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20 pages, 2661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characterization of Plant Peptide-Containing Sulfated Tyrosine (PSY) Family in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

by Peipei Zhang, Weidong Gao, Lijian Guo, Ming Chen, Jingfu Ma, Tian Tian, Yanjie Wang, Xiwei Zhang, Yongtong Wei, Tao Chen and Delong Yang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312663 - 25 Nov 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1912

Abstract

The plant peptide-containing sulfated tyrosine (PSY) family plays critical roles in plant cell proliferation and stress responses. However, the functional characterization of the PSY peptide family in wheat remains unclear. This study systematically identified a total of 29 TaPSY genes at the genome-wide level, classifying them into six subgroups based on PSY-like motifs. These peptides contain a highly conserved active peptide domain, closely resembling the Arabidopsis AtPSY1 motif. All TaPSY homologs are predicted to have a sulfated tyrosine catalyzed by plant tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST). The TaPSY genes displayed distinct expression patterns across various tissues, with most genes showing higher expression levels in roots and stems. Synthetic sulfated TaPSY peptides enhanced root growth in both wild-type Arabidopsis and the tpst-1 mutant plants. In wheat, exogenous application of TaPSY peptides also promoted root growth, with the synthetic TaPSY5 peptide affecting reactive oxygen species levels in wheat taproots to stimulate primary root growth. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing TaPSY10 exhibited longer primary roots and increased lateral root numbers. These findings provide insights into the physiological roles of TaPSY peptides in regulating wheat root growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

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21 pages, 6696 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Diverse Stress-Responsive Xylem Sap Peptides in Soybean

by Wai-Ching Sin, Hon-Ming Lam and Sai-Ming Ngai

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(15), 8641; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158641 - 3 Aug 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3836

Abstract

Increasing evidence has revealed that plant secretory peptides are involved in the long-distance signaling pathways that help to regulate plant development and signal stress responses. In this study, we purified small peptides from soybean (Glycine max) xylem sap via o-chlorophenol extraction and conducted an in-depth peptidomic analysis using a mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatics approach. We successfully identified 14 post-translationally modified peptide groups belonging to the peptide families CEP (C-terminally encoded peptides), CLE (CLAVATA3/embryo surrounding region-related), PSY (plant peptides containing tyrosine sulfation), and XAP (xylem sap-associated peptides). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed unique tissue expression patterns among the peptide-encoding genes. Further qPCR analysis of some of the peptide-encoding genes showed differential stress-response profiles toward various abiotic stress factors. Targeted MS-based quantification of the nitrogen deficiency-responsive peptides, GmXAP6a and GmCEP-XSP1, demonstrated upregulation of peptide translocation in xylem sap under nitrogen-deficiency stress. Quantitative proteomic analysis of GmCEP-XSP1 overexpression in hairy soybean roots revealed that GmCEP-XSP1 significantly impacts stress response-related proteins. This study provides new insights that root-to-shoot peptide signaling plays important roles in regulating plant stress-response mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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25 pages, 4125 KB

Open AccessReview

Dialog between Kingdoms: Enemies, Allies and Peptide Phytohormones

by Irina Dodueva, Maria Lebedeva and Lyudmila Lutova

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2243; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112243 - 21 Oct 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5359

Abstract

Various plant hormones can integrate developmental and environmental responses, acting in a complex network, which allows plants to adjust their developmental processes to changing environments. In particular, plant peptide hormones regulate various aspects of plant growth and development as well as the response to environmental stress and the interaction of plants with their pathogens and symbionts. Various plant-interacting organisms, e.g., bacterial and fungal pathogens, plant-parasitic nematodes, as well as symbiotic and plant-beneficial bacteria and fungi, are able to manipulate phytohormonal level and/or signaling in the host plant in order to overcome plant immunity and to create the habitat and food source inside the plant body. The most striking example of such phytohormonal mimicry is the ability of certain plant pathogens and symbionts to produce peptide phytohormones of different classes. To date, in the genomes of plant-interacting bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, the genes encoding effectors which mimic seven classes of peptide phytohormones have been found. For some of these effectors, the interaction with plant receptors for peptide hormones and the effect on plant development and defense have been demonstrated. In this review, we focus on the currently described classes of peptide phytohormones found among the representatives of other kingdoms, as well as mechanisms of their action and possible evolutional origin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peptide Hormones: Roles in Plant Development, Nutrient Responses and Plant–Microbe Interactions)

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16 pages, 4730 KB

Open AccessReview

The PSY Peptide Family—Expression, Modification and Physiological Implications

by Amalie Scheel Tost, Astrid Kristensen, Lene Irene Olsen, Kristian Buhl Axelsen and Anja Thoe Fuglsang

Genes 2021, 12(2), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12020218 - 2 Feb 2021

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6323

Abstract

Small post-translationally modified peptides are gaining increasing attention as important signaling molecules in plant development. In the family of plant peptides containing tyrosine sulfation (PSYs), only PSY1 has been characterized at the mature level as an 18-amino-acid peptide, carrying one sulfated tyrosine, and involved in cell elongation. This review presents seven additional homologs in Arabidopsis all sharing high conservation in the active peptide domain, and it shows that PSY peptides are found in all higher plants and mosses. It is proposed that all eight PSY homologs are post-translationally modified to carry a sulfated tyrosine and that subtilisin-like subtilases (SBTs) are involved in the processing of PSY propeptides. The PSY peptides show differential expression patterns indicating that they serve several distinct functions in plant development. PSY peptides seem to be at least partly regulated at the transcriptional level, as their expression is greatly influenced by developmental factors. Finally, a model including a receptor in addition to PSY1R is proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Peptide and Kinase in the Growth of Plants)

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