Search Results (10)

This paper presents a detailed experimental evaluation of a newly developed diesel fuel additive, specifically formulated to enhance the energy efficiency and emission characteristics of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, with particular emphasis on its applicability to aging vehicle fleets. Diesel engines are known for producing significant amounts of harmful emissions, necessitating the development of effective mitigation strategies. One such approach involves the use of fuel additives. The additive under investigation is a proprietary formulation containing 1-(N,N-bis(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl)-1,2,4-triazole and other compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this specific additive composition has not yet been tested or reported in the existing scientific literature. To evaluate the real-world contribution of such additives, a comprehensive set of controlled measurements was conducted in a certified chassis dynamometer laboratory, including an exhaust gas analyser and supplementary diagnostic equipment. The testing protocol comprised repeated measurement cycles under identical driving conditions, both without and with the additive. Exhaust gas concentrations of CO₂, CO, and NOx were continuously monitored. Simultaneously, fuel consumption and engine performance were tracked over a cumulative driving distance of 2000 km. The results indicate measurable improvements across all monitored domains. CO₂ emissions decreased by 4.57%, CO by 14.29%, and NOx by 3.12%. Fuel consumption was reduced by 4.79%, while engine responsiveness and power delivery showed moderate but consistent enhancements. These improvements are attributed to more complete combustion and an increased cetane number enabled by the additive’s chemical structure. The findings support the adoption of advanced additive technologies as part of transitional strategies towards low-emission transportation systems. Full article

Reproducing severe emission driving scenarios on a chassis dynamometer enables the systematic calibration of real driving emissions (RDE) under laboratory conditions. Accordingly, a dynamic programming (DP) method is proposed to construct emission-intensive driving cycles for an extended-range electric vehicle. The DP approach transforms the driving cycle construction problem into one of multi-stage decision optimization within a time control domain. Assembling a real driving emission model and a multi-stage decision optimization model, a DP algorithm was developed. Guided by real-world trip dynamics and road terrain, the DP algorithm optimizes instantaneous vehicle driving conditions at every time step, thereby reconstructing vehicle speed and road gradient profiles to maximize pollutant emissions within the time control domain. Analysis demonstrates that the DP algorithm favors constructing emission-intensive driving cycles using high-frequency, low-intensity acceleration and deceleration maneuvers, in addition to the high-aggression driving typically assumed to cause the severest emissions. Furthermore, the DP algorithm also effectively utilizes the impact of road terrain on emissions to construct these driving cycles. Verification confirms that the constructed emission-intensive driving cycles not only exhibit severe emission characteristics but also conform to the mandatory RDE test requirements in trip dynamics and road terrain conditions. Full article

Corner modules decouple chassis functions and enable independent wheel steering, but their control is highly sensitive to external disturbances and feedback delays. Disturbance observers (DObs) are often introduced to mitigate such disturbances, yet their additional dynamics can also compromise closed-loop stability when delays are present. This paper establishes the closed-loop control system of a corner module steering system based on its dynamics, designs the corresponding control law, and incorporates a DOb. Classical stability analysis is carried out using D-curve mapping and eigenvalue validation. The results reveal that feedback delay progressively shrinks the stable domain. When a DOb is introduced, disturbance rejection is improved; however, the admissible control gain region becomes narrower, and larger observer gains further constrain the derivative action, generating additional unstable regions. This paper mechanistically elucidates the impact of disturbance observation on the stability of a time-delayed control system for a corner module with steering. Full article

Recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence are accelerating the intelligent transformation of vehicles. Vehicle electronic and electrical architectures are converging toward centralized domain controllers. Deep learning, reinforcement learning, and deep reinforcement learning now form the core technologies of domain control. This review surveys advances in deep reinforcement learning in four vehicle domains: intelligent driving, powertrain, chassis, and cockpit. It identifies the main tasks and active research fronts in each domain. In intelligent driving, deep reinforcement learning handles object detection, object tracking, vehicle localization, trajectory prediction, and decision making. In the powertrain domain, it improves power regulation, energy management, and thermal management. In the chassis domain, it enables precise steering, braking, and suspension control. In the cockpit domain, it supports occupant monitoring, comfort regulation, and human–machine interaction. The review then synthesizes research on cross-domain fusion. It identifies transfer learning as a crucial method to address scarce training data and poor generalization. These limits still hinder large-scale deployment of deep reinforcement learning in intelligent electric vehicle domain control. The review closes with future directions: rigorous safety assurance, real-time implementation, and scalable on-board learning. It offers a roadmap for the continued evolution of deep-reinforcement-learning-based vehicle domain control technology. Full article

With the rapid development of intelligent automobiles, the chassis serves as an essential carrier of intelligence and a necessary condition for achieving high-level autonomous driving. Its electronic and electrical architecture is evolving toward centralized development, which is also significantly increasing the complexity of system functions. Meanwhile, with the integration of more sensors and an increase in data volume, stricter requirements have been placed on software scalability, portability, and maintainability. This paper presents a system software design and implementation approach for the chassis domain controller by integrating the AUTOSAR standard with model-based design (MBD). The developed software is subsequently deployed on a domain controller hardware platform based on the Renesas u2a16 chip for integrated testing. The software algorithm development, model-in-the-loop (MIL) testing, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing, and real vehicle calibration processes are described in detail, focusing on the roll stability control software component in the chassis domain controller. A detailed definition of the toolchain for each development stage is also provided. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed chassis domain controller software system development process, based on the combination of the AUTOSAR standard and model-based design, are validated through test results. This method effectively achieves software–hardware decoupling and enhances software scalability, module reusability, and reliability, which is of great significance for improving the efficiency and iteration of chassis domain controller development. Full article

Background: Dynamic changes in histone acetylation play crucial roles during cellular differentiation and disease development, but their detection in living cells is still a challenging task. Objectives: Here, we developed a Bimolecular Anchor Detector (BiAD) sensor for the detection of locus-specific changes in histone acetylation in living cells by fluorescence microscopy. Methods: We used the BRD9 bromodomain cloned as tandem double domain (2xBRD9-BD) as a reader of histone acetylation. It was integrated into a dual-color BiAD chassis that was previously described by us. Results: We identified the gene body of TTC34 as a potential target for our sensor, because it contains dense histone acetylation and 392 local sequence repeats. Using a binding-deficient mutant of 2xBRD9-BD as a negative control, we established a successful readout of histone acetylation at the TTC34 locus. A single-domain reader did not function, indicating the requirement for the double reader to enhance the affinity and specificity of the chromatin interaction via avidity effects. With this sensor, we could detect dynamic increases in histone acetylation at the TTC34 locus after the treatment of cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A for 6 h indicating the applicability of the sensor for single-cell epigenome studies. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that active chromatin modifications can be detected by BiAD sensors using 2xBRD9-BD as a reader. This complements the toolkit of the available BiAD sensors and documents the modularity of BiAD sensors. Full article

In order to achieve multi-objective chassis coordination control for 4WID-4WIS (four-wheel independent drive–four-wheel independent steering) electric vehicles, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy based on the extension dynamic stability domain. The strategy aims to improve trajectory tracking performance, handling stability, and economy. Firstly, expert PID and model predictive control (MPC) are used to achieve longitudinal speed tracking and lateral path tracking, respectively. Then, a sliding mode controller is designed to calculate the expected yaw moment based on the desired vehicle states. The extension theory is applied to construct the extension dynamic stability domain, taking into account the linear response characteristics of the vehicle. Different coordinated allocation strategies are devised within various extension domains, providing control targets for direct yaw moment control (DYC) and active rear steering (ARS). Additionally, a compound torque distribution strategy is formulated to optimize driving efficiency and tire adhesion rate, considering the vehicle’s economy and stability requirements. The optimal wheel torque is calculated based on this strategy. Simulation tests using the CarSim/Simulink co-simulation platform are conducted under slalom test and double-lane change to validate the control strategy. The test results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy not only achieves good trajectory tracking performance but also enhances handling stability and economy during driving. Full article

To obtain a more consistent droplet distribution and reduce spray drift, it is necessary to keep the entire spray boom parallel to the crop canopy or ground and maintain a certain distance from the spray nozzles to the crop canopy or ground. A high-performance boom active control system was developed for boom trapezoid suspension. The hydraulic system and hardware circuit of the boom control system were designed based on analyzing the configuration of active trapezoid suspension. The mathematical models of valve-controlled hydraulic cylinders and active boom suspensions were developed. Step response and frequency domain response analysis of passive suspension were conducted by Simulink simulations, and then key parameters of the boom suspension and hydraulic system were determined. A feedforward proportion integration differentiation (FPID) control algorithm was proposed to improve the tracking performance. The designed control system was assembled on a 24 m boom with trapezoid suspension. The response characteristic of the active boom control system was tested by the step signal and the sinusoidal signal from a six-degree-of-freedom hydraulic motion platform. Firstly, the tracking performance of the active balance control system for the PID (proportion integration differentiation) and FPID control algorithms was compared for a given 0.2 Hz sine signal. Then, for the ground-following control system, the response characteristics in challenging terrain and tracking performance in less challenging terrain were tested. Field experiment results indicate that the maximum rolling angle of the chassis was $3.896°$ while the maximum inclination angle of the boom was $0.453°$. The results show that the designed boom adjustment and control system can effectively adjust the boom motion in real time and meet the requirements of field operation. Full article

In order to solve the problems of wheel locking and loss of vehicle control due to understeering or oversteering during the braking energy-recovery process of the hydraulic regenerative braking system (HRBS), aiming at the characteristics of chassis domain control that can realize coordinated work among various chassis systems, a cooperative control strategy of HRBS based on chassis domain control was proposed. Firstly, a HRBS test bench was built, and the accuracy of the simulation model was verified by comparing it with the test. Next, the proposed cooperative control strategy was designed, which coordinates the wheel anti-lock actuation system (WAAS) to adjust the wheel cylinder pressure to solve the wheel locking problem of HRBS in the process of braking energy recovery and coordinate the vehicle anti-loss control actuation system (VACAS) to generate a yaw compensation moment to solve the vehicle loss of the control problem of HRBS in the process of braking energy recovery by detecting the wheel slip ratio, yaw rate and sideslip angle. Finally, the established control strategy was verified through the co-simulation of Carsim and Matlab software, and the results showed that the control strategy proposed in this paper could not only avoid wheel locking and loss of vehicle control during turning braking on low-adhesion roads, but also improve the energy-recovery efficiency by 29.64% compared with a vehicle that only controls the slip ratio. Full article

Fault-tolerant vehicle design is an emerging inter-disciplinary research domain, which is of increased importance due to the electrification of automotive systems. The goal of fault-tolerant systems is to handle occuring faults under operational condition and enable the driver to get to a safe stop. This paper presents results from an extended survey on fault-tolerant vehicle design. It aims to provide a holistic view on the fault-tolerant aspects of a vehicular system. An overview of fault-tolerant systems in general and their design premises is given as well as the specific aspects related to automotive applications. The paper highlights recent and prospective development of vehicle motion control with integrated chassis control and passive and active fault-tolerant control. Also, fault detection and diagnosis methods are briefly described. The shift on control level of vehicles will be accompanied by basic structural changes within the network architecture. Control architecture as well as communication protocols and topologies are adapted to comply with the electrified automotive systems. Finally, the role of regulations and international standardization to enable fault-tolerant vehicle design is taken into consideration. Full article