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13 pages, 1915 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Implementation of Augmented Reality Applications in Developing Flashcard Learning Media for the Solar System (Case Study: SDN 06 Taluak IV Suku)
by Zainatul Sirti, Neny Rosmawarni, Musthofa Galih Prada, Nunik Destria Arianti and Novita Widyaningrum
Eng. Proc. 2025, 107(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025107132 - 20 Oct 2025
Abstract
The solar system is a Basic Competency for grade VI students at SDN 06 Taluak IV Suku. This material encourages students to recognize planets and their characteristics in the solar system, thus requiring interactive learning media. This research develops solar system flashcard learning [...] Read more.
The solar system is a Basic Competency for grade VI students at SDN 06 Taluak IV Suku. This material encourages students to recognize planets and their characteristics in the solar system, thus requiring interactive learning media. This research develops solar system flashcard learning media based on AR technology to enhance learning interactivity. Using the MDLC method, the application was built with Unity Editor and Vuforia SDK for Android and iOS devices. The application utilizes marker-based and markerless tracking technology to display 3D models of the planets. Flashcards are equipped with engaging images and brief information, as well as a quiz feature for evaluation. Testing showed that the application successfully displayed 3D objects and interactive quiz features. The application is considered to have an attractive appearance, appropriate material, ease of use, and provides an in-depth learning experience about the solar system. Full article
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18 pages, 1588 KB  
Article
EEG-Based Attention Classification for Enhanced Learning Experience
by Madiha Khalid Syed, Hong Wang, Awais Ahmad Siddiqi, Shahnawaz Qureshi and Mohamed Amin Gouda
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8668; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158668 - 5 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1593
Abstract
This paper presents a novel EEG-based learning system designed to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of studying by dynamically adjusting the difficulty level of learning materials based on real-time attention levels. In the training phase, EEG signals corresponding to high and low concentration [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel EEG-based learning system designed to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of studying by dynamically adjusting the difficulty level of learning materials based on real-time attention levels. In the training phase, EEG signals corresponding to high and low concentration levels are recorded while participants engage in quizzes to learn and memorize Chinese characters. The attention levels are determined based on performance metrics derived from the quiz results. Following extensive preprocessing, the EEG data undergoes several feature extraction steps: removal of artifacts due to eye blinks and facial movements, segregation of waves based on their frequencies, similarity indexing with respect to delay, binary thresholding, and (PCA). These extracted features are then fed into a k-NN classifier, which accurately distinguishes between high and low attention brain wave patterns, with the labels derived from the quiz performance indicating high or low attention. During the implementation phase, the system continuously monitors the user’s EEG signals while studying. When low attention levels are detected, the system increases the repetition frequency and reduces the difficulty of the flashcards to refocus the user’s attention. Conversely, when high concentration levels are identified, the system escalates the difficulty level of the flashcards to maximize the learning challenge. This adaptive approach ensures a more effective learning experience by maintaining optimal cognitive engagement, resulting in improved learning rates, reduced stress, and increased overall learning efficiency. Our results indicate that this EEG-based adaptive learning system holds significant potential for personalized education, fostering better retention and understanding of Chinese characters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue EEG Horizons: Exploring Neural Dynamics and Neurocognitive Processes)
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23 pages, 19673 KB  
Article
Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Intelligent Assistant for Personalized and Adaptive Learning in Higher Education
by Ramteja Sajja, Yusuf Sermet, Muhammed Cikmaz, David Cwiertny and Ibrahim Demir
Information 2024, 15(10), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/info15100596 - 30 Sep 2024
Cited by 150 | Viewed by 39010
Abstract
This paper presents a novel framework, artificial intelligence-enabled intelligent assistant (AIIA), for personalized and adaptive learning in higher education. The AIIA system leverages advanced AI and natural language processing (NLP) techniques to create an interactive and engaging learning platform. This platform is engineered [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel framework, artificial intelligence-enabled intelligent assistant (AIIA), for personalized and adaptive learning in higher education. The AIIA system leverages advanced AI and natural language processing (NLP) techniques to create an interactive and engaging learning platform. This platform is engineered to reduce cognitive load on learners by providing easy access to information, facilitating knowledge assessment, and delivering personalized learning support tailored to individual needs and learning styles. The AIIA’s capabilities include understanding and responding to student inquiries, generating quizzes and flashcards, and offering personalized learning pathways. The research findings have the potential to significantly impact the design, implementation, and evaluation of AI-enabled virtual teaching assistants (VTAs) in higher education, informing the development of innovative educational tools that can enhance student learning outcomes, engagement, and satisfaction. The paper presents the methodology, system architecture, intelligent services, and integration with learning management systems (LMSs) while discussing the challenges, limitations, and future directions for the development of AI-enabled intelligent assistants in education. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Games Science in Education)
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14 pages, 4667 KB  
Article
A Context-Based Multimedia Vocabulary Learning System for Mobile Users
by Andrew Vargo, Kohei Yamaguchi, Motoi Iwata and Koichi Kise
Informatics 2024, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11010001 - 19 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3974
Abstract
Vocabulary acquisition and retention is an essential part of learning a foreign language and many learners use flashcard applications to repetitively increase vocabulary retention. However, it can be difficult for learners to remember new words and phrases without any context. In this paper, [...] Read more.
Vocabulary acquisition and retention is an essential part of learning a foreign language and many learners use flashcard applications to repetitively increase vocabulary retention. However, it can be difficult for learners to remember new words and phrases without any context. In this paper, we propose a system that allows users to acquire new vocabulary with media which gives context to the words. Theoretically, this use of multimedia context should enable users to practice with interest and increased motivation, which has been shown to enhance the effects of contextual language learning. An experiment with 46 English as foreign language learners showed better retention after two weeks with the proposed system as compared to ordinary flashcards. However, the impact was not universally beneficial to all learners. An analysis of participant attributes that were gathered through surveys and questionnaires shows a link between personality and learning traits and affinity for learning with this system. This result indicates that the proposed system provides a significant advantage in vocabulary retention for some users, while other users should stay with traditional flashcard applications. The implications of this study indicate the need for the development of more personalized learning applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human-Computer Interaction)
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15 pages, 8477 KB  
Article
Termbot: A Chatbot-Based Crossword Game for Gamified Medical Terminology Learning
by Mei-Hua Hsu, Tien-Ming Chan and Chi-Shun Yu
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 4185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054185 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4791
Abstract
Medical terminology can be challenging for healthcare students due to its unfamiliar and lengthy terms. Traditional methods such as flashcards and memorization can be ineffective and require significant effort. To address this, an online chatbot-based learning model called Termbot was designed to provide [...] Read more.
Medical terminology can be challenging for healthcare students due to its unfamiliar and lengthy terms. Traditional methods such as flashcards and memorization can be ineffective and require significant effort. To address this, an online chatbot-based learning model called Termbot was designed to provide an engaging and convenient method for enhancing medical terminology learning. Termbot, accessible through the LINE platform, offers crossword puzzles that turn boring medical terms into a fun learning experience. An experimental study was conducted, which showed that students who trained with Termbot made significant progress in learning medical terms, demonstrating the potential of chatbots to improve learning outcomes. Termbot’s gamified approach to learning can also be applied to other fields, making it a useful tool for students to learn medical terminology conveniently and enjoyably. Full article
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12 pages, 6339 KB  
Article
Incidence of Post-Operative Pain following a Single-Visit Pulpectomy in Primary Molars Employing Adaptive, Rotary, and Manual Instrumentation: A Randomized Clinical Trial
by Bhagyashree Thakur, Anuj Bhardwaj, Dian Agustin Wahjuningrum, Alexander Maniangat Luke, Krishna Prasad Shetty, Ajinkya M. Pawar, Rodolfo Reda, Marco Seracchiani, Alessio Zanza and Luca Testarelli
Medicina 2023, 59(2), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59020355 - 13 Feb 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4576
Abstract
Background and Objectives. To differentiate the intensity of postoperative pain after primary molar pulpectomy employing manual instrumentation versus two single-file systems with different kinetics (the XP-Endo shaper file with adaptive instrumentation vs. the Kedo-SG blue file with continuous rotation instrumentation). Materials and Methods [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives. To differentiate the intensity of postoperative pain after primary molar pulpectomy employing manual instrumentation versus two single-file systems with different kinetics (the XP-Endo shaper file with adaptive instrumentation vs. the Kedo-SG blue file with continuous rotation instrumentation). Materials and Methods. This three-arm, single-blind, randomized clinical trial included assessing 75 healthy children between 4 to 9 years who required pulpectomy for primary molars (mandibular first and second). The three groups each had an equal number of children. Children in Group 1 had their teeth instrumented with the XP-endo Shaper, children in Group 2 had their teeth instrumented with the Kedo-SG Blue file, and children in Group 3 had their teeth instrumented manually using K-files. The degree of postoperative pain was measured using a four-point pain scale at 6-, 12-, 24-, 48-, and 72-h following therapy. Each participant’s parent received five flashcards with four faces and a word characterizing each face. The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and chi-square tests. The level of significance was set to 5%. Results. During the follow-up period, there was a significant difference in postoperative pain intensity between the three groups. The XP-endo shaper was associated with considerably decreased post operative at the 6- and 12-h interval followed by Kedo-SG. The highest post-operative discomfort across the groups was related to the patients who underwent manual instrumentation. Conclusion. In comparison to rotary and manual instrumentation, postoperative pain severity was reduced with adaptive instrumentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry and Oral Health)
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19 pages, 1883 KB  
Article
Vocabulary Teaching in Refugee Children within the Context of the Greek Formal Education
by Konstantina Olioumtsevits, Despina Papadopoulou and Theodoros Marinis
Languages 2023, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages8010007 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2864
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate vocabulary teaching in children with refugee backgrounds. The effectiveness of three vocabulary interventions—flashcards, pantomime, and use of contextual cues—is examined within the context of formal primary education in Greece. The improvement of the children’s [...] Read more.
The aim of the present study is to investigate vocabulary teaching in children with refugee backgrounds. The effectiveness of three vocabulary interventions—flashcards, pantomime, and use of contextual cues—is examined within the context of formal primary education in Greece. The improvement of the children’s vocabulary is also assessed in association with factors related to the students’ background as well as factors related to the words taught. Thirty-three pupils from the second to the sixth primary school grade attended the teaching interventions. Their first languages are Arabic, Farsi, and Kurdish. According to the results, flashcards and pantomime significantly improve children’s second language vocabulary skills, while this finding does not apply to the intervention involving contextual cues. Age is found to play a role only in the latter intervention, while the effectiveness of no intervention was influenced by word category. Full article
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19 pages, 6858 KB  
Article
Music to My Ears: Developing Kanji Stroke Knowledge through an Educational Music Game
by Oleksandra G. Keehl and Edward F. Melcer
Multimodal Technol. Interact. 2021, 5(12), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5120083 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4405
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are taking up foreign languages with logographic writing systems, such as Japanese or Chinese. Learning thousands of characters necessary for literacy in those languages is a unique challenge to those coming from alphabetic backgrounds, and sustaining motivation in the [...] Read more.
Millions of people worldwide are taking up foreign languages with logographic writing systems, such as Japanese or Chinese. Learning thousands of characters necessary for literacy in those languages is a unique challenge to those coming from alphabetic backgrounds, and sustaining motivation in the face of such a momentous task is a struggle for many students. Many games exist for this purpose, but few offer production memory practice such as writing, and the vast majority are thinly veiled flashcards. To address this gap, we created Radical Tunes—a musical kanji-writing game—which combines production practice with musical mnemonic by assigning a melody to each element of a character. We chose to utilize music as it is a powerful tool that can be employed to enhance learning and memory. In this article, we explore whether incorporating melodies into a kanji learning game can positively affect the memorization of the stroke order/direction and overall shape of several Japanese characters, similar to the mnemonic effect of adding music to text. Specifically, we conducted two experimental studies, finding that (1) music improved immersion—an important factor related to learning; and (2) there was a positive correlation between melody presence and character production, particularly for more complex characters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Game-Based Learning)
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15 pages, 3459 KB  
Article
Creating Tactile Educational Materials for the Visually Impaired and Blind Students Using AI Cloud Computing
by Aaron Raymond See and Welsey Daniel Advincula
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7552; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167552 - 17 Aug 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 11482
Abstract
There are 24.5 million visually impaired and blind (VIB) students who have limited access to educational materials due to cost or availability. Although advancement in technology is prevalent, providing individualized learning using technology remains a challenge without the proper tools or experience. The [...] Read more.
There are 24.5 million visually impaired and blind (VIB) students who have limited access to educational materials due to cost or availability. Although advancement in technology is prevalent, providing individualized learning using technology remains a challenge without the proper tools or experience. The TacPic system was developed as an online platform to create tactile educational materials (TEM) based on the image inputs of users who do not have prior experience in tactile photo development or 3D printing. The TacPic system allows the users to simply upload images to a website and uses AI cloud computing on the Amazon Web Services platform. First, it segments and labels the images. Then, the text label is converted into braille words. Subsequently, surface rendering and consolidation of the image and text is performed, before it is converted into a single file that is ready for 3D printing. Currently, the types of TEM that can be created are tactile flashcards, tactile maps, and tactile peg puzzles, which can be developed within a few hours. This is in contrast to a development period of weeks using traditional methods. Furthermore, the tactile educational materials were tested by two VIB teachers and six VIB students. It was found that those who are congenitally blind need more time to identify the object and rely more on the braille labels compared to students who became blind at a later age. Teachers also suggested producing TEM that use simpler images, and TEM that are suitable for both sighted and VIB students. In conclusion, the researchers successfully developed a platform that allows more educators or parents to develop personalized and individualized TEM. In the future, further optimization of the algorithms to improve segmentation and the inclusion of other features, such as color, could be undertaken. Finally, new printing materials and methods are needed to improve printing efficiency. Full article
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14 pages, 1034 KB  
Article
The Effects of a Multicomponent Motivational System Intervention Using Peer-Tutoring for Implementation on the Automation of Single-Digit Addition Tasks of Four Struggling Elementary Students
by Jennifer Karnes and Matthias Grünke
Educ. Sci. 2021, 11(6), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11060265 - 27 May 2021
Viewed by 4013
Abstract
Derived math fact fluency becomes more imperative across all mathematical content areas during a students’ mathematics development. However, many of them struggle to automate the most basic math facts sufficiently and therefore are not able to deal with more complex mathematical problems. This [...] Read more.
Derived math fact fluency becomes more imperative across all mathematical content areas during a students’ mathematics development. However, many of them struggle to automate the most basic math facts sufficiently and therefore are not able to deal with more complex mathematical problems. This leads to the fact that many of them are already left behind in the early years of their school careers whether they have diagnosed learning disabilities or not. In this single-case research project, we evaluated a peer-tutoring approach designed to extend the number of automated single-digit addition tasks for four struggling elementary students through a multicomponent motivational system including immediate correction of errors, graphical feedback on performance, positive reinforcement, direct instruction flashcards, and a racetrack game. A multiple-baseline design (ABE) across subjects was applied to assess the effects of the treatment. The results indicate significant and large effects of the intervention on the number of automated math facts for the participants. This substantiates the assumption that the math-fact recall performance of struggling students can be improved through the method of peer tutoring even with the limited resources available in everyday school life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Special and Inclusive Education)
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15 pages, 37306 KB  
Article
Paper-Based Magneto-Resistive Sensor: Modeling, Fabrication, Characterization, and Application
by Meriem Akin, Autumn Pratt, Jennifer Blackburn and Andreas Dietzel
Sensors 2018, 18(12), 4392; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124392 - 11 Dec 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4880
Abstract
In this work, we developed and fabricated a paper-based anisotropic magneto-resistive sensor using a sputtered permalloy (Ni 81 Fe 19 ) thin film. To interpret the characteristics of the sensor, we proposed a computational model to capture the influence of the stochastic fiber [...] Read more.
In this work, we developed and fabricated a paper-based anisotropic magneto-resistive sensor using a sputtered permalloy (Ni 81 Fe 19 ) thin film. To interpret the characteristics of the sensor, we proposed a computational model to capture the influence of the stochastic fiber network of the paper surface and to explain the physics behind the empirically observed difference in paper-based anisotropic magneto-resistance (AMR). Using the model, we verified two main empirical observations: (1) The stochastic fiber network of the paper substrate induces a shift of 45 in the AMR response of the paper-based Ni 81 Fe 19 thin film compared to a Ni 81 Fe 19 film on a smooth surface as long as the fibrous topography has not become buried. (2) The ratio of magnitudes of AMR peaks at different anisotropy angles and the inverted AMR peak at the 90 -anisotropy angle are explained through the superposition of the responses of Ni 81 Fe 19 inheriting the fibrous topography and smoother Ni 81 Fe 19 on buried fibrous topographies. As for the sensitivity and reproducibility of the sensor signal, we obtained a maximum AMR peak of 0.4 % , min-max sensitivity range of [ 0.17 , 0.26 ] % , average asymmetry of peak location of 2.7 kA m within two consecutive magnetic loading cycles, and a deviation of 250–850 A m of peak location across several anisotropy angles at a base resistance of ∼100 Ω . Last, we demonstrated the usability of the sensor in two educational application examples: a textbook clicker and interactive braille flashcards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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