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Claude de Visdelou, a French Jesuit missionary who arrived in China in the 17th century, was renowned for his remarkable linguistic talent and profound knowledge of Sinology. He left behind numerous Latin translations of Chinese classics, many of which were preserved in manuscript form and are currently held in Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Based on an examination of Visdelou’s life and his Latin translations of Confucian documents, such as Daxue, this paper aims to analyze the complex reasons why Visdelou openly opposed the Jesuit policy of tolerance toward Chinese rituals and was promoted by the Roman Curia for his opposition to the Jesuit’s approach. The paper also reflects on his translation activities as a personal intellectual struggle and as a means of cross-cultural knowledge construction from the perspective of Sino-Western cultural exchange history. Full article

Background: Migration from low- and middle-income to high-income settings is often accompanied by dietary and lifestyle changes that may increase long-term risk of non-communicable diseases. African migrants represent a growing but under-studied population in Australia, with limited evidence on post-migration nutrition transitions and associated chronic disease risk. This study examined changes in diet and lifestyle among Nigerian-born adults before and after migration to Australia and explored any association with chronic diseases. Methods: A pilot cross-sectional study was conducted among adults who migrated from Nigeria to New South Wales, Australia, between 1992 and 2019. Data were collected via a culturally adapted, self-administered online questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics, dietary intake, lifestyle behaviours, and self-reported chronic conditions in the 12 months immediately before and after migration. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and proportions) and inferential analyses (Chi-square tests, McNemar test, and the Bowker test) were used to compare pre- and post-migration behaviours and examine associations with chronic disease outcomes. Results: Ninety-three participants completed the survey (mean age 37.0 ± 7.2 years; 50.5% male). Post-migration, regular breakfast consumption declined (−24.3%), while irregular eating (low and moderate) patterns increased (+7.6% and +16.7%). Regular vegetable intake improved (+5.4%), whereas fruit intake remained low (13.0%). Regular consumption of Nigerian local foods decreased markedly (−53.7%), while regular intake of meat (+18.5%), dairy foods, fats (+14.3%), and non-alcoholic beverages increased (+22.8%). Salt use shifted away from the highest-risk category (−22.2%), and smoking and alcohol consumption remained low and stable. Self-reported chronic conditions were uncommon; hypertension (6.5%) and obesity (5.4%) were the most frequently reported. Conclusions: Nigerian migrants in Australia experience substantial post-migration dietary and lifestyle transitions that may elevate long-term chronic disease risk despite a currently low reported disease burden. Early, culturally responsive nutrition and lifestyle interventions are needed to support healthy adaptation and prevent the progression of cardiometabolic conditions in this growing migrant population. Full article

Background: Maintaining optimal oral hygiene during fixed orthodontic treatment is critical yet challenging. This study assessed oral hygiene knowledge, practices, and challenges among fixed orthodontic patients and developed a patient-centered guidance form. Methods: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 300 fixed orthodontic patients (150 males, 150 females) age range 13–31+ years followed by in-depth interviews with 15 purposively selected patients. Quantitative data were analyzed using non-parametric tests and multiple regression; qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Results: Scale reliability was acceptable to excellent (α = 0.681–0.941). Females demonstrated higher knowledge (p < 0.001); males showed better recall (p = 0.005). Knowledge increased with age and education (p < 0.001). A substantial knowledge–behavior gap was evident: 85% recognized interdental brushes as essential, but only 23% used them daily. Discomfort was the main barrier (77%), and 71% preferred mobile app reminders. Knowledge of auxiliary aids predicted recall (β = 1.912, p < 0.001), explaining 81.9% of variance. Notably, 100% reported current instructions are physically difficult to execute; 86% prioritized technique guidance. Conclusions: Fixed orthodontic patients demonstrate adequate knowledge but poor translation into practice. The patient-centered guidance form provides a practical resource to support oral hygiene self-management. Full article

Pulse-width-modulated (PWM) automotive headlights enhance nighttime event-based camera detection, yet systematic parameter optimization for vulnerable road user detection remains unexplored. This study evaluates PWM frequency, duty cycle, light distribution, ego-vehicle speed, and ambient lighting under European New Car Assessment Programme-inspired crossing scenarios for cyclist and pedestrian detection. Results establish performance ranging from substantial improvements to severe degradation relative to continuous illumination. Cyclist detection achieves robust performance with high-frequency modulation across light distributions, while low-frequency operation with low beam produces severe degradation through background noise accumulation. Pedestrian detection requires high beam with street lighting enabled; low beam universally fails regardless of modulation parameters. Limited parameter combinations achieve simultaneous improvements for both targets. Detection performs optimally on retroreflective surfaces, while low-reflectivity clothing limits capability, requiring target-specific optimization. Full article

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of biological maturity status and training experience on motor performance in young athletes of different sport disciplines. Methods: Youth athletes (n = 84, 23 females) from five different sports (basketball, volleyball, track and field, wrestling, and badminton) participated in this study. Jump height was measured for the squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ). Peak torque during maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) and torque steadiness at 20% MVC were assessed during plantar flexion (PF) and dorsiflexion (DF). Postural control was assessed with the one-leg test for both the right and left legs. K-means clustered analysis categorized participants into groups of low and high performers. Results: High performers had greater training experience than low performers for the SJ (p < 0.05), with no difference in maturity status (p > 0.05). Similarly, high performers had greater training experience (p < 0.05) than low performers for the CMJ, with no difference in maturity status (p > 0.05). High performers were more mature than low performers for MVC torque of DF (p < 0.001) and PF (p < 0.001), with no group differences in training experience (DF: p > 0.05; PF: p > 0.05). Maturity status for torque steadiness differed only for DF (p < 0.001), whereas there was no difference for PF (p > 0.05). There were no differences in either maturity status or training experience for one-leg-stance time (p > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that maturity status and training experience are linked to performance, although their relative roles differ across tasks. These findings reflect an interaction between biological maturity, training background and sports performance in youth athletes. Full article

Chordoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of the axial skeleton, arising from notochordal remnants. No approved systemic therapies exist, and the 10-year overall survival is below 60%. Accurate molecular and pathological classification is a prerequisite for improved prognostication and the identification of actionable therapeutic targets; however, molecular classification of chordoma remains significantly less advanced than that of other neoplasms. This narrative review synthesizes proposed classification frameworks for chordoma across histological, radiological, surgical, genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic domains. PubMed and CENTRAL were searched on 1 February 2026 using five queries: ‘chordoma classification’, ‘chordoma DNA sequencing’, ‘chordoma RNA sequencing’, ‘chordoma methylation’, and ‘chordoma copy number’. Original research articles describing more than one patient and reporting a classification or subtyping framework were included; review articles, case reports, and non-English publications were excluded. Sample size and the use of a validation dataset were identified for each study. Results were synthesized qualitatively. A total of 108 studies encompassing 6349 individuals were included. Across six domains, four cross-cutting themes with prognostic and potential theranostic value emerged: copy number alterations, particularly CDKN2A/B loss; SWI/SNF complex dysfunction; stroma–tumor ratio; and immune microenvironment heterogeneity. Full article

Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA) is a highly aggressive malignancy arising from the biliary epithelium, with surgical resection representing the only potentially curative treatment. The predominant periductal infiltrating growth pattern, characterized by subepithelial tumor spread and desmoplastic stromal reaction, severely limits the diagnostic sensitivity of conventional endoscopic sampling techniques, which primarily assess the luminal mucosal surface. This review provides a histomorphology-oriented diagnostic framework for indeterminate extrahepatic biliary strictures, integrating advanced endoscopic technologies with emerging optical diagnostic approaches. ERCP combined with cholangioscopy demonstrates superior sensitivity for perihilar strictures, while EUS-guided tissue acquisition shows higher diagnostic yield in distal cholangiocarcinoma, also providing locoregional staging. Advanced EUS technologies—including elastography, contrast harmonic EUS, and Detective Flow Imaging—further improve characterization of indeterminate strictures by evaluating tissue stiffness, microvascular architecture, and periductal infiltration. Ex vivo fluorescence confocal laser microscopy (FCM) enables real-time microscopic evaluation of biopsy specimens, reducing diagnostic turnaround time and minimizing inadequate sampling. A location-adapted diagnostic algorithm integrating cross-sectional imaging, ERCP, cholangioscopy, and EUS is proposed. An integrated, biology-informed endoscopic approach tailored to tumor location and ductal wall involvement may significantly improve early eCCA detection and guide patient selection for curative treatment. Full article

Reusing separate, pre-filled Key-Value (KV) Caches for multiple contexts has become a common practice in handling multi-context scenarios with Large Language Models. However, this leads to a lack of cross-attention mechanisms between contexts. To address this, we propose CatLLM, the first method that concatenates multiple contexts across requests offline to compensate for this deficiency. Specifically, during offline processing, CatLLM identifies contexts that severely lack cross-attention by incorporating the weighted inner products of Q and K vectors from tokens in an un-concatenated context into an equivalently transformed weighted formulation for concatenated Q and K inner products. This yields a weighting $w_i^{A+B}$ corresponding to the output vector difference, which can then be used to identify contexts with severe cross-attention deficiencies and concatenate them into a single context for KV Cache computation. Experimental results show that, compared to the baseline of separate caching (i.e., no concatenation), fully concatenating all contexts improves the F1 score by 6%. Meanwhile, the proposed method reduces the number of contexts requiring caching from 10 to 7 while achieving a 3% F1 score, thereby maximizing performance improvement while minimizing the degree of context compression. Full article

Electronic health records (EHRs) contain abundant medical entities and relations, and their accurate extraction is essential for medical knowledge graph construction and clinical decision-support. However, medical texts are typically characterized by dense terminology, syntactically complex expressions, and frequent overlapping triplets, which significantly increase the difficulty of joint extraction. Although table-filling methods such as GPLinker have achieved strong performance, they remain limited in modeling cross-relation interactions, capturing latent structural dependencies among candidate spans, and reducing noise from redundant entity-pair combinations. To address these limitations, we propose RSTGP, a unified joint extraction framework built upon the GPLinker paradigm. The proposed framework integrates three key mechanisms: (1) a relation-aware scoring strategy that enhances cross-relation interaction and calibrates relation scores; (2) a span-level graph enhancement mechanism that captures latent structural dependencies among candidate spans; and (3) a type-constrained calibration mechanism that suppresses implausible subject–object combinations. Extensive experiments on the CMeIE and DuIE2.0 datasets demonstrate that RSTGP consistently outperforms seven representative baseline models and achieves F1 scores of 62.75% and 76.79%, respectively. In particular, the proposed model shows clear advantages in handling overlapping and multiple triplets, yielding a more robust performance in complex extraction scenarios. Full article

Background: Obesity represents a major public health challenge worldwide and contributes substantially to the burden of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. While body mass index (BMI) is widely used in clinical practice, indices reflecting central adiposity may provide additional prognostic value. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of general and central obesity in an adult population across different age groups from Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, and to examine their associations with cardiometabolic outcomes and lifestyle factors. Methods: A quasi-representative cross-sectional study was conducted among 3512 adults (mean age 53.7 ± 14.9 years). Anthropometric indices, including BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio were measured. Cardiometabolic outcomes included diabetes, hypertension, and their combined presence. Multicollinearity was assessed using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), and the discriminatory ability of indices was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and DeLong’s test. Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25) was 68.4%, while central obesity (WHtR ≥0.5) affected 66.9% of participants. BMI demonstrated the highest discriminatory ability in this dataset for hypertension (AUC = 0.852) and diabetes (AUC = 0.796), significantly outperforming WC and WHR (p < 0.05). However, 24.4% of individuals with normal BMI exhibited high-risk central adiposity. Significant sex-specific differences were observed: short sleep duration (<6 h) was a strong predictor of obesity in women (aOR = 2.98), whereas smoking showed stronger associations in men. Age-stratified analyses revealed that while BMI stabilizes in the oldest age group (75–89 years), WHtR continues to increase, reflecting age-related redistribution of visceral fat. A strong protective effect of physical activity was observed, supported by quasi-complete separation in active subgroups. Conclusions: General and central obesity represent a substantial health burden in this urban population. While BMI remains a robust screening tool, the integration of WHtR enhances the identification of “hidden” cardiometabolic risk particularly in older adults and individuals with normal BMI. Given the quasi-representative nature of the sample, these findings are primarily generalizable to similar urban populations and may inform targeted regional public health strategies. Full article

The global aging process has increased the number of older individuals providing care for relatives with severe mental disorders (SMD). This population faces unique health challenges. The present cross-sectional study examined the relationship between self-perceived health (SPH) and clinical, functional, and sociodemographic variables among 71 older caregivers (median age: 65 years) in Bogotá, Colombia. SPH was assessed by answering the question: “How would you describe your overall health status?” and dichotomized into good versus poor perception. Comorbidity was measured as the number of self-reported chronic conditions. Caregiver burden was evaluated using the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed using the SF-36, including dimensions such as physical functioning, emotional well-being, bodily pain, and general health. Descriptive analyses, non-parametric comparisons, and logistic regression models were conducted. The results revealed a marked feminization of caregiving (92.96%) and a high prevalence of good SPH (70.42%), despite a substantial burden of physical comorbidities (mean: 3.21). Dimensions such as physical functioning, emotional well-being, and pain were significant in univariate analyses. However, the multivariate model identified general health as the only independent predictor of good SPH (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.112; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.053–1.174; p < 0.001). These findings suggest that subjective health assessment may transcend objective disease counts for older caregivers. Public health policies could prioritize wellness-based interventions and emotional support over traditional disease-centered approaches to improve the quality of life of this growing, active, socially valuable, yet vulnerable population. Full article

The utilization of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content (AIGC) has attracted widespread attention in video content creation. To generate high-quality videos, this paper presents a controllable multimodal fusion architecture for AIGC-driven short-video production. This architecture employs hierarchical constraint mechanisms and a multimodal attention fusion mechanism to enhance video content coherence and user controllability. Specifically, a scene coherence scheme is first designed to construct graph-based global and transition-level constraints by integrating text descriptions, reference images, and audio features. By leveraging the extracted style vector data, preliminary video clips are then generated through a combination of the cross-modal fusion unit and the spatio-temporal consistency unit. Finally, a fine-grained adjustment mechanism is implemented to ensure logical consistency and stylistic uniformity in the AIGC-generated videos. Experimental results indicate that the proposed architecture improves generation quality, controllability, and cross-segment coherence under the adopted evaluation settings. Full article

Background: Osteocalcin is a bone-derived protein traditionally regarded as a marker of bone formation, but experimental and clinical studies have suggested potential endocrine effects on energy and glucose metabolism. In pediatric populations, particularly in the context of obesity, the relationships between circulating osteocalcin, adiposity, and metabolic health remain inconsistent and poorly defined. Objective: To investigate associations between serum total osteocalcin and anthropometric, metabolic, biochemical, and body composition parameters in children and adolescents with obesity, with particular emphasis on adiposity and mineral metabolism. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 155 children and adolescents aged 4–18 years with obesity. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory parameters, and body composition assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were extracted from medical records. Associations between osteocalcin z-scores and clinical variables were evaluated using linear regression models. Multivariable and extended regression models were applied to assess independent associations. Results: Osteocalcin was positively associated with markers of mineral metabolism, including serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (β = 0.19, p = 0.012), serum calcium (β = 0.19, p = 0.015), and free triiodothyronine (β = 0.32, p < 0.001) in multivariable analyses. No independent associations were observed between osteocalcin and measures of adiposity, including body mass index, visceral adipose tissue index, leptin, or markers of glucose and lipid metabolism. Conclusions: In children and adolescents with obesity, circulating osteocalcin is primarily associated with mineral metabolism rather than adiposity or metabolic health. These findings support the interpretation of total osteocalcin as a clinically accessible marker of bone turnover and mineral homeostasis rather than a robust surrogate of metabolic dysfunction in pediatric obesity. Full article

This study investigates shared molecular mechanisms between pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and systematically evaluates the therapeutic potential of JAK inhibitors targeting this pathway. Despite the clear clinical comorbidity, the core inflammatory pathways driving cross-tissue associations between the two diseases remain unclear. Furthermore, systematic mechanistic evidence is lacking regarding whether JAK inhibitors act by regulating shared pathological pathways in patients with comorbidities. To address this, this study integrated PG skin and IBD intestinal transcriptome data, single-cell transcriptomic data, and genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-data from public databases. It employed a multi-level computational biology approach combining Mendelian randomization, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, protein interaction network construction, molecular docking simulations, and system dynamics modeling. The results revealed that genetic analysis confirmed IBD as a causal risk factor for PG, precisely identifying six shared genetic loci. Transcriptomic analysis identified a cross-tissue conserved inflammatory module centered on the JAK-STAT pathway, with JAK2 and STAT3 identified as network hubs. Molecular docking predicted high affinity of baricitinib for both JAK1 and JAK2, while system dynamics modeling demonstrated that its intervention effectively suppresses signaling in the shared inflammatory network. This study reveals the molecular basis of the “gut–skin axis” comorbidity between PG and IBD from a multi-omics integration perspective. It provides predictive computational evidence for the use of JAK inhibitors in targeted comorbidity therapy. Baricitinib is identified as a particularly promising candidate. These findings advance the transition from empirical drug use to mechanism-guided precision treatment strategies. Although this study provides multiscale computational simulation evidence, the lack of direct experimental validation of these predicted results necessitates further confirmation through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Full article

To reduce the conservatism of local trajectory planning in dynamic road scenarios caused by redundant projection of predicted trajectories, this paper proposes a hierarchical hybrid trajectory-planning framework with a time-to-arrival (TTA)-driven dynamic risk-filtering mechanism. In the Frenet coordinate system, road boundaries, ego states, and static and dynamic obstacles are represented uniformly to construct an S–L fused risk field and an S–T spatiotemporal interaction graph, enabling the filtering of temporally irrelevant conflict regions based on TTA relationships. At the path-planning layer, risk-guided adaptive sampling is integrated with dynamic programming and quadratic programming to improve search efficiency and trajectory quality. At the speed-planning layer, spatiotemporal coordination is achieved through non-uniform discretization, safe-corridor extraction, and speed-profile optimization. Simulation results show that the proposed method generates safe, smooth, continuous, and executable local trajectories in scenarios involving static-obstacle avoidance, adjacent-vehicle cut-ins, non-motorized road-user crossings, and mixed multi-obstacle interactions, while reducing unnecessary deceleration and detours. Ablation results further indicate that adaptive sampling reduces the number of DP search nodes by approximately 50% and the average planning time by about 30%, while maintaining a nearly unchanged minimum safety distance. These findings demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively suppresses redundant conflict regions and improves planning efficiency, solution feasibility, and motion continuity without compromising safety. Full article