Search Results (90)

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that often leads to impaired postural control, pain, and reduced physical function. Exercise is considered a first-line treatment, with sensorimotor training being an effective approach for managing OA. However, the optimal method of sensorimotor training for individuals with OA has not yet been established. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of a 24-week Gyrokinesis method (GK) versus Pilates (PL) intervention on balance control, function, pain and kinesiophobia in women with knee OA. Methods: Twenty women (aged 60 ± 7 years) with grade 2 or 3 knee OA were assigned to either GK (n = 12) or PL (n = 8). Both groups trained twice weekly for 24 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included postural sway parameters (RMS, velocity, frequency), physical function tests (e.g., TUG, Sit-to-Stand), flexibility, pain (Brief Pain Inventory), kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale), and quality of life (SF-36). Results: GK resulted in significantly greater improvements than PL in postural sway mean velocity AP right (GK −53.85% vs. PL −20.17%), AP left (GK −43.48% vs. PL +13.45%), and ML left (GK −40.18% vs. PL +37.95), pain reduction (GK −82.5% vs. PL −33.3%), and physical function (Sit-to-Stand: GK +75.9% vs. PL +3.7%; TUG: GK −16.4% vs. PL −13.8%; Step Test right: GK +34.2% vs. PL +19.9%; Step Test left: GK +41.4% vs. PL +18.1%) (all, p < 0.05). No significant between-group differences were observed for kinesiophobia or SF-36 scores (both, p > 0.05). Conclusions: Gyrokinesis method may be more effective than Pilates in enhancing balance, reducing pain, and improving physical function in women with knee OA. These findings support the use of the Gyrokinesis method in rehabilitation programs for individuals with OA. Full article

Background and Objectives: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a prevalent condition that impairs quality of life, functionality, and work productivity. While most acute episodes of back pain resolve, 4–25% become chronic due to factors such as high pain intensity, psychological distress, and maladaptive behaviors. Nonspecific CLBP is best understood through the biopsychosocial model, encompassing biological, psychological, and social influences, including kinesiophobia. Management relies on physical activity, pain education, and psychological interventions, with therapist knowledge and attitudes affecting outcomes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of CLBP among healthcare workers, examine their knowledge of pain neurophysiology, evaluate kinesiophobia, and explore how personal experience with CLBP influences their beliefs, attitudes, and interactions with patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from January to May 2025 among healthcare professionals. A total of 50 participants completed an online questionnaire, of which 42 were valid and included in the analysis. The questionnaire collected demographic and professional data, determined the presence of CLBP, and included three standardized instruments: the Revised Neurophysiology of Pain Questionnaire (rNPQ) to assess knowledge of pain mechanisms, the Health Care Providers’ Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale (HC-PAIRS) to evaluate beliefs about pain and disability, and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) to measure fear of movement. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Results: Among the 42 participants, 11 demonstrated low, 28 moderate, and 3 high knowledge of pain neurophysiology (rNPQ), with a mean score of 5.66. On the HC-PAIRS, the majority (30 participants) scored above 60, indicating beliefs that pain leads to disability, while 12 scored below 60, reflecting a biopsychosocial perspective; gender did not significantly affect HC-PAIRS scores (p = 0.213). As for kinesiophobia (TSK-11), 24 participants had low, 17 moderate, and 1 clinically significant fear of movement. Correlation analysis revealed that younger participants had higher rNPQ scores (r = −0.358, p = 0.020) and lower TSK-11 scores (r = −0.389, p = 0.011). TSK-11 scores increased with age (r = 0.432, p = 0.004), while HC-PAIRS scores showed no significant correlations. Conclusions: Healthcare professionals, particularly physiotherapists, show gaps in knowledge of pain neurophysiology and a tendency toward biomedical beliefs regarding chronic low back pain. This cross-sectional study indicates that a greater understanding of pain mechanisms is associated with lower kinesiophobia, emphasizing the importance of education. Integrating the biopsychosocial model into undergraduate and continuing professional training, through interdisciplinary and practical modules, may improve knowledge, reduce maladaptive fear-avoidance behaviors, and enhance patient care. Future studies should include larger, more diverse samples and assess the long-term impact of educational interventions on clinical practice. Full article

Background: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) provide important insights into recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Previous research suggests that males and females recover differently after ACLR, with females reporting greater pain, slower functional gains, and lower psychological readiness at later stages of rehabilitation. However, it is unknown if patient-reported outcomes differ by sex early after ACLR. To address this gap, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis comparing patient-reported outcome measures between sexes three months after ACLR. We hypothesized that females would report worse PROMs compared to males. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis used data from a prospectively maintained ACL reconstruction cohort. Fifty-six individuals (female: 23 and male: 33) with primary, unilateral ACLR completed PROMs three months after surgery. These PROMs included the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS; Symptoms, Pain, Activities of Daily Living, Sport and Recreation, Quality of Life), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score, Knee Outcome Survey–Activities of Daily Living Scale (KOS-ADLS), Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Return to Sport After Injury (ACL-RSI), and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK). All outcomes were expressed on a 0 to 100 percent scale, with higher scores indicating better outcomes, except for TSK, where lower scores indicated better outcomes. Normality was assessed within sex, using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Two-tailed independent-samples t-tests with Welch correction were used for approximately normal variables; otherwise, Mann–Whitney U tests were utilized (α = 0.05). Several outcomes had limited statistical power to detect MCID-sized differences, and findings for these measures should be interpreted cautiously. Results: No significant differences between sexes were found for any of the PROMs. Males trended towards having better KOOS Sport and Recreation and IKDC, but these were not statistically significant, and the effect sizes were small-to-moderate. Conclusions: No statistically significant sex-based differences were detected in PROMs at approximately 3 months after ACLR, indicating that any sex-related divergences between these measures may not occur until later in recovery. Full article

Background: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder among middle-aged women, often leading to impaired dynamic balance and increased fear of movement. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dynamic stability training using the inertial load of water on balance ability and pain in middle-aged women with CLBP. Methods: Twenty-nine participants aged 40–65 years with CLBP were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group wore a water-filled aquavest, and the control group wore a weighted vest. Both groups performed 12 weeks of dynamic stability training twice per week. Outcome measures included the Y-Balance Test and Center of Pressure parameters, Visual Analogue Scale and Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. Data were analyzed using mixed-design two-way repeated-measures (between–within) analysis of variance to examine time, group, and interaction effects. Results: A significant group × time interaction effect was found in Y-Balance Test reach distances of the non-dominant leg, with the aquavest group showing greater improvements compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Center of Pressure analysis revealed decreased non-dominant leg Anterior–Posterior Root Mean Square in the aquavest group, indicating enhanced postural stability. Both groups showed decreased VAS and TSK. Conclusions: Dynamic stability training using inertial load of water effectively improved both quantitative and qualitative aspects of dynamic balance in middle-aged women with CLBP and can serve as a functional intervention for neuromuscular rehabilitation. Full article

Background/Objectives: Permanent colostomy requires significant physical and psychological adaptation. Patients often experience reduced physical activity, impaired quality of life, and fear of movement. Current exercise recommendations are inconsistent, and no consensus exists on safe return to activity. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a 12-week home-based graded exercise programme on physical activity, quality of life, kinesiophobia, exercise capacity, and self-efficacy in patients with permanent colostomies. Methods: This randomized controlled trial will recruit 51 adults with permanent colostomies, beginning six weeks post-surgery. Participants will be randomized (1:1) to an intervention or control group. The intervention group will receive a 12-week home-based exercise programme including patient education, resistance and core training, and progressive aerobic walking. The control group will receive standard medical care and an informational leaflet. Primary outcomes include physical activity (steps/day), quality of life (Stoma-QoL), kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale), exercise capacity (6-Minute Walk Test), and self-efficacy (General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire). Follow-up will be conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and six months. Data will be analyzed using intention-to-treat principles with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Conclusions: This trial will be the first to assess the effects of a structured, home-based graded exercise programme in individuals with permanent colostomies. The findings are expected to provide evidence on the efficacy of exercise for improving physical and psychological outcomes in this population and to inform clinical guidelines for safe, individualized activity resumption. Full article

Background and Objectives: Postpartum lumbopelvic pain (PLPP) is a common condition that negatively affects many women’s quality of life. We aimed to analyze the influence of emotional well-being, kinesiophobia, and sleep quality as predictors of PLPP during the first year postpartum. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 192 women in their first year postpartum. Validated questionnaires were administered to evaluate pain (Oswestry Disability Index, ODI), postpartum depression (PPD) (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), and kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, TSK-11). Bivariate correlations and binary logistic regression were performed to identify predictors of PLPP. Results: Overall, 42.2% of participants reported lumbopelvic pain. The prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms was 59.9%, and kinesiophobia was present in 30.7% of women with pain. Both PPD and kinesiophobia were significantly associated with the presence of PLPP (p < 0.001). In the multivariate model, depression was the main predictor (OR = 8.1), followed by kinesiophobia (OR = 3.6). Sleep quality was not an independent predictor but may be related to PLPP through indirect mechanisms. No significant associations were found with sociodemographic, obstetric, or lifestyle variables. Conclusions: PPD and kinesiophobia are key factors in the occurrence of PLPP, while sleep quality may act as a mediating variable. These findings highlight the need for postnatal interventions addressing emotional health and fear of movement to improve the prevention and management of lumbopelvic pain in this population. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to compare clinical and functional outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using peroneus longus tendon (PLT) versus hamstring tendon (HT) autografts in matched cohorts. Materials and Methods: A retrospective matched cohort study with 1:1 nearest-neighbor matching without replacement on sex (exact), age (±3 years), and time to last follow-up (closest match) was performed on consecutive primary single-bundle ACLR cases. After exclusions and follow-up completion, 77 PLT patients were matched 1:1 with 82 HT patients based on age, sex, and follow-up. Outcomes included the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation Form, Lysholm Knee Score, Tegner Activity Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, knee range of motion, manual strength testing, stability tests, limb circumferences, and the Single-Leg Hop test. Additionally, ankle-specific function in the PLT group was assessed using the AOFAS and FADI scores. Results: Graft diameter was larger with PLT (8.5 ± 0.6 mm) than with HT (8.1 ± 0.7 mm; p = 0.003). Both groups demonstrated significant improvement from the preoperative to the postoperative period on the IKDC, Lysholm, and Tegner scores (all p < 0.001). Between groups, postoperative IKDC and Lysholm scores were comparable (both p > 0.05), and Tegner scores did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Knee flexion loss was less frequent (9.1% vs. 68.3%; p = 0.001), and knee flexion strength was higher (4.7 ± 0.5 vs. 4.0 ± 0.8; p = 0.001) in PLT. Stability tests, LSI, extension strength, and limb circumferences were similar (all p > 0.05). Saphenous nerve symptoms were less frequent with PLT (13.0% vs. 29.3%; p = 0.010). Ankle function in PLT was preserved (AOFAS 96.9 ± 7.9; FADI 97.4 ± 8.5) with mild eversion limitation in 3 patients (3.9%). Re-rupture rates were low and did not differ significantly between groups (p > 0.05). Infections occurred only after HT, yielding a between-group difference (p = 0.030). Conclusions: PLT autografts provide clinical and functional outcomes comparable to those of HT, with advantages including a larger graft diameter, better preservation of knee flexion function, fewer symptoms related to the saphenous nerve, and excellent ankle outcomes. PLT is a safe and effective alternative for primary ACLR. Full article

Background/Objectives: Meniscectomy is commonly performed to treat meniscal injury. Recovery of patients and restoration of functional capacity may be influenced by several factors, among which postoperative rehabilitation could play a significant role. The objective was to compare clinical and functional status in patients undergoing meniscectomy according to receipt of postoperative rehabilitation. Methods: An ambispective cohort study was conducted in 89 patients who underwent meniscectomy. The primary outcome was functional capacity, assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The primary exposure was receipt of postoperative rehabilitation. Secondary outcomes included knee range of motion (goniometry), pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS), and kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia). Results: Functional capacity differed significantly between patients who received postoperative rehabilitation and those who did not (U = 490; p = 0.03), with lower (better) TUG times in the rehabilitation group. A significant difference was also observed between patients who did and did not engage in preoperative regular physical exercise (U = 680.0; p = 0.01), with better postoperative functional performance in those who had not exercised preoperatively. A sex difference was identified, with females demonstrating superior functional performances compared with males (U = 1187.0; p = 0.01). Older age was positively associated with functional impairment (β = 0.02; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Postoperative rehabilitation was associated with superior objective functional performance after meniscectomy, alongside improvements in pain, range of motion, and kinesiophobia. Female sex and younger age predicted better function; preoperative inactivity was associated with superior postoperative performance, while postoperative exercise showed no clear association. Findings should be interpreted cautiously in view of potential residual confounding and the small non-rehabilitation subgroup, and warrant validation in larger, preferably randomised, cohorts. Full article

Background: This study aims to examine the relationship between Kinesiophobia and Rumination in athletes, and to reveal the mediating roles of Coping Responses and Psychological Flexibility in this relationship. Methods: Three hundred ninety licensed athletes, including 225 females and 165 males, voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were selected through simple random sampling from various sports clubs across Turkey. During the data collection, participants were contacted online. They completed the personal ınformation form, the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, the Sport Competition Rumination Scale, the Psychological Flexibility Scale, and the Coping Responses Inventory. IBM SPSS 26 and PROCESS Macro Model 4.0 were used for data analysis. In addition to descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, linear regression, and mediation analyses were conducted. The adequacy of the sample size was evaluated using G*Power (v 3.1). The Bootstrap method with 5000 resamples and a 95% confidence interval was applied in the mediation analysis. Results: The study’s findings indicated that kinesiophobia significantly predicted levels of rumination among athletes, and that both psychological flexibility and coping responses partially mediated this relationship. Although both variables were functional in reducing ruminative thinking, coping responses demonstrated a more potent effect. The results suggest that the tendency to avoid movement affects physical and cognitive processes. Conclusions: It was concluded that psychological flexibility and coping responses are protective factors in reducing repetitive negative thought patterns in athletes. In this regard, it is recommended that holistic intervention programs aimed at enhancing psychological resilience be developed to support mental health and athletic performance. Full article

Background: Recurrent haemarthrosis leads to progressive and degenerative joint damage in patients with haemophilia from an early age. Haemophilic arthropathy is characterised by chronic pain, restricted range of motion, proprioceptive deficits, and structural alterations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a manual therapy protocol in patients with haemophilic ankle arthropathy. Methods: A randomised, crossover, double-blind clinical trial was conducted. Thirteen patients with haemophilia were allocated to two sequences: A–B (intervention phase followed by placebo control) and B–A (placebo control followed by intervention). The intervention comprised joint mobilisation techniques, high-velocity low-amplitude manipulations, and myofascial release. In the placebo control condition, a simulated protocol was applied, consisting of intermittent contact and light pressure. Both conditions involved three physiotherapy sessions, delivered once weekly over three consecutive weeks. Outcome measures included functional capacity (2-Minute Walk Test), pain intensity (visual analogue scale), range of motion (goniometer), pressure pain threshold (algometer), joint status (Haemophilia Joint Health Score), kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia), and postural stability (pressure platform). Following a four-week washout period, participants crossed over to the alternate condition. Results: No participants experienced ankle haemarthrosis or other adverse events during the intervention, confirming the safety of the protocol. Significant time*sequence interactions (p < 0.05) with high post hoc power (≥0.80) were observed for functional capacity, range of motion, and joint status. A significant sequence effect was also found for most clinical outcomes, with no evidence of a carry-over effect. Conclusions: This manual therapy protocol might be safe for patients with haemophilia. The physiotherapy intervention demonstrated improvements in functionality, range of motion, and joint status in individuals with haemophilic ankle arthropathy. Full article

Chronic musculoskeletal pain negatively affects patients’ quality of life, and pain perceptions may significantly influence rehabilitation outcomes. This study investigated the relationships among pain intensity, pain perceptions, and kinesiophobia in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain. No previous studies have examined these variables in combination. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 37 participants with non-specific chronic musculoskeletal pain for at least 6 months, affecting the neck (n = 8), lower back (n = 18), upper limbs (n = 5), lower limbs (n = 5), or shoulder (n = 1). The following validated tools were used: (a) Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory (PBPI), (b) the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), and (c) the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). Spearman r correlation analyses were performed. Total kinesiophobia scores were positively correlated with (a) total pain intensity (McGill score) (r = 0.37, p = 0.022), (b) present pain intensity (PPI) (r = 0.52, p = 0.001), (c) pain duration (r = 0.51, p = 0.001), (d) the “mystery” factor of pain perception (r = 0.41, p = 0.013), and (e) the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (r = 0.42, p = 0.009). The total pain perception scores were positively associated with the “fear of injury” factor of kinesiophobia (r = 0.36, p = 0.028). The McGill pain scores were strongly correlated with both PPI (r = 0.63, p = 0.001) and VAS (r = 0.51, p = 0.001). There is a significant relationship between pain perception and kinesiophobia levels in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Limitations of the study include a small and heterogeneous sample regarding pain localization. Further research is required using larger, more homogeneous populations to confirm the present findings. Full article

Background: Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), anterior knee laxity, and kinesiophobia are key barriers to recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). While each has been independently studied, their interrelationships during the early postoperative phase remain unclear. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 56 patients (mean age: 26.5 ± 5.7 years) who underwent ACLR using hamstring autografts. Clinical AMI grading, GNRB^® arthrometer measurements of anterior tibial translation, and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11) were used to assess neuromuscular inhibition, mechanical laxity, and psychological fear, respectively. All evaluations were performed at 34.9 ± 4.2 postoperative days. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, and Spearman correlation. Results: No significant differences in TSK-11 scores were observed across AMI grades (p = 0.327). Similarly, anterior laxity did not differ significantly between AMI groups (p = 0.182). Correlation between GNRB measurements and TSK-11 scores was non-significant (rho = −0.220, p = 0.103). Conclusions: In the early phase following ACLR, AMI, anterior laxity, and kinesiophobia appear to be independent domains. These findings suggest that early postoperative rehabilitation should address each dimension individually. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore their potential interactions over time. Full article

Background/Objectives: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) improves quality of life in patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA) by alleviating pain and restoring mobility. Kinesiophobia (i.e., fear of performing specific movements to avoid pain and re-injury) negatively affects the quality of life after THA, while social support impacts postoperative quality of life by influencing recovery and well-being. This cross-sectional study investigates the effects of kinesiophobia and social support, as well as their interaction, on the quality of life after THA. Methods: A total of 125 patients participated in the study, all of whom had undergone THA for end-stage hip OA. The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), the Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS), and the Total Quality of Life scale (T-QoL) were used for the assessment of the study variables. Multiple linear regression was conducted considering the T-QoL subscales (emotional and physical well-being, functional engagement, resilience, and peri-traumatic experience) as dependent variables. Results: Kinsesiophobia correlated negatively with physical and emotional well-being, peri-traumatic experience, and resilience. Social support was positively correlated with emotional well-being, functional engagement, and resilience; however, it also buffered the negative relationship between kinesiophobia and peri-traumatic experience. Age was negatively correlated with emotional and physical well-being, functional engagement, and resilience, while the patient being female also correlated negatively with emotional well-being and functional engagement. Finaly, self-perception of mental health problems was negatively correlated with resilience. Conclusions: Future studies may further investigate the pathway between kinesiophobia and social support on the one hand and quality of life on the other hand, as well as the interaction between social support and kinesiophobia. Full article

Background and Objectives: The objective of our study was to describe the biopsychosocial profile of individuals diagnosed with axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) and to analyze how their clinical characteristics interact with disease activity. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted, involving 28 participants diagnosed with AxSpA. We evaluated clinical outcomes (perceived pain, range of motion [RoM], pressure pain threshold [PPT], and proprioceptive acuity), psychosocial outcomes (the Pain Catastrophizing Scale [PCS], Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia [TSK-11], and the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire [FABQ]), and AxSpA-specific indices (the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index [BASMI], Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index [BASFI], and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI]). Data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficients and simple and multiple linear regression models. Results: Cervical and lumbar RoM values were reduced compared to established normative values for the general population. Significant associations were found between perceived pain, pain catastrophizing, and FABQ scores with both BASDAI and BASFI (p < 0.05). The interaction between perceived pain and pain catastrophizing (p < 0.001) accounted for 45.7% of the variance in BASDAI, while the interaction between perceived pain and FABQ (p < 0.001) explained 52.1% of the variance in BASDAI. Conclusions: The biopsychosocial profile of patients with AxSpA is characterized by moderate-intensity perceived pain and reduced cervical and lumbar mobility. The observed associations between BASDAI, pain catastrophizing, and fear-avoidance beliefs underscore the influence of psychosocial factors on disease progression. Full article

Background: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a frequently used neuromodulation method in recent years. While the mechanism of improvement in diseases such as epilepsy, dementia, and depression is being studied, its potential effect on vestibular dysfunction is also being investigated. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) on the vestibular symptoms of unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH). Methods: Forty patients diagnosed with UVH were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 received vestibular rehabilitation. Group 2 received taVNS and vestibular rehabilitation. Both groups received treatment one day a week for eight weeks. Before and after the treatment, balance of the participants was assessed with modified-CTSIB (m-CTSIB), limit of stability (LOS), Tandem and One-Leg Stance (OLS) tests; visual acuity was assessed with dynamic visual acuity (DVA), dizziness severity, and fatigue severity with a visual analog scale (VAS); kinesiophobia was assessed with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK); depression and anxiety was assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); and quality of life was assessed with the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). Results: At the end of eight weeks, patients in Group 2 showed significantly greater improvement in balance, dizziness, fatigue, kinesiophobia, anxiety, and depression. There was no significant difference in visual acuity and quality of life between the groups. Conclusions: The positive effects of taVNS on vestibular symptoms have been observed. As a new approach, taVNS can be included in the treatment of patients with UVH in addition to vestibular rehabilitation. Full article