprayer (200 L ha⁻¹, Low Volume Sprayer—LVS), and a conventional orchard mist blower calibrated at 500 L ha⁻¹ (OS500) or 250 L ha⁻¹ (OS250). The four treatments were assessed using the same tank concentration of tracer in two training systems: a trellis and a goblet. Sprayer treatment, vine side, and vine height significantly affected leaf deposit (p < 0.05). The absolute amount of leaf deposit increased with application volume, but when the amount of deposit was standardized to 1 kg ha⁻¹, LVS resulted in the highest deposit, followed by HVS, OS250, and OS500. Deposition for the goblet system was ca. half that for the trellised vineyard. Ground losses standardized to 1 kg of tracer ha⁻¹ were twice as high for HVS than for LVS, and four times as high for HVS than for OS250 and OS500, in both training systems. The current work suggests that low volume applications in vineyards are a viable and more environmentally friendly alternative than high volume treatments. Full article

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20 pages, 5687 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Update on the Impact of Climate Change in Viticulture and Potential Adaptations

by Cornelis van Leeuwen, Agnès Destrac-Irvine, Matthieu Dubernet, Eric Duchêne, Mark Gowdy, Elisa Marguerit, Philippe Pieri, Amber Parker, Laure de Rességuier and Nathalie Ollat

Agronomy 2019, 9(9), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090514 - 5 Sep 2019

Cited by 338 | Viewed by 30164

Abstract

Climate change will impose increasingly warm and dry conditions on vineyards. Wine quality and yield are strongly influenced by climatic conditions and depend on complex interactions between temperatures, water availability, plant material, and viticultural techniques. In established winegrowing regions, growers have optimized yield and quality by choosing plant material and viticultural techniques according to local climatic conditions, but as the climate changes, these will need to be adjusted. Adaptations to higher temperatures include changing plant material (e.g., rootstocks, cultivars and clones) and modifying viticultural techniques (e.g., changing trunk height, leaf area to fruit weight ratio, timing of pruning) such that harvest dates are maintained in the optimal period at the end of September or early October in the Northern Hemisphere. Vineyards can be made more resilient to drought by planting drought resistant plant material, modifying training systems (e.g., goblet bush vines, or trellised vineyards at wider row spacing), or selecting soils with greater soil water holding capacity. While most vineyards in Europe are currently dry-farmed, irrigation may also be an option to grow sustainable yields under increasingly dry conditions but consideration must be given to associated impacts on water resources and the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viticulture and Winemaking under Climate Change)

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