Search Results (4,066)

Family structures, lifestyles, and care needs change rapidly in high-density cities and reshape what residents require from their homes. Fixed layouts of standard multi-unit housing often fail to respond. Existing evaluation methods lack tools for assessing adaptability in terms of spatial organization and living experience. This study conceptualizes residential adaptability as the capacity to support both spatial variability and changes in residential relationships. Focusing on small-sized housing in Beijing, we used a literature review, expert interviews and housing surveys to derive evaluation indicators. We used 181 public weighting questionnaires and 32 expert analytic hierarchy process (AHP) questionnaires to determine the indicator weights, which we used to establish the Residential Interior Design Adaptability Evaluation System (R-IDAES). The system consists of four layers: a target layer, a criteria layer, an indicator layer and an assessment attribute layer. The abstract concept of residential adaptability is translated into identifiable, comparable and scorable indicators for spatial assessment. Interface, base plane, opening and circulation emerged as the key spatial elements in residential adaptability. The preliminary and refined schemes of three housing cases were further compared. An operational usability study with 12 designers and a supplementary psychological perception assessment with 13 residents provided a preliminary assessment of the framework’s feasibility. Within the three examined Beijing cases, the findings provide preliminary evidence that R-IDAES can assess the spatial adaptability potential of design schemes, identify low-scoring spatial attributes, and provide structured directions for subsequent design refinement. Full article

The MultiPill-Exercise study was an exercise-based intervention program for subjects with multiple lifestyle-related diseases, such as overweight and obesity. Metabolomics-based approaches are an emerging tool in sports medicine. This explorative, hypothesis-generating study aimed to define metabolite patterns in subjects with multimorbidity and to correlate them with subjects’ individual fitness adaptation. Prior to starting the intervention, spiroergometry to exhaustion was carried out, and capillary blood was drawn from subjects’ earlobes before and immediately after the test. Subsequently, a targeted tandem mass spectrometry approach on dried blood spots was employed, analyzing n = 86 subjects. Metabolite patterns were correlated with subjects’ fitness adaptation after six months. Aromatic amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine, total carnitine and short- as well as medium-chain acylcarnitines were upregulated during spiroergometry. Multiple regression defined “at-rest” concentrations of free carnitine and medium-chain acylcarnitines, as well as changes in the latter during spiroergometry, as associated with subsequent fitness adaptation. These three parameters explained 24.8% and 24.4% of absolute and relative power gains associated with a respiratory quotient of 1, the latter being a submaximal fitness parameter. Our data suggest potential utility of metabolite patterns as indicators of trainability in subjects with multimorbidity. However, future studies should employ more standardized approaches, specifically with regard to patient subgroups, exercise intervention and diet/nutrition. Full article

Background/Objectives: Transanal irrigation (TAI) is an established bowel-emptying strategy for selected patients with bowel dysfunction, whereas evidence on Colon Hydrotherapy (CHT) in chronic gastrointestinal disorders remains limited. This pilot study characterized patients undergoing CHT within specialist gastroenterological care and prospectively evaluated gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms, lifestyle modifications, concomitant treatments, and safety over 12 months. Methods: Consecutive adults with chronic gastrointestinal disorders, including Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and IBS-like disorders, underwent CHT within an individualized gastroenterological management pathway. Symptoms were assessed using a 44-item modified Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale at baseline (T0), 7 days after the first CHT session (T1), and 12 months thereafter (T2). Longitudinal changes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Of 81 enrolled patients, 40 completed all assessments. Overall, 38/44 (86.4%) symptoms showed a significant time effect, predominantly between T0 and T1. Significant time effects were observed across gastrointestinal (14/16, 87.5%), general well-being and systemic (11/13, 84.6%), gynecological (5/6, 83.3%), and urological (8/9, 88.9%) domains. At T2, 36/44 (81.8%) symptoms remained significantly improved versus baseline. The greatest gastrointestinal improvements involved bloating, incomplete evacuation, straining, abdominal pain, hard stools, and reduced bowel movements. Fluid intake and alcohol consumption improved, while macrogol and glycerol suppositories use increased. No clinically significant CHT-related adverse events were observed or reported during the 120 documented CHT procedures performed in the 40 participants included in the longitudinal analysis. Among the remaining 41 enrolled participants, no procedure-related complications or problems were reported in routine clinical care, although a reliable total number of procedures and comparable procedure-level safety data were unavailable. Preliminary safety findings are encouraging, although available data do not allow definitive conclusions regarding the procedural safety of CHT. Conclusions: Symptom improvements were observed after 7 days and confirmed over 12 months in patients managed within an individualized, multimodal gastroenterological pathway that included CHT, pharmacological and dietary management, lifestyle modifications, and specialist follow-up. Although the uncontrolled pilot design and limited longitudinal sample preclude definitive conclusions regarding the specific contribution of CHT, the findings support further investigation of its potential role within integrated gastroenterological care. Controlled studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary observations. Full article

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) represents a key clinical challenge, being a major global cause of morbidity and mortality. Typically existing as a nasopharyngeal commensal, pneumococcus undergoes significant metabolic changes during its switch to a virulent pathogen, when it can cause severe pneumoniae, bacteriemia and meningitis. This switch is poorly understood but is thought to be influenced by environmental signals arising from co-infections between pneumococcus and other bacteria as well as viruses in the nasopharynx. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multi-stage progression of pneumococcal invasive disease, from initial colonisation to host barrier migration. We examine environmental triggers that drive the lifestyle switch from commensal to virulent, highlighting the role of other organisms in this stimulation. In particular, we focus on influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus, as well as other bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae. Overall, we bring the current understanding of the field into the context of the growing antimicrobial resistance global threat, demonstrating that understanding these complex cross-species interactions is vital for developing clinical interventions against secondary pneumococcal infections. Full article

Background: Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with type 1 diabetes face unique challenges in diabetes management due to hormonal fluctuations, lifestyle changes, and the transition to adult healthcare. Despite this, participation in traditional diabetes education courses is low. Diabetes camps may help address this gap by combining education, peer interaction, and psychosocial support. This study aimed to characterize AYA attending a diabetes camp, explore their motivations and interests, and evaluate associations between camp participation, psychosocial outcomes, and HbA1c. Methods: In this longitudinal study, participants completed online surveys before and three months after the camp. Data included demographic and clinical information, motivations for attending, topic interests, and satisfaction. Standardized measures included PAID-5 (diabetes-related stress), WHO-5 (mental well-being), and GAD-7 (anxiety). Results: Of 239 registered individuals, 178 completed the baseline survey (mean age 21.6 (±3.5) years, diabetes duration 10.8 (±5.9) years, 69.7% female, 17.4% migrant background, mean HbA1c 7.43% (±1.08)). Social interaction and interest in modern therapies were key motivations for participation. At follow-up, participants (n = 71) reported high satisfaction, with 74.3% indicating improved motivation for diabetes management, 64.3% improved self-management, and 58.6% greater self-confidence. Diabetes distress decreased and well-being improved (both p = 0.01), while anxiety and HbA1c remained unchanged. Conclusions: Diabetes camps may represent a valuable complement to outpatient care for AYA. Participation was associated with lower diabetes-related distress and improved well-being and may support self-management and self-confidence while addressing psychosocial and educational needs. However, as participants were predominantly highly educated females without a migration background, greater efforts are needed to engage a more diverse population. Full article

Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is closely associated with obesity, yet the gut microbiota remains poorly characterized in this population. We longitudinally evaluated gut microbiota profiles in 48 women with overweight or obesity and BCRL who were randomized to either a multimodal lifestyle intervention combining an energy-restricted Mediterranean-style diet and exercise (n = 28) or control care (n = 20). Fecal samples collected at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months (144 samples) underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The intervention resulted in greater reductions in body weight, body mass index, and fat mass over time (group × time p < 0.001, p = 0.001, and p = 0.002, respectively). No significant group × time interaction was observed for alpha diversity or overall microbial community composition based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity (PERMANOVA R² = 0.006, F = 0.459, p = 0.324). Exploratory DESeq2 differential abundance analyses identified FDR-significant taxon-specific differences, including higher abundances of Barnesiellaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae in the intervention group and of Prevotella_7 and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010 in controls (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). These DESeq2 findings were not confirmed in mixed-effects sensitivity analyses after FDR correction. Prevotella_7 was more abundant in controls at baseline and at 6 months. Participant-blocked group × time models, which were given inferential priority, yielded FDR-significant baseline-to-3-month interaction tests for Izemoplasmatales and Frisingicoccus, although the corresponding shrunken effect estimates were close to zero. Secondary, hypothesis-generating analyses based on supplementation status, supplement adherence, and clinically relevant weight-loss response identified additional taxon-specific patterns associated with supplementation and adherence, including a tentative species-level association involving Bifidobacterium bifidum among supplemented participants, whereas no significant microbiota differences were observed by weight-loss response. Overall, these findings provide no evidence of broad restructuring of the gut microbial community but identify exploratory taxon-specific signals that warrant confirmation in larger longitudinal studies using strain-resolved and functional approaches. Full article

Background/Objectives: Migraine is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite advances such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-targeted therapies, suboptimal treatment adherence, limited health literacy, and weak self-management remain common, and patient-reported data on the contribution of specialist headache nurses within European tertiary units are scarce. This study describes patient-reported adherence to acute treatment and to lifestyle recommendations, self-perceived knowledge, and perceived quality of life in adults with migraine who had attended a structured, nurse-led educational consultation in a tertiary multidisciplinary headache unit. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 90 adults (≥18 years) with migraine diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition (ICHD-3), who were starting treatment with an anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody and consecutively attended a specialist nursing consultation; patients with documented cognitive impairment or without written informed consent were excluded. Between January and December 2021, participants completed, on a single occasion after the consultation, an electronic, structured, piloted ad hoc survey covering knowledge (with pre-consultation knowledge rated retrospectively), adherence to pharmacological and lifestyle recommendations, perceived changes in attack frequency and intensity, and self-reported quality of life. Data were analysed descriptively, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for proportions and without formal hypothesis testing. Results: Participants were mostly women (67.8%), with a mean age of 43.1 ± 10.7 years. Overall, 74.4% (95% CI 64.6–82.3) reported always following acute-treatment instructions and 66.7% (56.4–75.5) always following lifestyle recommendations; 68.9% (58.7–77.5) felt the education had improved their understanding of migraine and their quality of life, and 67.8% (57.6–76.5) perceived fewer attacks. Self-rated adequate knowledge was higher at the time of the survey than retrospectively recalled for the pre-consultation period in all five domains. The main barriers were limited prior knowledge and difficulty maintaining a headache diary. Conclusions: Most patients who had received structured nurse-led education reported good adherence and perceived benefits in their understanding of migraine and quality of life. Given the cross-sectional design, the retrospective assessment of prior knowledge, the use of a non-validated questionnaire, and the absence of a control group, these findings cannot be attributed to the consultation itself, and perceived changes in attack frequency cannot be separated from the effect of the newly started anti-CGRP treatment; prospective, controlled studies using validated outcome measures are needed. This study was not registered. Full article

Background/Objectives: The postpartum period involves substantial physiological changes that may affect maternal vitamin D status. This study aimed to determine serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in postpartum women in Konya, Türkiye, and to identify associated factors. Methods: In this study, 25(OH)D levels were assessed in 267 women aged 18–49 who visited a family health center at 0–1, 6, 12, and 24 months postpartum. Sociodemographic, obstetric, dietary, and lifestyle data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and sun exposure, skin tone, and physical activity level were assessed using standardized methods. Results: Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was present in 86.9% of participants, and 56.2% reported regular vitamin D supplementation during lactation. In multivariable analysis, serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly higher at 0–1 months [exp(β) = 1.448, 95% CI: 1.165–1.799; p < 0.001] and 6 months postpartum [exp(β) = 1.340, 95% CI: 1.081–1.662; p = 0.008] compared with 12 months postpartum. Older age [exp(β) = 1.021, 95% CI: 1.004–1.037; p = 0.014], vitamin D supplementation during lactation [exp(β) = 1.190, 95% CI: 1.011–1.401; p = 0.036], summer enrollment [exp(β) = 1.441, 95% CI: 1.151–1.805; p = 0.001], and greater sun-exposed body surface area [exp(β) = 1.008, 95% CI: 1.001–1.016; p = 0.025] were independently associated with higher serum 25(OH)D levels. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency remains highly prevalent among postpartum women, with a substantial proportion not regularly using vitamin D supplements during lactation. These findings highlight the importance of promoting adherence to recommended supplementation and continued attention to maternal vitamin D status throughout the postpartum period. Full article

Lifestyle factors are increasingly incorporated into multiple sclerosis (MS) care, but association, modifiability and therapeutic justification are not equivalent. This critical narrative review examines when a lifestyle exposure should become a clinical target after MS diagnosis. Evidence across physical activity and exercise, smoking, obesity and cardiometabolic health, diet, sleep, psychological stress, vitamin D and sun exposure, cognitive reserve and engagement, and alcohol is interpreted through the sequence modifiable exposure → post-diagnostic prognostic relevance → deliberate intervention → verified target modification (target engagement) → demonstrated clinical benefit, while distinguishing general-health benefit, MS-relevant clinical benefit and evidence for MS disease-course modification. The strength and completeness of this evidence vary substantially across domains. Smoking cessation and physical activity provide particularly strong grounds for clinical action, whereas several other exposures show larger gaps between prognostic association and intervention evidence. Multidomain intervention is not inherently personalized; personalization requires selection and prioritization of targets according to the intended outcome, strength of evidence, individual relevance and feasibility, followed by verification that the target changed and that the expected benefit occurred. Lifestyle intervention should complement, not substitute for, disease-modifying therapy, and no MS-directed intervention may be the appropriate personalized decision when a clinically relevant or sufficiently supported target is absent. The objective is therefore to support proportionate lifestyle decisions in which the intervention, intended outcome and therapeutic claim are matched to the available evidence and the individual clinical context. Full article

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have transformed the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although randomized clinical trials have demonstrated substantial weight loss and metabolic benefits with incretin-based therapies, real-world evidence is needed to characterize anthropometric outcomes, safety, prescribing patterns, and treatment use under routine clinical conditions. Objectives: The objective of this study was to characterize real-world anthropometric outcomes, safety, and use patterns of GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with obesity or glucose metabolism disorder receiving treatment through Spanish community pharmacies. Methods: A nationwide multicentre cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection was conducted between January and April 2026 across community pharmacies in Spain. Adult patients receiving GLP-1 receptor agonists or dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists were consecutively enrolled and classified according to therapeutic indication (obesity or glucose metabolism disorder). Changes in body weight and body mass index (BMI) were assessed using paired-sample t-tests, while multivariable linear regression explored independent determinants of weight loss. Crude safety signals were initially evaluated using exploratory crude safety association analysis based on Odds Ratios (ORs). Subsequently, multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of suspected digestive adverse drug reactions after adjustment for demographic characteristics, treatment-related variables, lifestyle factors, and concomitant glucose-lowering therapies. Baseline body weight was retrospectively reported by participants and was not independently verified against clinical records or other objective sources, whereas current body weight was measured by the pharmacist at the study visit. Results: A total of 531 patients were included (52.2% with obesity; 47.8% were classified in the glucose metabolism disorder (GMD) cohort, comprising 200 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 54 with prediabetes/fasting glucose disturbance; the mean age was 56.5 ± 12.5 years; and 66.7% were women). The mean observed reduction in body weight from treatment initiation to the study assessment was 12.17 ± 10.64 kg, corresponding to an 11.71% ± 9.40% reduction relative to retrospectively reported baseline weight. Overall, 73.9% and 54.1% of participants achieved ≥5% and ≥10% weight loss, respectively. No statistically significant unadjusted difference in relative weight loss was detected across treatment groups; however, equivalence was not formally assessed. Gastrointestinal suspected adverse drug reactions were the most frequently reported safety outcomes. Exploratory crude analyses showed nominal associations between Wegovy^® and nausea/vomiting and between Mounjaro^® and constipation, as well as between concomitant insulin and dizziness and SGLT2 inhibitor therapy and urinary disorders; however, none of these associations remained statistically significant after Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple testing. In the exploratory multivariable linear regression model, treatment duration, treatment agent, dietary adherence, light physical activity, and age showed statistically significant adjusted associations with observed percentage weight loss. In the multivariable logistic regression model, increasing age was the only variable significantly associated with lower odds of reported suspected digestive adverse drug reactions (adjusted OR = 0.97 per year; 95% CI 0.96–0.99; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Observed percentage weight loss varied across treatment groups, although between-treatment comparisons should be interpreted cautiously because of differences in treatment duration, therapeutic indication, sample size, and dose exposure. Given the retrospective ascertainment of baseline weight and the cross-sectional design, these findings should be interpreted as real-world estimates of observed weight change rather than causal estimates of treatment effectiveness. Reported suspected adverse drug reactions were common, particularly gastrointestinal events. Although several nominal associations were observed in exploratory crude analyses, none remained statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. These findings support the importance of individualized monitoring in community pharmacy settings. These findings provide a rationale for the prospective development and evaluation of a standardized pharmacy-led dispensing and follow-up protocol to support patient safety and treatment adherence. Full article

Objectives: Left atrial (LA) strain reflects early cardiac dysfunction preceding structural remodeling and clinical disease. Data on the association between physical activity (PA) and LA function are limited. In this study, we aim to explore the association of PA with LA strain, and to test the indirect effect of skeletal muscle mass in the PA-LA association. Methods: Data from the Healthy Lifestyle Promotion Cohort involving 407 participants were analyzed. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the associations of leisure-time PA with LA function, and indirect associations through skeletal muscle mass were determined using a regression-based mediation analysis. Results: PA was significantly associated with LA reservoir strain (β = 2.907, p < 0.001) and with pump strain (β = −1.674, p < 0.001). PA had a significant effect on the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) (β = 0.230, p < 0.001), while the SMI had a significant impact on LA reservoir strain (β = 2.619, 95% CI 1.425–3.813, p < 0.001) and pump strain (β = −2.621, 95% CI −3.472–−1.771, p < 0.001). The SMI partially mediated the effect of PA on LA reservoir strain by 21% (95% CI: 9–38%, p < 0.001) and LA pump strain by 36% (95% CI: 20–59%, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that this statistical mediation effect of the SMI demonstrated a stronger trend in women compared to men and in participants ≥60 years old compared to their younger counterparts. Conclusions: The SMI partially mediates the association between PA and LA function in the community-dwelling Chinese participants. Sustaining a higher level of leisure-time PA was associated with better LA function. These possible beneficial effects may be partially explained through favorable changes in the SMI. Full article

Background: People with schizophrenia may experience altered cancer risk because of lifestyle-, healthcare access-, and treatment-related factors. Evidence on the solid cancer risk associated with clozapine remains limited. We aimed to assess solid cancer incidence among clozapine users in Lithuania between 2013 and 2021. Methods: We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study linking National Health Insurance Fund records with the Lithuanian Cancer Registry. Patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine during 2013–2021 were followed from the first recorded clozapine prescription until death, emigration, or 31 December 2021. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for cancers were calculated as the ratio of observed cancer cases in the clozapine user cohort to the expected number of cancers in the general Lithuanian population. Results: The cohort included 3473 clozapine users and 91 incident cancers. Overall cancer incidence was lower than expected in males. Among men with at least 3 years of clozapine exposure, prostate cancer incidence was reduced (SIR 0.47, 95% CI 0.22–0.98). Among women with at least 3 years of exposure, corpus uteri cancer incidence was increased (SIR 2.42, 95% CI 1.21–4.83). Conclusions: Current evidence on solid cancer incidence among clozapine users remains limited. Prolonged exposure may be associated with cancer-specific rather than uniform changes in risk. These exploratory findings should be interpreted cautiously and support continued attention to cancer surveillance and further large-scale pharmacoepidemiological studies with longer follow-up. Full article

Background: The transition to university often involves lifestyle changes, reduced physical activity, increased sedentary behaviour, and greater responsibility for health-related choices, making university students an important population for health promotion. Assessing physical literacy may help inform research on students’ engagement in active lifestyles. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the 41-item Slovenian College Student Physical Literacy Questionnaire (CSPLQ). Methods: The developer-supplied 41-item CSPLQ was translated and cross-culturally adapted through forward translation, back-translation, expert review, and pilot testing. A total of 645 Slovenian university students were randomly divided into exploratory (n = 322) and confirmatory (n = 323) factor analysis samples. Internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were also examined. Results: An eight-factor exploratory solution explained 51.4% of the variance. The final 41-item confirmatory model comprised eight correlated dimensions conceptually grouped into four physical literacy domains and yielded CFI = 0.981, TLI = 0.979, RMSEA = 0.071, and SRMR = 0.084, with SRMR slightly exceeding the conventional reference value of 0.08. Ordinal alpha coefficients ranged from 0.742 to 0.878, although omega estimates indicated weaker internal consistency for Physical Activity Cognition (0.590–0.604) and borderline estimates for Sedentary Behaviour (0.698). All HTMT values were below 0.85. AVE-based evidence of within-dimension convergence was uneven, with the lowest AVE observed for Motivation (0.397). Conclusions: The findings provide initial evidence regarding the internal structure and internal consistency of the 41-item Slovenian CSPLQ, with uneven support across dimensions. Full article

Background: Aerobic exercise is recommended within lifestyle management for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but its effects on anthropometric and endocrine outcomes remain inconsistent. Methods: Five databases were searched from inception through July 2026. Controlled trials of structured aerobic or aerobic-oriented exercise lasting at least four weeks were eligible when the comparator did not receive an exercise program expected to improve aerobic fitness. Between-group changes were expressed as Hedges’ g and pooled using random-effects models with cluster-robust small-sample inference. Subgroup, univariable meta-regression, and dose–response analyses were exploratory. Results: Twenty-two reports representing 20 independent trials were included. The pooled standardized estimate marginally favored exercise for body weight (g = −0.09, 95% CI −0.13 to −0.05), although its magnitude was trivial and the 95% prediction interval crossed the null (−0.29 to 0.11). Exercise was associated with lower body mass index (g = −0.20, 95% CI −0.33 to −0.06), waist-to-hip ratio (g = −0.36, 95% CI −0.56 to −0.19), total testosterone (g = −0.43, 95% CI −0.67 to −0.20), and free testosterone (g = −0.60, 95% CI −0.99 to −0.21), and with higher sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG; g = 0.24, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.44). No clear pooled effects were observed for waist circumference, body fat percentage, free androgen index, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, or anti-Müllerian hormone. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone estimates lay at the statistical boundary and were heterogeneous; leave-one-study-out inference was also unstable for free testosterone and SHBG. Certainty was low or very low across outcomes. Conclusions: Aerobic or aerobic-oriented exercise showed favorable pooled differences in selected anthropometric and androgen-related markers, but low certainty and the sensitivity of some estimates preclude an endocrine-targeted dose or reproductive-benefit claim. Full article

Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition whose rising incidence has turned it into a global epidemic, a trend that also affects people living with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Recent epidemiological data indicate that roughly 25 to 40% of patients with IBD are overweight and that 15 to 40% have obesity. Obesity can contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD and acts as a negative prognostic factor for disease course, response to pharmacological treatment, hospitalizations, post-surgical complications, and quality of life. Overall, the rate of adverse events related to the intestinal disease is higher in patients with obesity, and early data suggest that exposure to weight-loss interventions is associated with more favourable disease outcomes. The relationship between obesity and IBD is complex and involves systemic inflammation, increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, greater intestinal permeability, microbiota alterations, dietary patterns, and hormonal changes. Weight loss interventions, including lifestyle modification, pharmacological treatment, and bariatric surgery, appear to influence IBD-related outcomes, with growing attention to the emerging role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Several questions remain open and could guide future research, since a full understanding of the interplay between IBD and obesity is crucial for effective personalized treatment. Full article