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Keywords = double-layer transparent conductive oxide

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15 pages, 5457 KB  
Article
Pockels Effect of Interfacial Water on a Mono-Electrode Induced by Current Parallel to the Electrode Surface
by Kairi Morozumi, Hironori Kanemaru, Akihiro Okada, Tomonari Ichimiya, Takayoshi Kobayashi and Eiji Tokunaga
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 2076; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14052076 - 1 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1667
Abstract
When an electric field is applied between two electrodes facing each other immersed in a liquid, the interfacial Pockels effect, a refractive index change proportional to the electric field, occurs in the electric double layer at the liquid–electrode interface. Here, we report that [...] Read more.
When an electric field is applied between two electrodes facing each other immersed in a liquid, the interfacial Pockels effect, a refractive index change proportional to the electric field, occurs in the electric double layer at the liquid–electrode interface. Here, we report that the Pockels effect of interfacial water can be observed even when an electric field is applied parallel to the surface of a “single” electrode in an electrolyte solution. This is a non-trivial result since the electric field parallel to the interface should not cause a broken spatial inversion symmetry, which is required for the Pockels effect. The Pockels signal was detected as a change in the transmitted light intensity due to the field-induced spectral shift of the interference fringes of the transparent conductive oxide electrode layer on a glass substrate. The magnitude of the signal increased as it approached the ends of the electrode, and the sign reversed across the center of the electrode. The electric field distribution calculated from the interfacial potential difference due to the in-plane parallel current showed that an electric field perpendicular to the interface was induced, whose distribution was consistent with the position dependence of the Pockels signal. A similar phenomenon was also observed for a single copper electrode, confirming that this is a universal effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Optical Materials and Devices)
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12 pages, 2295 KB  
Article
Investigation into the Characteristics of Double-Layer Transparent Conductive Oxide ITO/TNO Anti-Reflection Coating for Silicon Solar Cells
by Yih-Shing Lee, Li-Yang Chuang, Cheng-Jia Tang, Zi-Zhu Yan, Bing-Shin Le and Cheng-Chung Jaing
Crystals 2023, 13(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13010080 - 1 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2695
Abstract
In this study, indium–tin oxide (ITO)/Nb-doping TiO2 (TNO) double-layer transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films deposited using DC magnetron sputtering were used as a surface anti-reflection layer with an overall thickness of 100 nm for double-layer films. The simulated results showed that ITO [...] Read more.
In this study, indium–tin oxide (ITO)/Nb-doping TiO2 (TNO) double-layer transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films deposited using DC magnetron sputtering were used as a surface anti-reflection layer with an overall thickness of 100 nm for double-layer films. The simulated results showed that ITO and TNO thickness combinations of 90 nm/10 nm, 80 nm/20 nm, and 70 nm/30 nm had a higher transmittance and lower reflectance than others in the visible wavelength range. Compared to the single-layer ITO films, for ITO/TNO films deposited on the glass and silicon substrates with an optimum thickness of 80/20 nm, the reflectance was reduced by 5.06% and 4.63%, respectively, at the central wavelength of 550 nm and crystalline silicon photo response wavelength of 900 nm. Moreover, the near-infrared reflectance of the double-layer ITO/TNO with thickness combinations of 90 nm/10 nm, 80 nm/20 nm, and 70 nm/30 nm, when deposited on silicon substrates, was obviously improved by the graded refractive index lamination effect of air (1)/ITO (1.98)/TNO (2.41)/Si (3.9). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optoelectronics and Photonics in Crystals)
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15 pages, 4203 KB  
Article
Controlled Silanization of Transparent Conductive Oxides as a Precursor of Molecular Recognition Systems
by Anna Domaros, Dorota Zarzeczańska, Tadeusz Ossowski and Anna Wcisło
Materials 2023, 16(1), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010309 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3188
Abstract
The search for new molecular recognition systems has become the goal of modern electrochemistry. Creating a matrix in which properties can be controlled to obtain a desired analytical signal is an essential part of creating such tools. The aim of this work was [...] Read more.
The search for new molecular recognition systems has become the goal of modern electrochemistry. Creating a matrix in which properties can be controlled to obtain a desired analytical signal is an essential part of creating such tools. The aim of this work was to modify the surface of electrodes based on transparent conductive oxides with the use of selected alkoxysilanes (3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, trimethoxy(propyl)silane, and trimethoxy(octyl)silane). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques, as well as contact angle measurements, were used to determine the properties of the obtained layers. Here, we prove that not only was the structure of alkoxysilanes taken into account but also the conditions of the modification process—reaction conditions (time and temperature), double alkoxysilane modification, and mono- and binary component modification. Our results enabled the identification of the parameters that are important to ensure the effectiveness of the modification process. Moreover, we confirmed that the selection of the correct alkoxysilane allows the surface properties of the electrode material to be controlled and, consequently, the charge transfer process at the electrode/solution interface, hence enabling the creation of selective molecular recognition systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrode Materials Dedicated for Electroanalysis)
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7 pages, 6198 KB  
Article
Double-Resolved Beam Steering by Metagrating-Based Tamm Plasmon Polariton
by Rashid G. Bikbaev, Dmitrii N. Maksimov, Kuo-Ping Chen and Ivan V. Timofeev
Materials 2022, 15(17), 6014; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15176014 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2760
Abstract
We consider Tamm plasmon polariton in a subwavelength grating patterned on top of a Bragg reflector. We demonstrate dynamic control of the phase and amplitude of a plane wave reflected from such metagrating due to resonant coupling with the Tamm plasmon polariton. The [...] Read more.
We consider Tamm plasmon polariton in a subwavelength grating patterned on top of a Bragg reflector. We demonstrate dynamic control of the phase and amplitude of a plane wave reflected from such metagrating due to resonant coupling with the Tamm plasmon polariton. The tunability of the phase and amplitude of the reflected wave arises from modulation of the refractive index of a transparent conductive oxide layer by applying the bias voltage. The electrical switching of diffracted beams of the ±1st order is shown. The possibility of doubling the angular resolution of beam steering by using asymmetric reflected phase distribution with integer and half-integer periods of the metagrating is demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soft Photonic Crystals and Metamaterials)
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14 pages, 3696 KB  
Article
Self-Powered Organometal Halide Perovskite Photodetector with Embedded Silver Nanowires
by Almaz R. Beisenbayev, Zhandos T. Sadirkhanov, Yerassyl Yerlanuly, Marat I. Kaikanov and Askhat N. Jumabekov
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(7), 1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12071034 - 22 Mar 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3627
Abstract
Metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) configuration of perovskite photodetectors (PPDs) suggests easy and low-cost manufacturing. However, the basic structures of MSM PPDs include vertical and lateral configurations, which require the use of expensive materials such as transparent conductive oxides or/and sophisticated fabrication techniques such as lithography. [...] Read more.
Metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) configuration of perovskite photodetectors (PPDs) suggests easy and low-cost manufacturing. However, the basic structures of MSM PPDs include vertical and lateral configurations, which require the use of expensive materials such as transparent conductive oxides or/and sophisticated fabrication techniques such as lithography. Integrating metallic nanowire-based electrodes into the perovskite photo-absorber layer to form one-half of the MSM PPD structure could potentially resolve the key issues of both configurations. Here, a manufacturing of solution-processed and self-powered MSM PPDs with embedded silver nanowire electrodes is demonstrated. The embedding of silver nanowire electrode into the perovskite layer is achieved by treating the silver nanowire/perovskite double layer with a methylamine gas vapor. The evaporated gold layer is used as the second electrode to form MSM PPDs. The prepared MSM PPDs show a photoresponsivity of 4 × 10−5 AW−1 in the UV region and 2 × 10−5 AW−1 in the visible region. On average, the devices exhibit a photocurrent of 1.1 × 10−6 A under white light (75 mW cm−2) illumination with an ON/OFF ratio of 83.4. The results presented in this work open up a new method for development and fabrication of simple, solution-processable MSM self-powered PPDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis and Applications of Nanowires)
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10 pages, 3198 KB  
Article
In-Depth Optical Analysis of Zn(Al)O Mixed Metal Oxide Film-Based Zn/Al-Layered Double Hydroxide for TCO Application
by Ethar Yahya Salih, Asmiet Ramizy, Osamah Aldaghri, Mohd Faizul Mohd Sabri, Nawal Madkhali, Tarfah Alinad, Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf and Mohamed Hassan Eisa
Crystals 2022, 12(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010079 - 6 Jan 2022
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 2474
Abstract
In this article, an in-depth optical investigation of Zn(Al)O-mixed metal oxide (MMO) film using Zn/Al-layered double hydroxide (LDH) was elucidated through co-precipitation and spin coating techniques. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis revealed the occurrence of a vertically aligned sheet-like structure [...] Read more.
In this article, an in-depth optical investigation of Zn(Al)O-mixed metal oxide (MMO) film using Zn/Al-layered double hydroxide (LDH) was elucidated through co-precipitation and spin coating techniques. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis revealed the occurrence of a vertically aligned sheet-like structure with a thickness of 60 nm for pristine LDH, which further reduced to 45 nm after calcination at 300 °C. Additionally, pristine LDH showed multiple optical bandgaps of 5.18, 3.6, and 3.2 eV. Moreover, a good agreement of the obtained optical bandgaps was attained between both utilized methods, ultraviolet-visible light (UV-Vis), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. The optical bandgap decreased at higher calcination temperatures, which indicates the active role of the applied post-fabrication process on the optical profile of the deposited MMO film/s. The demonstrated transmittance spectra of the deposited MMO films exhibited a transparency between 85% and 95%; this indicates the usefulness and consistency of the proposed film for transparent conductive oxide (TCO) based optoelectronic applications. Full article
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17 pages, 4854 KB  
Article
Polypyrrole and Graphene Nanoplatelets Inks as Electrodes for Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitor
by Antonella Arena, Caterina Branca, Carmine Ciofi, Giovanna D’Angelo, Valentino Romano and Graziella Scandurra
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(10), 2589; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102589 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3157
Abstract
Flexible energy storage devices and supercapacitors in particular have become very attractive due to the growing demand for wearable consumer devices. To obtain supercapacitors with improved performance, it is useful to resort to hybrid electrodes, usually nanocomposites, that combine the excellent charge transport [...] Read more.
Flexible energy storage devices and supercapacitors in particular have become very attractive due to the growing demand for wearable consumer devices. To obtain supercapacitors with improved performance, it is useful to resort to hybrid electrodes, usually nanocomposites, that combine the excellent charge transport properties and high surface area of nanostructured carbon with the electrochemical activity of suitable metal oxides or conjugated polymers. In this work, electrochemically active conducting inks are developed starting from commercially available polypyrrole and graphene nanoplatelets blended with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. Films prepared by applying the developed inks are characterized by means of Raman measurements, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) investigations. Planar supercapacitor prototypes with an active area below ten mm2 are then prepared by applying the inks onto transparency sheets, separated by an ion-permeable nafion layer impregnated with lithium hexafluorophospate, and characterized by means of electrical measurements. According to the experimental results, the devices show both pseudocapacitive and electric double layer behavior, resulting in areal capacitance that, when obtained from about 100 mF⋅cm−2 in the sample with polypyrrole-based electrodes, increases by a factor of about 3 when using electrodes deposited from inks containing polypyrrole and graphene nanoplateles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication and Characterization of Nanostructured Carbon Electrodes)
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18 pages, 7413 KB  
Review
Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using an Environmentally Friendly Method and Its Application to Energy-Related Materials
by Ichiro Imae
Coatings 2021, 11(3), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030297 - 4 Mar 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4841
Abstract
Since graphene oxide can be synthesized in large quantities by oxidation of inexpensively available natural graphite and can be dispersed in water, it can be coated onto a variety of substrates by solution processes. Graphene oxide can also be reduced to yield reduced [...] Read more.
Since graphene oxide can be synthesized in large quantities by oxidation of inexpensively available natural graphite and can be dispersed in water, it can be coated onto a variety of substrates by solution processes. Graphene oxide can also be reduced to yield reduced graphene oxide, which has similar electronic features to graphene. This review introduces the environmentally friendly methods for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide utilizing electrochemical and thermal methods and summarizes our recent research results on their application to energy-related materials such as electric double-layer capacitors, thermoelectric devices, transparent conductive films, and lithium-ion secondary batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Graphene Oxide)
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11 pages, 3103 KB  
Article
Understanding of the Mechanism for Laser Ablation-Assisted Patterning of Graphene/ITO Double Layers: Role of Effective Thermal Energy Transfer
by Hyung Seok Ryu, Hong-Seok Kim, Daeyoon Kim, Sang Jun Lee, Wonjoon Choi, Sang Jik Kwon, Jae-Hee Han and Eou-Sik Cho
Micromachines 2020, 11(9), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11090821 - 29 Aug 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4636
Abstract
Demand for the fabrication of high-performance, transparent electronic devices with improved electronic and mechanical properties is significantly increasing for various applications. In this context, it is essential to develop highly transparent and conductive electrodes for the realization of such devices. To this end, [...] Read more.
Demand for the fabrication of high-performance, transparent electronic devices with improved electronic and mechanical properties is significantly increasing for various applications. In this context, it is essential to develop highly transparent and conductive electrodes for the realization of such devices. To this end, in this work, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene was transferred to both glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates that had been pre-coated with an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer and then subsequently patterned by using a laser-ablation method for a low-cost, simple, and high-throughput process. A comparison of the results of the laser ablation of such a graphene/ITO double layer with those of the ITO single-layered films reveals that a larger amount of effective thermal energy of the laser used is transferred in the lateral direction along the graphene upper layer in the graphene/ITO double-layered structure, attributable to the high thermal conductivity of graphene. The transferred thermal energy is expected to melt and evaporate the lower ITO layer at a relatively lower threshold energy of laser ablation. The transient analysis of the temperature profiles indicates that the graphene layers can act as both an effective thermal diffuser and converter for the planar heat transfer. Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the graphite peak on the ITO layer where the graphene upper layer was selectively removed because of the incomplete heating and removal process for the ITO layer by the laterally transferred effective thermal energy of the laser beam. Our approach could have broad implications for designing highly transparent and conductive electrodes as well as a new way of nanoscale patterning for other optoelectronic-device applications using laser-ablation methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Techniques for Ultrafast Laser Nano/Micro Patterning)
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73 pages, 15140 KB  
Review
Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors: A Review of Recent Advances
by Parnia Forouzandeh, Vignesh Kumaravel and Suresh C. Pillai
Catalysts 2020, 10(9), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10090969 - 26 Aug 2020
Cited by 528 | Viewed by 56659
Abstract
The advanced electrochemical properties, such as high energy density, fast charge–discharge rates, excellent cyclic stability, and specific capacitance, make supercapacitor a fascinating electronic device. During recent decades, a significant amount of research has been dedicated to enhancing the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitors [...] Read more.
The advanced electrochemical properties, such as high energy density, fast charge–discharge rates, excellent cyclic stability, and specific capacitance, make supercapacitor a fascinating electronic device. During recent decades, a significant amount of research has been dedicated to enhancing the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitors through the development of novel electrode materials. In addition to highlighting the charge storage mechanism of the three main categories of supercapacitors, including the electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors, and the hybrid supercapacitors, this review describes the insights of the recent electrode materials (including, carbon-based materials, metal oxide/hydroxide-based materials, and conducting polymer-based materials, 2D materials). The nanocomposites offer larger SSA, shorter ion/electron diffusion paths, thus improving the specific capacitance of supercapacitors (SCs). Besides, the incorporation of the redox-active small molecules and bio-derived functional groups displayed a significant effect on the electrochemical properties of electrode materials. These advanced properties provide a vast range of potential for the electrode materials to be utilized in different applications such as in wearable/portable/electronic devices such as all-solid-state supercapacitors, transparent/flexible supercapacitors, and asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalysis and Electrode Materials for Energy Production)
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11 pages, 2062 KB  
Article
Transparent Microelectrode Arrays Fabricated by Ion Beam Assisted Deposition for Neuronal Cell In Vitro Recordings
by Tomi Ryynänen, Ropafadzo Mzezewa, Ella Meriläinen, Tanja Hyvärinen, Jukka Lekkala, Susanna Narkilahti and Pasi Kallio
Micromachines 2020, 11(5), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11050497 - 14 May 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4756
Abstract
Microelectrode array (MEA) is a tool used for recording bioelectric signals from electrically active cells in vitro. In this paper, ion beam assisted electron beam deposition (IBAD) has been used for depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) and titanium nitride (TiN) thin films which [...] Read more.
Microelectrode array (MEA) is a tool used for recording bioelectric signals from electrically active cells in vitro. In this paper, ion beam assisted electron beam deposition (IBAD) has been used for depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) and titanium nitride (TiN) thin films which are applied as transparent track and electrode materials in MEAs. In the first version, both tracks and electrodes were made of ITO to guarantee full transparency and thus optimal imaging capability. In the second version, very thin (20 nm) ITO electrodes were coated with a thin (40 nm) TiN layer to decrease the impedance of Ø30 µm electrodes to one third (1200 kΩ → 320 kΩ) while maintaining (partial) transparency. The third version was also composed of transparent ITO tracks, but the measurement properties were optimized by using thick (200 nm) opaque TiN electrodes. In addition to the impedance, the optical transmission and electric noise levels of all three versions were characterized and the functionality of the MEAs was successfully demonstrated using human pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal cells. To understand more thoroughly the factors contributing to the impedance, MEAs with higher IBAD ITO thickness as well as commercial sputter-deposited and highly conductive ITO were fabricated for comparison. Even if the sheet-resistance of our IBAD ITO thin films is very high compared to the sputtered one, the impedances of the MEAs of each ITO grade were found to be practically equal (e.g., 300–370 kΩ for Ø30 µm electrodes with 40 nm TiN coating). This implies that the increased resistance of the tracks, either caused by lower thickness or lower conductivity, has hardly any contribution to the impedance of the MEA electrodes. The impedance is almost completely defined by the double-layer interface between the electrode top layer and the medium including cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microelectrode Arrays and Application to Medical Devices)
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11 pages, 2820 KB  
Article
The Investigation of High Quality PEDOT:PSS Film by Multilayer-Processing and Acid Treatment
by Po-Wen Sze, Kuan-Wei Lee, Pin-Chiao Huang, Dei-Wei Chou, Bing-Siang Kao and Chien-Jung Huang
Energies 2017, 10(5), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050716 - 18 May 2017
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 10196
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the performance of multilayer films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) treated with one of the perfluorinated carboxylic acids, named trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). According to the increased density of the PEDOT chain under unit area conditions, the sheet resistance (R [...] Read more.
In this study, we have investigated the performance of multilayer films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) treated with one of the perfluorinated carboxylic acids, named trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). According to the increased density of the PEDOT chain under unit area conditions, the sheet resistance (Rsq) has improved from 300 to 65 Ω/sq through additional processing of PEDOT:PSS from single layer to multilayer. After the further treatment with TFA, however, the Rsq of the multilayer PEDOT:PSS was enhanced to 45 Ω/sq, leading to the decline of film thickness from 400 to 270 nm. Both conductivity and work function based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results have built a breakthrough by double-processing because of the higher density of conductive PEDOT chains and the increase of 0.4 eV alternatives to typical indium tin oxide substrate, respectively. This improvement is contributed to the development of more effective transparent electrodes. Full article
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