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Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Laboratory Parameters of Carp Edema Virus Disease: A Case Report

by Ivana Papežíková, Veronika Piačková, Iva Dyková, Ali Asghar Baloch, Hana Kocour Kroupová, Eliška Zusková, Ľubomír Pojezdal, Hana Minářová, Eva Syrová, Hana Banďouchová, Pavel Hyršl, Kateřina Matějíčková, Jiří Pikula and Miroslava Palíková

Viruses 2023, 15(5), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051044 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3273

Abstract

In the present study, we describe a natural outbreak of carp edema virus disease (CEVD) in koi carp, concentrating on clinical manifestation, gross and microscopic pathology, immunological parameters, viral diagnostics, and phylogenetic analysis. Examination of white blood cell parameters showed increased monocyte and decreased lymphocyte counts in CEV-affected fish compared to healthy control fish. Regarding immune system functioning, the present work shows, for the first time, enhanced phagocytic activity in CEV-affected fish. Respiratory burst of phagocytes was strongly increased in diseased fish, the increase being attributed to an increased phagocyte count rather than enhancement of their metabolic activity. The present work also newly shows histopathological changes in the pancreatic tissue of diseased koi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Aquaculture: Epidemiology, Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment)

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18 pages, 403 KB

Open AccessReview

Cytokines Studied in Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Response to Important Diseases

by Ali Asghar Baloch, Ehdaa Eltayeb Eltigani Abdelsalam and Veronika Piačková

Fishes 2022, 7(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010003 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6879

Abstract

Cytokines belong to the most widely studied group of intracellular molecules involved in the function of the immune system. Their secretion is induced by various infectious stimuli. Cytokine release by host cells has been extensively used as a powerful tool for studying immune reactions in the early stages of viral and bacterial infections. Recently, research attention has shifted to the investigation of cytokine responses using mRNA expression, an essential mechanism related to pathogenic and nonpathogenic-immune stimulants in fish. This review represents the current knowledge of cytokine responses to infectious diseases in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Given the paucity of literature on cytokine responses to many infections in carp, only select viral diseases, such as koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viremia of carp (SVC), and carp edema virus disease (CEVD), are discussed. Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the most studied bacterial pathogens associated with cytokine responses in common carp. Therefore, the cytokine-based immunoreactivity raised by this specific bacterial pathogen is also highlighted in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing, Safety, and Responses to Pathogen Infection and Immunization of Fishes)

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11 pages, 1545 KB

Open AccessArticle

Host Range of Carp Edema Virus (CEV) during a Natural Mortality Event in a Minnesota Lake and Update of CEV Associated Mortality Events in the USA

by Isaiah E. Tolo, Soumesh K. Padhi, Peter J. Hundt, Przemyslaw G. Bajer, Sunil K. Mor and Nicholas B. D. Phelps

Viruses 2021, 13(3), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030400 - 3 Mar 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2663

Abstract

Mass mortality events of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, carp) associated with carp edema virus (CEV) alone or in coinfections with koi herpesvirus (KHV), is an emerging issue. Despite recent outbreaks of CEV in wild carp populations, the host range of North American species has not been well studied. To that end, we intensively sampled carp (n = 106) and co-habiting native fish species (n = 5 species; n = 156 total fish) from a CEV-suspect mass-mortality event of carp in a small Minnesota lake (Lake Swartout). Additionally, fecal and regurgitant samples (n = 73 each) from double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus, DCCO) were sampled to test the potential of DCCO to act as a vector for virus transmission. CEV was confirmed to be widespread in the Lake Swartout carp population during the outbreak with high viral loads and histological confirmation, suggesting that CEV was the cause of the mortality event. There were no detections of CEV in any native fish species; however, DCCO regurgitant and fecal samples were positive for CEV DNA. In addition, three CEV-positive and one CEV + KHV-positive mortality events were confirmed with no observed mortality or morbidity of non-carp species in other lakes. This study provides evidence that CEV infection and disease may be specific to carp during mortality events with mixed-species populations, identifies DCCO as a potential vector for CEV, and further expands the known range of CEV, as well as coinfections with KHV, in North America. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Virus)

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19 pages, 3065 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Seasonal Study of Koi Herpesvirus and Koi Sleepy Disease Outbreaks in the United Kingdom in 2018 Using a Pond-Side Test

by Irene Cano, John Worswick, Brian Mulhearn, David Stone, Gareth Wood, Jacqueline Savage and Richard Paley

Animals 2021, 11(2), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020459 - 9 Feb 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4181

Abstract

Fluorescence real-time LAMP assays were designed for the orf43 gene of CyHV-3 European genotype and the p4a gene of the CEV genogroup I. A third LAMP assay to detect the ef1a gene of the host common carp was designed as an internal control. The limit of detection was 10² and 10³ viral copies under 25 min for CyHV-3 and CEV, respectively. The specificity of the CyHV-3 LAMP assay was 95.6% of 72 fish herpesviruses tested. Sixty-three non-lethal common carp mucus swabs were collected across 16 sites during disease investigations. DNA extractions were performed in under 10 min using the QuickExtract™ digestion buffer. The LAMP amplification of CyHV-3 DNA in mucus swabs from clinical cases was detected from 4 to 13 min in 13 sites, while a co-infection of CyHV-3 and CEV was confirmed by LAMP in a single site. The LAMP results agreed with the results of the reference laboratory. The common carp ef1a was amplified only in 61% of the mucus swabs collected, preventing its use as a robust internal control to distinguish false negatives from invalid tests. After further optimization, these tests could be implemented for border inspection posts surveillance and decentralizing testing during disease outbreaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious diseases in aquaculture and fisheries, new and emerging pathogens. Disease control methods)

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11 pages, 3397 KB

Open AccessCase Report

First Evidence of Carp Edema Virus Infection of Koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

by Surachai Pikulkaew, Khathawat Phatwan, Wijit Banlunara, Montira Intanon and John K. Bernard

Viruses 2020, 12(12), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121400 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7610

Abstract

The presence of carp edema virus (CEV) was confirmed in imported ornamental koi in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The koi showed lethargy, loss of swimming activity, were lying at the bottom of the pond, and gasping at the water’s surface. Some clinical signs such as skin hemorrhages and ulcers, swelling of the primary gill lamella, and necrosis of gill tissue, presented. Clinical examination showed co-infection by opportunistic pathogens including Dactylogyrus sp., Gyrodactylus sp. and Saprolegnia sp. on the skin and gills. Histopathologically, the gill of infected fish showed severe necrosis of epithelial cells and infiltrating of eosinophilic granular cells. Electron microscope examination detected few numbers of virions were present in the cytoplasm of gill tissue which showed an electron dense core with surface membranes worn by surface globular units. Molecular detection of CEV DNA from gill samples of fish was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by nested-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that CEV isolate had 99.8% homology with the CEV isolated from South Korea (KY946715) and Germany (KY550420), and was assigned to genogroup IIa. In conclusion, this report confirmed the presence of CEV infection of koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai province, Thailand using pathological and molecular approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Virus)

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8 pages, 2076 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Carp Edema Virus and Cyprinid Herpesvirus-3 Coinfection is Associated with Mass Mortality of Koi (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) in the Republic of Korea

by Sang Wha Kim, Sib Sankar Giri, Sang Guen Kim, Jun Kwon, Woo Taek Oh and Se Chang Park

Pathogens 2020, 9(3), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030222 - 17 Mar 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5421

Abstract

As koi and common carp gain importance in the Korean fish industry, the need for better diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of associated diseases has increased. In June 2019, the first known case of mass mortality involving cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) and the second involving carp edema virus (CEV) occurred in a koi farm in Jeolla-do, Korea. Notably, the CEV exhibited a closer phylogenetic relationship with certain CEV strains originating from Poland, Germany, and India than with strains originating from China or Japan. Epidemiological studies and detailed surveillance and control for CEV and CyHV-3 are needed along with quarantine inspections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Fish)

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