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Keywords = Pinus armandii

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17 pages, 8540 KiB  
Article
Effects of N-P-K Ratio in Root Nutrient Solutions on Ectomycorrhizal Formation and Seedling Growth of Pinus armandii Inoculated with Tuber indicum
by Li Huang, Rui Wang, Fuqiang Yu, Ruilong Liu, Chenxin He, Lanlan Huang, Shimei Yang, Dong Liu and Shanping Wan
Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071749 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 319
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is a cornerstone of ecosystem health, facilitating nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and biodiversity maintenance in trees. Optimizing Pinus armandiiTuber indicum mycorrhizal synthesis enhances the ecological stability of coniferous forests while supporting high-value truffle cultivation. This study conducted a pot [...] Read more.
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is a cornerstone of ecosystem health, facilitating nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and biodiversity maintenance in trees. Optimizing Pinus armandiiTuber indicum mycorrhizal synthesis enhances the ecological stability of coniferous forests while supporting high-value truffle cultivation. This study conducted a pot experiment to compare the effects of three root nutrient regulations—Aolu 318S (containing N-P2O5-K2O in a ratio of 15-9-11 (w/w%)), Aolu 328S (11-11-18), and Youguduo (19-19-19)—on the mycorrhizal synthesis of P. armandiiT. indicum. The results showed that root nutrient supplementation significantly improved the seedling crown, plant height, ground diameter, biomass dry weight, and mycorrhizal infection rate of both the control and mycorrhizal seedlings, with the slow-release fertilizers Aolu 318S and 328S outperforming the quick-release fertilizer Youguduo. The suitable substrate composition in this experiment was as follows: pH 6.53–6.86, organic matter content 43.25–43.49 g/kg, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 89.25–90.3 mg/kg, available phosphorus 83.69–87.32 mg/kg, available potassium 361.5–364.65 mg/kg, exchangeable magnesium 1.17–1.57 mg/kg, and available iron 33.06–37.3 mg/kg. It is recommended to mix the Aolu 318S and 328S solid fertilizers evenly into the substrate, with a recommended dosage of 2 g per plant. These results shed light on the pivotal role of a precise N-P-K ratio regulation in fostering sustainable ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, offering a novel paradigm for integrating nutrient management with mycorrhizal biotechnology to enhance forest restoration efficiency in arid ecosystems. Full article
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16 pages, 4093 KiB  
Article
Alleviating Microbial Carbon Limitation in Pinus armandii Forests Through Panax notoginseng Cultivation
by Rui Rui, Jingying Hei, Yue Li, Xiaoli Wan, Shu Wang and Xiahong He
Forests 2025, 16(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16010158 - 16 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 730
Abstract
The cultivation of Panax notoginseng (Sanqi) within the Pinus armandii forest understory has been widely promoted in Yunnan, China. However, relatively little is known about how Sanqi cultivation influences microbial metabolic limitations and their driving factors in P. armandii ecosystems in terms of [...] Read more.
The cultivation of Panax notoginseng (Sanqi) within the Pinus armandii forest understory has been widely promoted in Yunnan, China. However, relatively little is known about how Sanqi cultivation influences microbial metabolic limitations and their driving factors in P. armandii ecosystems in terms of soil extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) and stoichiometry (EES). In this study, we established monoculture P. armandii (MPA) and Sanqi–P. armandii agroforestry (SPA) systems to investigate microbial resource limitations in P. armandii soils over 12 months (semi-monthly sampling). Sanqi cultivation decreased EEAs in P. armandii soils in the SPA system. Moreover, the vector length in both the bulk and rhizosphere soils of P. armandii decreased significantly from 1.31 to 1.12 and 1.29 to 1.21, respectively, indicating a decrease in the microbial C limitation of P. armandii soils. A vector angle < 45° in both systems revealed that N, rather than P, predominantly restricted microbial metabolism. The most influential factors affecting vector length and angle were Sanqi cultivation and seasonal dynamics. Structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that fungi-to-bacteria ratios and soil chemical properties were direct factors positively affecting vector length. Overall, our findings suggest that Sanqi cultivation benefited soil microorganisms in P. armandii soils and should be encouraged to supply N to promote the sustainable development of P. armandii. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue How Does Forest Management Affect Soil Dynamics?)
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17 pages, 5695 KiB  
Article
Assembly Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Soil Microbial Community in the Typical Forest of Funiu Mountain
by Kunrun He, Yiran Lai, Shurui Hu, Meiyi Song, Ye Su, Chunyang Li, Xinle Wu, Chunyue Zhang, Yuanhang Hua, Jinyong Huang, Shujuan Guo and Yadong Xu
Microorganisms 2024, 12(11), 2355; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112355 - 18 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1391
Abstract
Assessing the relationship between litter characteristics and soil microbial community traits across different forest types can enhance our understanding of the synergistic interactions among litter, soil, and microorganisms. This study focused on three representative forest types in the Funiu Mountains—Larix gmelinii (LG), [...] Read more.
Assessing the relationship between litter characteristics and soil microbial community traits across different forest types can enhance our understanding of the synergistic interactions among litter, soil, and microorganisms. This study focused on three representative forest types in the Funiu Mountains—Larix gmelinii (LG), Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata (QA), and Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata + Pinus armandii (QAPA). The findings indicated no significant differences in Chao1 among the three forests; however, the Shannon index exhibited an initial increase followed by a decline. NMDS and ANOSIM analyses revealed significant structural differences across these forest types. Network topological metrics (nodes, edges, average degree, and average path distance) for bacterial taxa were higher in LG and QA compared with QAPA. Additionally, LG and QA demonstrated significantly greater average niche breadth than QAPA. The results from the null models (the proportion occupied by dispersal limitation is 62.2%, 82.2%, and 64.4% in LG, QA, and QAPA), modified stochasticity ratio (LG: 0.708, QA: 0.664, and QAPA: 0.801), and neutral community models (LG: R2 = 0.665, QA: R2 = 0.630, and QAPA: R2 = 0.665) suggested that stochastic processes predominantly govern the assembly of soil bacterial communities. Random forest analysis alongside Mantel tests highlighted LTP (litter total phosphorus), STN (soil total nitrogen), MCP (carbon-to-phosphorus ratio of microbial biomass), and SCN (soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio) as critical factors affecting bacterial niche width; conversely LCN (litter carbon-to-nitrogen ratio), RCP (ratio of dissolved carbon to phosphorus), MCP, and SCN emerged as key determinants influencing community assembly processes. Furthermore, the PLS-SEM results underscored how both litter characteristics along with soil properties—and their associated alpha diversity—impact variations in niche breadth while also shaping community assembly dynamics overall. This research provides vital insights into understanding synergistic relationships between litter quality, soil characteristics, and microbial community across diverse forest ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soil Microbial Ecology)
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14 pages, 2718 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Carbon Storage in Mixed Coniferous and Broadleaf Forest Compared to Pure Forest in the North Subtropical–Warm Temperate Transition Zone of China
by Wenbin Xu, Beibei Zhang, Qing Xu, Deqiang Gao, Haijun Zuo, Ranran Ren, Ke Diao and Zhicheng Chen
Forests 2024, 15(9), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091520 - 29 Aug 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2016
Abstract
Enunciating the carbon storage across various types of forests is a precondition for comprehending forest ecosystem carbon cycling. However, previous studies regarding forest carbon storage were primarily conducted in the general temperature zones, with a limited understanding of carbon storage in different forest [...] Read more.
Enunciating the carbon storage across various types of forests is a precondition for comprehending forest ecosystem carbon cycling. However, previous studies regarding forest carbon storage were primarily conducted in the general temperature zones, with a limited understanding of carbon storage in different forest types within climate transition zones. In this study, we employed biomass models to explore the carbon storage in three types of natural secondary forests (Pinus armandii forest, Quercus aliena forest, and Q. aliena–P. armandii mixed forest) in the transition zone between the northern subtropical and warm temperate regions of China. Furthermore, we used the variance decomposition analysis and random forest model to determine the key factors influencing carbon storage in three types of natural secondary forests. Our results indicated that the carbon storage of wood and soil layers in the Q. aliena–P. armandii mixed forest was significantly higher than that in the P. armandii and Q. aliena forests. Total carbon storage was ranked as follows: Q. aliena–P. armandii mixed forest (266.09 t/ha) > P. armandii forest (222.89 t/ha) > Q. aliena forest (212.46 t/ha). Our results also revealed that carbon storage of the wood layer was jointly regulated by environmental factors, plant physiological characteristics, and soil properties, while soil carbon storage was mainly affected by soil properties. These results highlight the significant advantages of mixed conifer–broadleaf forests in carbon storage, emphasizing the importance of mixed natural secondary forests in carbon cycling and ecosystem services. This study provides scientific evidence for enhancing forest carbon sink functions and developing forest conservation and management policies to combat climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Organic Matter and Soil Multifunctionality in Forest Ecosystems)
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14 pages, 4392 KiB  
Article
Establishment of RNA Interference Genetic Transformation System and Functional Analysis of FlbA Gene in Leptographium qinlingensis
by Tian Gan, Huanli An, Ming Tang and Hui Chen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(16), 13009; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241613009 - 21 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1920
Abstract
Leptographium qinlingensis is a pathogenic fungus of Pinus armandii that is epidemic in the Qinling Mountains. However, an effective gene interference strategy is needed to characterize the pathogenic genes in this fungus on a functional level. Using the RNA silencing vector pSilent-1 as [...] Read more.
Leptographium qinlingensis is a pathogenic fungus of Pinus armandii that is epidemic in the Qinling Mountains. However, an effective gene interference strategy is needed to characterize the pathogenic genes in this fungus on a functional level. Using the RNA silencing vector pSilent-1 as a template, we established an RNA interference genetic transformation system mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101, which is suitable for the gene study for Leptographium qinlingensis by homologous recombination and strain interference system screening. The LqFlbA gene was silenced using the RNA interference approach described above, and the resulting transformants displayed various levels of silencing with a gene silencing effectiveness ranging from 41.8% to 91.4%. The LqFlbA-RNAi mutant displayed altered colony morphology, sluggish mycelium growth, and diminished pathogenicity toward the host P. armandii in comparison to the wild type. The results indicate that this method provides a useful reverse genetic system for studying the gene function of L. qinlingensis, and that LqFlbA plays a crucial role in the growth, development, and pathogenicity of L. qinlingensis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 2.0)
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13 pages, 2391 KiB  
Article
Shiro-like Structure Formation of Chinese Tricholoma matsutake Strain YN1 in Pinus armandii and Pinus elliottii Seedlings
by Xin Chen, Chunye Mou, Qianqian Zhang, Yinbing Bian and Heng Kang
Forests 2023, 14(7), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14071439 - 13 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2113
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake is one of the edible ectomycorrhizal fungi with great economic and ecological values. Artificially mycorrhized seedlings inoculated with T. matsutake strains from Finland and Japan have been widely reported. However, few reports on the morphological characteristics of mycorrhizae synthesized from the [...] Read more.
Tricholoma matsutake is one of the edible ectomycorrhizal fungi with great economic and ecological values. Artificially mycorrhized seedlings inoculated with T. matsutake strains from Finland and Japan have been widely reported. However, few reports on the morphological characteristics of mycorrhizae synthesized from the Chinese T. matsutake strain are available to date. Here, we find that the T. matsutake strain YN1 from Yunnan province, China, can form well-developed ectomycorrhizae in symbiosis with both exotic (Pinus elliottii) and Chinese native (Pinus armandii) species. The symbiotic structures of ectomycorrhizae included obvious mantle sheaths and Hartig nets visible under a microscope. The ectomycorrhizae appeared earlier in a larger quantity in P. elliottii than in P. armandii in the culture-plate symbiotic system. The ectomycorrhizae obviously promoted the growth of potted P. armandii and P. elliottii, accompanied by the formation of shiro-like structures. Our results provide references for the effective management of ectomycorrhizae synthesis in both P. armandii and P. elliottii seedlings to form shiro-like structures, and also provide a new perspective for the afforestation and mushroom cultivation research on T. matsutake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal–Plant Interactions: Latest Advances and Prospects)
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11 pages, 1288 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Litter Flammability from Dominated Artificial Forests in Southwestern China
by Shuting Li, Zihan Zhang, Jiangkun Zheng, Guirong Hou, Han Liu and Xinglei Cui
Forests 2023, 14(6), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061229 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2022
Abstract
Southwestern China has a large area of artificial forests and has experienced massive environmental and social losses due to forest fires. Evaluating the flammability of fuels from dominated forests in this region can help assess the fire risk and predict potential fire behaviors [...] Read more.
Southwestern China has a large area of artificial forests and has experienced massive environmental and social losses due to forest fires. Evaluating the flammability of fuels from dominated forests in this region can help assess the fire risk and predict potential fire behaviors in these forests, thus guiding forest fire management. However, such studies have been scarcely reported in this region. In this study, the flammability of litter from nine forest types, which are common in southwestern China, was evaluated by measuring organic matter content, ignition point, and calorific value. All these flammability characteristics of fuels varied significantly across forest types. By using principal component analysis and K-means clustering, litters were classified into three groups: highly susceptible to ignition with low fire intensity (Pinus densata, Pinus densata-Populus simonii, Pinus yunnanensis, Larix gmelini, Pinus armandii), less susceptible to ignition with high fire intensity (Abies fabri-Populus simonii), and median ignitibility and fire intensity (Abies fabri, Abies fabri-Picea asperata, Platycladus orientalis). Our study can help predict the risk and intensity of fires in the studied forests and serve as a source of information for fire management in southwestern China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Ecology and Management in Forest)
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10 pages, 2775 KiB  
Article
Population Density and Host Preference of the Japanese Pine Sawyer (Monochamus alternatus) in the Qinling–Daba Mountains of China
by Junke Nan, Jingyu Qi, Yuexiang Yang, Mengqin Zhao, Chaoqiong Liang, Hong He and Cong Wei
Insects 2023, 14(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14020181 - 13 Feb 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2304
Abstract
Monochamus alternatus is a serious trunk-boring pest and is the most important and effective vector of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which causes pine wilt disease. The pine wilt disease poses a serious threat to forest vegetation and ecological security in [...] Read more.
Monochamus alternatus is a serious trunk-boring pest and is the most important and effective vector of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which causes pine wilt disease. The pine wilt disease poses a serious threat to forest vegetation and ecological security in the Qinling–Daba Mountains and their surrounding areas. In order to clarify whether the population density of M. alternatus larvae is related to the host preference of M. alternatus adults, we investigated the population density of M. alternatus overwintering larvae and explored the host preference of M. alternatus adults on Pinus tabuliformis, P. armandii, and P. massoniana. The results show that the population density of M. alternatus larvae was significantly higher on P. armandii than those on P. massoniana and P. tabuliformis. The development of M. alternatus larvae was continuous according to the measurements of the head capsule width and the pronotum width. Adults of M. alternatus preferred to oviposit on P. armandii rather than on P. massoniana and P. tabuliformis. Our results indicate that the difference in the population density of M. alternatus larvae between different host plants was due to the oviposition preference of M. alternatus adults. In addition, the instars of M. alternatus larvae could not be accurately determined, because Dyar’s law is not suitable for continuously developing individuals. This study could provide theoretical basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of the pine wilt disease in this region and adjacent areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
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18 pages, 3070 KiB  
Article
Spatial Pattern and Ecological Process Difference Analyses of the Boundary Habitats of a Treeline Patch: A Case Study from the Li Mountain, North China
by Meiyu Jia, Jintun Zhang, Zhenhui Song and Sehrish Sadia
Land 2022, 11(11), 2064; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112064 - 17 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1557
Abstract
Treeline patches are among Earth’s most sensitive and are important model ecosystems for assessing climate change trends. To explore ecological factors that limit the species’ survival in treelines, the treeline patch of Li Mountain National Nature Reserve was selected as the research site. [...] Read more.
Treeline patches are among Earth’s most sensitive and are important model ecosystems for assessing climate change trends. To explore ecological factors that limit the species’ survival in treelines, the treeline patch of Li Mountain National Nature Reserve was selected as the research site. Pinus armandii (P. armandii), Betula albo-sinensis (B. albo-sinensis), and Betula utilis (B. utilis) were selected as research species based on their dominance. Two 50 m × 50 m plots were established separately from the upper and lower limits of the highest treeline patch for point pattern analysis. Five 10 m × 10 m quadrats per plot were sampled to investigate the flora and environmental factors. The results showed that: (1) Slope and community composition at tree layer in quadrates had significant differences between upper and lower limits. Pinus armandii had a greater population size at the upper limit. Seedling recruitment restricted population development for B. albo-sinensis at the lower limit and B. utilis at the upper limit and less regeneration of B. albo-sinensis at the upper limit. (2) More aggregation scales occurred at the upper limit, and P. armandii had more aggregation scales than the other two species at 0–25 m. The heterogeneity caused by density distribution affected P. armandii pattern at the upper limit, and heterogeneity of seed dispersal could explain species patterns in both limits. Distinctness of size difference may have an influence on inter-specific species correlations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Systems and Global Change)
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11 pages, 1992 KiB  
Article
Choiromyces sichuanensis sp. nov., a New Species from Southwest China, and Its Mycorrhizal Synthesis with Three Native Conifers
by Ran Wang, Shanping Wan, Juan Yang and Fuqiang Yu
Diversity 2022, 14(10), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100837 - 5 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2177
Abstract
A new Choiromyces species was discovered at local wild mushroom markets in Songpan County, Sichuan, southwest China where it has been considered as a Chinese white truffle. Based on both morphological and phylogenetic analyses, the collection was described as Choiromyces sichuanensis sp. nov. [...] Read more.
A new Choiromyces species was discovered at local wild mushroom markets in Songpan County, Sichuan, southwest China where it has been considered as a Chinese white truffle. Based on both morphological and phylogenetic analyses, the collection was described as Choiromyces sichuanensis sp. nov. This study confirms the occurrence of members of Choiromyces in China. In addition, the mycorrhizal synthesis via spore inoculation between C. sichuanensis and Pinus armandii or two Picea species of Pi. likiangensis and Pi. crassifolia was attempted in a greenhouse. Both morphoanatomical and molecular analyses evidenced well-developed mycorrhization between C. sichuanensis and P. armandii, but not in Picea seedlings. Our current study provides data about the species diversity and mycorrhizal research of this genus for further studies. In addition, a successful mycorrhization between C. sichuanensis and selected tree species, irrespective of Pinus genus or other plant species, would broaden the set of species for a successful mycorrhization in greenhouse conditions and potential outplanting for cultivation purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Fungal Diversity)
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17 pages, 2290 KiB  
Article
Molecular Mechanism of Overcoming Host Resistance by the Target of Rapamycin Gene in Leptographium qinlingensis
by Huanli An, Tian Gan, Ming Tang and Hui Chen
Microorganisms 2022, 10(3), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030503 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1930
Abstract
Leptographium qinlingensis is a fungal symbiont of the Chinese white pine beetle (Dendroctonus armandi) and a pathogen of the Chinese white pine (Pinus armandii) that must overcome the terpenoid oleoresin defenses of host trees to invade and colonize. L. [...] Read more.
Leptographium qinlingensis is a fungal symbiont of the Chinese white pine beetle (Dendroctonus armandi) and a pathogen of the Chinese white pine (Pinus armandii) that must overcome the terpenoid oleoresin defenses of host trees to invade and colonize. L. qinlingensis responds to monoterpene flow with abundant mechanisms that include the decomposing and use of these compounds as a nitrogen source. Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that plays a central role in both plants and animals through integration of nutrients, energies, hormones, growth factors and environmental inputs to control proliferation, growth and metabolism in diverse multicellular organisms. In this study, in order to explore the relationship between TOR gene and carbon sources, nitrogen sources, host nutrients and host volatiles (monoterpenoids) in L. qinlingensis, we set up eight carbon source treatments, ten nitrogen source treatments, two host nutrients and six monoterpenoids (5%, 10% and 20%) treatments, and prepared different media conditions. By measuring the biomass and growth rate of mycelium, the results revealed that, on the whole, the response of L. qinlingensis to nitrogen sources was better than carbon sources, and the fungus grew well in maltose (carbon source), (NH4)2C2O4 (inorganic nitrogen source), asparagine (organic nitrogen source) and P. armandii (host nutrient) versus other treatments. Then, by analyzing the relationship between TOR expression and different nutrients, the data showed that: (i) TOR expression exhibited negative regulation in response to carbon sources and host nutrition. (ii) The treatments of nitrogen sources and terpenoids had positively regulatory effects on TOR gene; moreover, the fungus was most sensitive to β-pinene and 3-carene. In conclusion, our findings reveal that TOR in L. qinlingensis plays a key role in the utilization of host volatiles as nutrient intake, overcoming the physical and chemical host resistances and successful colonization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Microbe Interactions)
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20 pages, 10881 KiB  
Article
Diversity of Ophiostomatoid Fungi Associated with Dendroctonus armandi Infesting Pinus armandii in Western China
by Huimin Wang, Tiantian Wang, Ya Liu, Fanyong Zeng, Haifeng Zhang, Cony Decock, Xingyao Zhang and Quan Lu
J. Fungi 2022, 8(3), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030214 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2614
Abstract
Pinus armandii (P. armandii) is extensively abundant in western China and, as a pioneer tree, and prominently influences local ecology. However, pine forests in this region have been significantly damaged by Dendroctonus armandi (D. armandi) infestations, in close association [...] Read more.
Pinus armandii (P. armandii) is extensively abundant in western China and, as a pioneer tree, and prominently influences local ecology. However, pine forests in this region have been significantly damaged by Dendroctonus armandi (D. armandi) infestations, in close association with ophiostomatoid fungi. This study aimed to identify the diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with D. armandi infesting P. armandii in western China. A total of 695 ophiostomatoid fungal strains were isolated from 1040 tissue pieces from D. armandi galleries and 89 adult beetles at four sites. In this study, based on multiloci DNA sequence data, as well as morphological and physiological characteristics, seven species belonging to five genera were identified including three known species, Esteyea vermicola, Graphium pseudormiticum and L. wushanense, two novel taxa, Graphilbum parakesiyea and Ophiostoma shennongense, and an unidentified Ophiostoma sp. 1. A neotype of Leptographium qinlingense. Ophiostoma shennongense was the dominant taxon (78.99%) in the ophiostomatoid community. This study provides a valuable scientific theoretical basis for the occurrence and management of D. armandi in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Fungal Diversity)
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25 pages, 3564 KiB  
Article
Genomic and Experimental Investigations of Auriscalpium and Strobilurus Fungi Reveal New Insights into Pinecone Decomposition
by Panmeng Wang, Jianping Xu, Gang Wu, Tiezhi Liu and Zhu L. Yang
J. Fungi 2021, 7(8), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080679 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3202
Abstract
Saprophytic fungi (SPF) play vital roles in ecosystem dynamics and decomposition. However, because of the complexity of living systems, our understanding of how SPF interact with each other to decompose organic matter is very limited. Here we studied their roles and interactions in [...] Read more.
Saprophytic fungi (SPF) play vital roles in ecosystem dynamics and decomposition. However, because of the complexity of living systems, our understanding of how SPF interact with each other to decompose organic matter is very limited. Here we studied their roles and interactions in the decomposition of highly specialized substrates between the two genera Auriscalpium and Strobilurus fungi-colonized fallen pinecones of the same plant sequentially. We obtained the genome sequences from seven fungal species with three pairs: A. orientale-S. luchuensis, A. vulgare-S. stephanocystis and A. microsporum-S. pachcystidiatus/S. orientalis on cones of Pinus yunnanensis, P. sylvestris and P. armandii, respectively, and the organic profiles of substrate during decomposition. Our analyses revealed evidence for both competition and cooperation between the two groups of fungi during decomposition, enabling efficient utilization of substrates with complementary profiles of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes). The Auriscalpium fungi are highly effective at utilizing the primary organic carbon, such as lignin, and hemicellulose in freshly fallen cones, facilitated the invasion and colonization by Strobilurus fungi. The Strobilurus fungi have genes coding for abundant CAZymes to utilize the remaining organic compounds and for producing an arsenal of secondary metabolites such as strobilurins that can inhibit other fungi from colonizing the pinecones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)
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13 pages, 3279 KiB  
Article
A Tree-Ring-Based Assessment of Pinus armandii Adaptability to Climate Using Two Statistical Methods in Mt. Yao, Central China during 1961–2016
by Jianfeng Peng, Jingru Li, Jinbao Li, Xuan Li, Jiayue Cui, Meng Peng, Jiaxin Huo and Liu Yang
Forests 2021, 12(6), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060780 - 13 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2670
Abstract
Assessing the characteristics and limiting factors of tree growth is of practical significance for environmental studies and climatic reconstruction, especially in climate transition zones. In this study, four sites of Pinus armandii Franeh are investigated to understand regional climate-tree growth response in Mt. [...] Read more.
Assessing the characteristics and limiting factors of tree growth is of practical significance for environmental studies and climatic reconstruction, especially in climate transition zones. In this study, four sites of Pinus armandii Franeh are investigated to understand regional climate-tree growth response in Mt. Yao, central China. Based on the high similarity of four residual chronologies and high correlations between chronologies and climatic factors, we analyzed the correlations of regional residual chronology with monthly climatic factors and the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) from 1961–2016. The results indicate that the hydrothermal combination of prior August and current May and the scPDSI in May are main limiting factors of regional tree growth in Mt. Yao. The results of stepwise regression models also show that temperature and scPDSI in May are the main limiting factors of tree growth, but the limiting effect of scPDSI is more than temperature in this month. Through the analysis of the number of tree growth years corresponding to high temperature and high scPDSI, it was further confirmed that scPDSI in May is the main limiting factor on the growth of P. armandii in Mt. Yao. However, the influence of scPDSI in May has weakened, while temperature in May has increasingly significant influence on tree growth. The above findings will help improve our understanding of forest dynamics in central China under global climate change. Full article
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14 pages, 3309 KiB  
Article
Impact of Climate Change on Potential Distribution of Chinese White Pine Beetle Dendroctonus armandi in China
by Hang Ning, Ming Tang and Hui Chen
Forests 2021, 12(5), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12050544 - 27 Apr 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2858
Abstract
Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytidae) is a bark beetle native to China and is the most destructive forest pest in the Pinus armandii woodlands of central China. Due to ongoing climate warming, D. armandi outbreaks have become more frequent and severe. Here, we [...] Read more.
Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytidae) is a bark beetle native to China and is the most destructive forest pest in the Pinus armandii woodlands of central China. Due to ongoing climate warming, D. armandi outbreaks have become more frequent and severe. Here, we used Maxent to model its current and future potential distribution in China. Minimum temperature of the coldest month and precipitation seasonality are the two major factors constraining the current distribution of D. armandi. Currently, the suitable area of D. armandi falls within the Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountains. The total suitable area is 15.83 × 104 km2. Under future climate scenarios, the total suitable area is projected to increase slightly, while remaining within the Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountains. Among the climate scenarios, the distribution expanded the most under the maximum greenhouse gas emission scenario (representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5). Under all assumptions, the highly suitable area is expected to increase over time; the increase will occur in southern Shaanxi, northwest Hubei, and northeast Sichuan Provinces. By the 2050s, the highly suitable area is projected to increase by 0.82 × 104 km2. By the 2050s, the suitable climatic niche for D. armandi will increase along the Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountains, posing a major challenge for forest managers. Our findings provide information that can be used to monitor D. armandi populations, host health, and the impact of climate change, shedding light on the effectiveness of management responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
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