Search Results (196)

Short-video platforms provide multimodal records of public affect during natural disasters and offer new opportunities for crisis-oriented social-media analysis. Using the 2021 Zhengzhou Flood as a single-event case study, we construct DMAC, which, to the best of our knowledge, is among the first Chinese-language real-world multimodal short-video datasets focused on a disaster event. The curated dataset contains 284 videos and 144,174 comments. We distinguish Video-Embedded Emotion ($E_{video}$), sentiment expressed in collected comments ($E_{primary}$), and a transparently constructed Composite Emotion Index ($E_{composite}$). We adopt and fine-tune the existing Multimodal End-to-End Sparse Model (MESM) and implement a governance-oriented proof-of-concept interface for timely analyst review. Under this challenging six-class setting, the models yield average accuracies of 57.18%, 63.42%, and 60.34% for $E_{video}$, $E_{primary}$, and $E_{composite}$, respectively, and the multimodal ablations show complementary value from text, audio, and visual signals. Cross-tier distributions exhibit an asymmetric, amplification-like concentration of negative affect in this case. These findings provide case-derived insights and a methodological reference for comparable Chinese short-video disaster contexts, while the system is intended to support rather than replace human interpretation and decision-making. Full article

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (ECO₂RR) is a promising technology for converting rapidly rising atmospheric CO₂—driven by fossil fuel consumption and industrial processes—into a circular carbon economy. In particular, ECO₂RR is expected to enable renewable-based long-duration energy storage (LDES) systems through the highly efficient conversion of CO₂ into high-value multi-carbon (C2⁺) compounds. However, scaling ECO₂RR to the industrial level remains challenging because, under high-current operation, the CO₂ consumption rate exceeds its supply rate, causing a sharp decline in local CO₂ concentration. The resulting increase in local pH promotes both carbonate formation and electrode flooding within the gas diffusion electrode (GDE), creating a wetting-induced mass transfer bottleneck. To address this challenge, this review categorizes and analyzes recent strategies for CO₂ microenvironment engineering that overcome mass transfer limitations at high-current densities, focusing on two complementary approaches: (1) enhancing gas-phase CO₂ supply while suppressing flooding through nano/microscale hydrophobic polymers and structural gradient designs, and (2) enhancing active CO supply in the liquid phase through electrolyte composition optimization. We further show that these strategies are not mutually independent but create complementary structural and chemical synergies, and we propose future directions for simultaneously improving high-current operability and C2⁺ product selectivity. Full article

Water management in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions (ASARs), specifically in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, has historically relied on large-scale, centralized systems that have successfully expanded potable water access. However, their high energy intensity, escalating operating costs, and limited flexibility amid increasing climate variability have raised concerns about their long-term sustainability. In this context, decentralized water systems (DWSs), including rainwater harvesting (RWH), greywater reuse (GWR), and hybrid rainwater–greywater systems (HRGSs), offer promising solutions to reduce pressure on centralized infrastructure, enhance dry-season water availability, and mitigate urban flooding risks. Despite their strategic relevance, a comprehensive sustainability assessment framework tailored to GCC conditions remains insufficiently developed. To address this gap, a systematic review of literature indexed in Scopus, Engineering Village, and Google Scholar was conducted. Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria and were critically analyzed to identify prevailing assessment approaches and recurring sustainability dimensions. Building on these findings, this study proposes a regionally tailored, multi-criteria sustainability framework designed specifically for GCC contexts. The proposed framework integrates five core dimensions, including technical, environmental, economic, social, and political–institutional, comprising 14 indicators and four sub-indicators. To refine and validate the framework, a two-round Delphi technique was conducted. A total of 102 experts from GCC member states were invited, of whom 43 participated in the first round, and 25 completed the second round. The results demonstrated strong consensus regarding the relevance and applicability of the selected indicators, with particular emphasis on technical and environmental dimensions. Notably, the lack of agreement on equal weighting in the first round justified the adoption of a ranking-based weighting approach in the second round, enabling a more realistic representation of expert consensus. The final DWS index, developed using a hierarchical multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach, integrates criterion weights, indicator weights, and performance scores into a single composite metric. The results indicate that HRGSs achieved the highest overall performance (55.00), followed closely by GWR (54.76) and RWH (54.20). Overall, the proposed framework provides a robust and context-specific tool to support sustainability assessment and inform policy development for DWSs in the GCC region. Full article

In advanced manufacturing, designing multi-pulse composite driving waveforms for piezoelectric inkjet (PIJ) printing presents a constrained, high-dimensional, physical black-box optimization challenge. The feasible jetting region within the 12-dimensional parameter space is highly sparse; furthermore, traditional unconstrained optimization algorithms are prone to triggering nozzle flooding or actuator fatigue damage. To overcome this bottleneck, this paper proposes CA-TuRBO-m, a closed-loop collaborative architecture based on classifier-assisted multi-trust region Bayesian optimization. This architecture reconstructs the deposition morphology features on the substrate into a composite visual feedback source that implicitly incorporates fluid dynamics. Furthermore, it repurposes a Random Forest classifier into a dynamically iterating physical safety topological gating mechanism to actively intercept high-risk parameter combinations. Simultaneously, a multi-trust-region parallel exploration mechanism is introduced to balance global exploration and local exploitation. Experimental results demonstrate that over 200 online physical printing iterations, the proposed architecture reduces the number of invalid prints leading to system failures to an average of 3.8, achieving a high effective sampling rate of 98.1%. Without relying on complex fluid dynamic models, this approach enables precise morphological control over droplets of varying sizes and mitigates printing defects, successfully achieving multi-target adaptive regulation within a limited budget on a single physical platform. Full article

Complex narrow-channel reservoirs are strongly constrained by depositional architecture, resulting in highly nonuniform areal waterflood sweep, and pronounced water-cut variations among different channel types. These characteristics pose substantial challenges to stabilizing oil production and controlling water cut at high water-cut stages. To elucidate how narrow-channel planform architecture controls waterflood sweep, gel-assisted flow-field regulation by heterogeneous-phase composite flooding (HPCF), and remaining-oil mobilization, three representative configurations were reproduced in two-dimensional visual physical models. Sequential waterflood–HPCF–post-waterflood experiments were conducted, and time-lapse images and dynamic production data were integrated to characterize sweep evolution and remaining-oil mobilization across displacement stages. The results demonstrate that narrow-channel architecture exerts primary control on preferential flow-path development, gel migration and retention, spatial fluid redistribution, and displacement performance. During waterflooding, injected water preferentially migrated through high-permeability zones along channel centerlines, leaving channel margins, branch termini, and poorly connected regions insufficiently swept. After HPCF injection, the gel-containing composite system preferentially entered the established dominant flow paths. Gel retention and accumulation selectively increased flow resistance in these pathways, while mobility control induced subsequent fluids to divert toward bypassed regions, thereby enlarging the macroscopic swept volume and improving local displacement efficiency. A low injection rate promoted sustained gel-assisted flow diversion within bifurcated channels, whereas a high injection rate facilitated gel-slug propagation against the geometric constraints of highly sinuous channels and expanded its spatial coverage. Compared with waterflooding alone, HPCF increased the ultimate oil recovery of the three channel models by 19.23–26.47 percentage points. These findings clarify the coupled effects of narrow-channel architecture, gel transport and injection parameters on the profile-control and oil-recovery performance of HPCF, providing a mechanistic basis for water control and development optimization in high-water-cut narrow-channel reservoirs. Full article

Climate change and aging infrastructure are undermining the resilience of urban flood management systems, reducing their reliability and increasing the likelihood of systemic failure that may culminate in regime shifts. This study develops a conceptual and practitioner-oriented screening framework based on a quantitative mathematical model to examine facility-level resilience and identify threshold conditions that may trigger regime transitions under external disturbances and varying pre-disturbance facility conditions. The framework adopts the composite sigmoid function (CSF) to capture nonlinear performance trajectories of infrastructure systems. Building on this model, this study extends its application by developing a parameterization scheme directly linked to four resilience dimensions: robustness, redundancy, rapidity, and resourcefulness (4Rs), which can be derived from field investigations or expert surveys. The normalized 4R scores are mapped to the CSF parameters, thereby converting static resilience assessment results into degradation and recovery curves. To search for threshold conditions, a parametric analysis was conducted by systematically varying the 4R values across their defined ranges. Rather than indicating a single universal threshold value, the results revealed critical threshold regions formed by specific combinations of the 4R dimensions. Lower robustness reduced the initial performance buffer, and low redundancy accelerated and extended performance degradation, while insufficient rapidity and resourcefulness delayed or limited recovery, increasing the likelihood of transition into an alternative degraded regime. For example, even when R1 and R2 were set to relatively high normalized values of 0.90, and R3 was set to its maximum value of 1.00, full recovery could not be achieved when R4 decreased below approximately 0.20. An illustrative application was conducted using preliminary 4R assessment results for flood-control facilities in three districts of Seoul, Korea. The model-derived trajectories were qualitatively compared with reported historical vulnerability patterns. While this comparison was intended as a contextual assessment rather than an event-specific empirical validation, our framework supports comparative, scenario-based screening of potentially vulnerable facilities for preliminary maintenance and investment prioritization. Full article

Water flooding in low-permeability, highly heterogeneous reservoirs often causes a rapid increase in water cut and inefficient pressure maintenance because injected water preferentially flows through high-permeability channels. In this study, a field-scale compositional simulation model was established to evaluate CO₂ water-alternating-gas (WAG) enhanced oil recovery in a mature waterflooded reservoir in the Daqing Oilfield. The model was constrained by geological data, experimentally tuned pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) behavior, relative-permeability measurements, and slim-tube tests. The minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of the CO₂-oil system was estimated to be 19.8 MPa. An 187-month production history was matched using field oil rate, water production, water cut, and reservoir-pressure data. At the current development stage, the reservoir has an oil recovery of 23.6%, an average water cut of 61.34%, and an average reservoir pressure of approximately 6.9 MPa. A 30-year prediction was then performed to compare continued water flooding with several CO₂-WAG development strategies. Sensitivity analyses were conducted for the pressure-restoration level, pre-injection fluid, well-pattern conversion, slug size, and gas/water slug-size ratio. Continued water flooding increased the final oil recovery to only 28.4% and resulted in a water cut of 92.8%. Sequential scenario screening identified a best-performing case among the tested scenarios, consisting of CO₂ pre-injection to restore the average reservoir pressure to 11 MPa, conversion to a staggered line-drive well pattern, a slug size of 0.025 PV, and a gas/water slug-size ratio of 1:1. Under this sequentially selected case, the end-of-forecast oil recovery reached approximately 57.24%, which was the highest value among the cases evaluated in this study and was 28.84 percentage points higher than continued water flooding. The predicted recovery is conditional on the adopted geological, relative-permeability, EOS, and history-matching assumptions. Because the designed average reservoir pressure is below the measured MMP and local pressure above the MMP was not demonstrated, the modeled process is consistently interpreted as immiscible CO₂-WAG. The predicted recovery improvement is interpreted as being associated with pressure support, gas-mobility control, improved sweep efficiency, and compositional CO₂–oil interactions represented by the model, including CO₂ dissolution, oil swelling, and viscosity reduction. The contribution of this work is a field-scale, experimentally constrained workflow for selecting CO₂-WAG operating parameters in mature waterflooded low-permeability reservoirs; CO₂ storage performance should be quantified separately in future work. This study provides an experimentally constrained and history-validated field-scale workflow for identifying a best-performing CO₂-WAG operating case among the tested scenarios in mature waterflooded low-permeability reservoirs. Full article

Compound flooding increasingly threatens developed coastal deltas. High risk pressure does not necessarily produce a resilience deficit where capacity is sufficient, whereas moderate-pressure areas may remain vulnerable when capacity is weak. Recent assessments increasingly integrate hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity within unified risk frameworks such as the IPCC AR5 risk model. However, by collapsing these dimensions into a single composite risk score, such formulations cannot explicitly diagnose where—and by how much—compound flood risk pressure exceeds intrinsic resilience capacity, which is the information most directly needed for prioritizing resilience investment. This study diagnoses compound flood resilience deficits across Jiangsu Province, China, at county scale from 2000 to 2020. We introduce a diagnostic approach that separates risk pressure from intrinsic resilience capacity and quantifies their spatial mismatch. The risk pressure index is evaluated for consistency with observed disaster-loss indicators—direct economic loss and flood-affected area—over 2010–2020, and spatial statistics, time-series clustering, and explainable machine learning identify deficit patterns, pathways, and associated factors. Both the risk-pressure index and the derived deficit index are positively associated with observed losses, confirming that the framework captures major flood impacts. The resilience deficit index reveals persistent risk–resilience mismatch across Jiangsu. Three pathways emerge: capacity-buffered exposure, inland adaptive adjustment, and coastal resilience-deficit lock-in. Land-system conditions, communication access, transport connectivity, and economic recovery capacity are jointly associated with resilience deficits. The framework offers a transferable approach for prioritizing differentiated flood-risk management in coastal deltas. Full article

The accumulation of sediment in rivers and lakes can elevate riverbeds, leading to a reduction in river channel flood-carrying capacity, impairment of water conservancy project benefits, and destruction of aquatic ecosystems. Systematic dredging projects are required in the routine maintenance of river channels to ensure flood control safety and ecological health. This study utilized a successfully constructed efficient composite engineering bacterial strain system to conduct field pilot-scale validation in a closed river environment with a water volume of 10,000 cubic meters. Various indicators such as sediment thickness, organic matter, COD (chemical oxygen demand), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were measured, along with metagenomic analysis, to explore the application effectiveness and feasibility of microbial composite strain technology in river sediment remediation. The results demonstrated that the composite strain technology effectively reduced the thickness and pollutant content of river sediment. The average sediment thickness significantly decreased from 32 cm to 22 cm, with a 10 cm thick mineralized layer forming within two weeks. The reductions in organic matter content, COD content, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus content reached 60.03%, 47.73%, 37.36%, and 29.16%, respectively. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the biodiversity of the treated river channel was higher than that of parallel and control channels at both the phylum and genus levels. The experimental results are useful for optimizing river sediment remediation. Full article

Electro-hydraulic actuator systems are widely used in precision motion-control applications; however, their displacement regulation remains challenging because fast response, low overshoot, and high steady-state accuracy must be achieved simultaneously under strongly dynamic operating conditions. In this study, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller augmented with a Gompertz function (PID-G) is proposed for the position control of a four-way valve-controlled linear actuator, and its parameters are tuned by the recently introduced dholes-inspired optimizer (DIO). First, a control-oriented mathematical model of the electro-hydraulic actuator system is established by combining the valve and actuator dynamics. Then, the PID-G structure is formulated by incorporating a nonlinear Gompertz-based term into the conventional PID framework, and the resulting seven-parameter tuning problem is cast as an optimization task using a composite objective function that accounts for overshoot, steady-state error, rise time, and settling time. The effectiveness of DIO is evaluated comparatively against flood algorithm (FLA), covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) under identical simulation conditions. The results show that DIO provides the best optimization performance, yielding the lowest best, average, and standard-deviation values of the objective function among the compared algorithms. In the time domain, the DIO-based PID-G controller achieves the most favorable overall response with a rise time of 0.079511 s, a settling time of 0.099326 s, an overshoot of 0.15110%, and a steady-state error of 0.089317%. The superiority of the DIO-based design is further confirmed by lower values of error based performance metrics (IAE, ISE, ITAE, and ITSE), improved convergence characteristics, and statistically significant advantages in the Wilcoxon test. Additional comparisons with different (PI, PID, 2DOF-PID, and FOPID) controllers also demonstrate that the proposed PID-G structure provides markedly better transient and error-based performance when tuned by DIO. Frequency-domain and varying-setpoint results further indicate satisfactory stability margins, robust tracking ability, and bounded control effort. Overall, the study shows that combining DIO with a Gompertz-augmented PID structure constitutes an effective strategy for high-performance electro-hydraulic actuator displacement control. Full article

The timing of microbial inoculant application may influence nutrient availability, plant nutrient acquisition, and grain quality in flooded rice systems. This study investigated the effects of the application timing of a ginger-fermented microbial inoculant (GFMI) on soil and floodwater nutrient dynamics, plant performance, grain yield, and grain quality of KDML105 rice under flooded cultivation. The GFMI significantly affected soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), ammonium (NH₄⁺-N), available phosphorus (P), soil MRS-culturable presumptive lactic acid bacteria (presumptive LAB) populations, and floodwater NH₄⁺-N concentrations. Although GFMI application before plowing (GFMI-PL) maintained the highest soil presumptive LAB populations throughout the growing season, GFMI application at transplanting (GFMI-TP) produced the strongest agronomic responses. Soil NH₄⁺-N concentrations were generally greater in GFMI-treated plots than in the non-inoculated control (CT) during the active growth period, with peak concentrations reaching 98.1 mg kg⁻¹ under GFMI-TP compared with 76.0 mg kg⁻¹ in the control at 69 days after transplanting. These responses were accompanied by greater shoot N, P, and K concentrations and the highest paddy rice yield (6.40 Mg ha⁻¹), representing a 15.5% increase over the CT (5.54 Mg ha⁻¹). GFMI-TP also produced the highest crude protein (7.62%) and crude fat (0.63%) concentrations and increased the abundance of several amino acids, particularly glutamic acid (0.61 g 100 g⁻¹ protein), aspartic acid (0.29 g 100 g⁻¹ protein), and proline (0.24 g 100 g⁻¹ protein). GFMI application also influenced grain mineral composition, although responses varied among individual elements. In contrast, cooking quality characteristics were not significantly affected by treatment. Sensory evaluation indicated greater consumer preference for GFMI-treated rice, with GFMI-TP receiving the highest scores for aroma, taste/flavor, and overall acceptance. Overall, these findings demonstrate that synchronizing GFMI application with transplanting maximized the benefits of the fermented microbial inoculant, resulting in improved nutrient availability, grain yield, and grain quality in KDML105 rice under flooded cultivation. These results highlight the potential of ginger-fermented microbial inoculants as a biologically based strategy for improving nutrient management and sustainable rice production. Full article

High-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs (typically referring here to temperatures ≥ 100 °C and salinities > 100 g/L) impose stringent requirements on chemical flooding and profile-control agents, particularly in terms of thermal stability, salt tolerance, injectivity, and environmental compatibility. In this study, a bio-based composite mobility-control and oil-displacement system was developed by combining carbonized corn-straw particles with the biopolymer scleroglucan. Corn-straw biomass particles were prepared by pyrolysis at 500 °C followed by ball milling for 2 h. Their particle-size distribution, elemental composition, and suspension stability were characterized, and the rheological behavior, thermal and salt tolerance, long-term aging stability, injectivity, plugging performance, and enhanced-oil-recovery efficiency of the composite system were evaluated systematically. The average particle size decreased from 25.6 μm for mechanically ground straw to 2.8 μm after carbonization and ball milling. The H/C atomic ratio of the carbonized particles was 0.31, indicating enhanced aromatization and structural stability. A scleroglucan concentration of 1000 ppm provided a suspension rate of 97%, balancing suspension stability and chemical dosage. The composite system maintained stable viscosity and viscoelasticity from 30 to 130 °C in deionized water, saturated NaCl solution, and saturated CaCl₂ solution, with viscosity loss below 10%. After sealed anaerobic aging at 100 °C for 28 days, the viscosity retention remained above 90%. Sand-pack tests showed stable injectivity in media with permeabilities of 1235 and 2064 mD and a plugging efficiency of 95.7% in a 2846 mD model. In oil-displacement experiments, the composite system increased the final recovery factor from 46.6% for scleroglucan flooding alone to 53.3%, corresponding to an additional 6.7 percentage points. These results demonstrate that the carbonized biomass particle-scleroglucan system has promising thermal stability, salt tolerance, plugging capacity, and oil-displacement performance, providing a potential green strategy for mobility control in harsh reservoir environments. Full article

Controlling the interfacial behavior is essential for understanding the efficiency of surfactant–nanoparticle systems in practice. In this study, we investigate how silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles alter the surface and interfacial properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions at water–air and water–hexane interfaces, as well as their impact on the formation and stabilization of foams. While the negatively charged SiO₂ nanoparticles alone exhibit negligible surface activity, their combination with SDS leads to the formation of composite interfacial layers with enhanced surface pressure and dilational viscoelasticity. The increase in interfacial pressure reflects a high surface concentration and denser packing of SDS–SiO₂ associates. Interfacial rheology measurements show that SDS–SiO₂ nanofluids form more elastic interfacial films compared to pure SDS, with a maximum dilational elasticity at intermediate surfactant concentrations. This indicates the formation of mechanically stronger interfacial layers capable of resisting deformation. Foam experiments demonstrate that silica nanoparticles significantly improve foam formation and foam stability. These improvements correlate with increased surface pressure and interfacial elasticity, demonstrating that foam stability is primarily determined by the formation of robust interfacial layers and not solely by a reduction in surface tension. Overall, this study demonstrates how the presence of silica nanoparticles can affect the adsorption of SDS via hydrophobic interaction, leading to the formation of stronger interfacial films, improved foam stability, and expanded potential for applications in industrial processes, such as foam flooding based on nanoparticle/surfactant solutions to enhance oil–gas recovery. Full article

The Jinjia oilfield in Shengli oilfield is a typical ultra-sensitive reservoir characterized by high crude oil viscosity, poor fluidity, high clay content, and weak cementation. During development, oil-sand mixtures readily plug pore throats. Various development methods including water flooding and thermal recovery have been implemented, yet severe problems persist: inability to inject, failure to displace, and lack of capacity to produce. To address these challenges, a functional microbial mineral-modified desensitization-chemical viscosity-reduction dual-effect agent, a self-growing gel dispersion profile control agent, and a low-damage deep acidizing system were developed. Laboratory experiments clarified the enhanced oil recovery mechanism of the bio-chemical desensitization and viscosity-reduction system. Results indicate that the desensitization and viscosity-reduction system can inhibit clay swelling, with the anti-swelling improvement rate of core permeability reaching 56%. Chemical viscosity reduction enabled heavy oil to “flow effectively,” achieving a viscosity reduction rate of 98.9% after adsorption. The profile control agent dispersed and migrated, then stably adsorbed onto particle surfaces to plug high-permeability channels, demonstrating strong anti-scouring capability and effectively suppressing channeling flow. In the composite system, bio-chemical desensitization and viscosity reduction synergistically enhanced mobility control, achieving an oil recovery factor of 56.5%, representing a 26.3% increase over post-water-flooding viscosity-reduction flooding. After two pilot well groups in the Jinjia oilfield were converted from water flooding to bio-chemical desensitization and viscosity-reduction composite flooding, single-well oil production capacity increased by 2.8-fold, water cut decreased by 12%, and both development performance and economic benefits were significantly improved—transforming the situation from “increasing water without increasing oil” to “increasing both liquid and oil production.” The research findings provide important reference value for the effective development of ultra-sensitive reservoirs. Full article

Offshore high-temperature steam flooding suffers severe steam channeling, uneven steam intake and low thermal efficiency, while conventional profile control agents fail to adapt to coupled harsh environments of 200–350 °C high temperature, ultra-high salinity and continuous steam shear. Existing reviews mainly focus on onshore thermal reservoirs or single foam/gel materials, lacking a targeted, gel-oriented systematic review matching unique offshore platform constraints. Guided by the integrated framework of “flow control–diversion–enhanced sweep efficiency”, this work establishes a six-dimensional quantitative screening standard and unified performance comparison database to systematically review foam, gel, particle, thermo-responsive and composite profile control systems. Differing from petroleum engineering-oriented summaries, this paper subdivides high-temperature gels into six categories from a polymer material perspective, elaborating their crosslinking mechanisms, thermal rheology and cyclic steam degradation rules; the inherent advantages, limitations and offshore applicable boundaries of each medium are quantitatively compared, with special emphasis on the unique “deep migration followed by in situ thermal activation” mechanism of thermo-responsive materials. Composite systems relieve single-material defects via multi-mechanism synergy yet face complicated on-site deployment barriers. Three core bottlenecks restricting field application are identified: the irreconcilable trade-off between deep propagation and stable plugging, large deviation between static aging results and dynamic anti-scouring performance, and exclusive engineering limitations of offshore platforms. A dedicated standardized dynamic laboratory evaluation scheme for cyclic steam flooding is proposed to narrow lab-field performance gaps. Future research priorities include salt-resistant thermally responsive composite gel modification, low-cost multi-component compound formula optimization, unified dynamic evaluation criteria and staged material matching guidelines to realize balanced performance of high-temperature tolerance, deep delivery and offshore operability. Full article