Search Results (6)

Any failure in frontonasal development can lead to malformations at the middle facial region, such as frontonasal dysplasia, midfacial clefts, and hyper/hypotelorism. Various environmental factors influence morphogenesis through epigenetic regulations, including the action of noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs). However, it remains unclear how miRNAs are involved in the frontonasal development. In our analysis of publicly available miRNA-seq and RNA-seq datasets, we found that miR-28a-5p, miR-302a-3p, miR-302b-3p, and miR-302d-3p were differentially expressed in the frontonasal process during embryonic days 10.5 to 13.5 (E10.5–E13.5) in mice. Overexpression of these miRNAs led to a suppression of cell proliferation in cultured mouse embryonic frontonasal mesenchymal (MEFM) cells as well as in O9-1 cells, a cranial neural crest cell line. Through advanced bioinformatic analyses and miRNA-gene regulation assays, we identified that miR-28a-5p regulated a total of 25 genes, miR-302a-3p regulated 23 genes, miR-302b-3p regulated 22 genes, and miR-302d-3p regulated 20 genes. Notably, the expression of miR-302a/b/d-3p—unlike miR-28a-5p—was significantly upregulated by excessive exposure to all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) that induces craniofacial malformations. Inhibition of these miRNAs restored the reduced cell proliferation caused by atRA by normalizing the expression of target genes associated with frontonasal anomalies. Therefore, our findings suggest that miR-302a/b/d-3p plays a crucial role in the development of frontonasal malformations. Full article

In this paper, we apply two different methods, namely, the $\frac{G^{\prime }}{G}$-expansion method and the $\frac{G^{\prime }}{G^2}$-expansion method to investigate the nonlinear time fractional Harry Dym equation in the Caputo sense and the symmetric regularized long wave equation in the conformable sense. The mentioned nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs) arise in diverse physical applications such as ion sound waves in plasma and waves on shallow water surfaces. There exist multiple wave solutions to many NPDEs and researchers are interested in analytical approaches to obtain these multiple wave solutions. The multi-exp-function method (MEFM) formulates a solution algorithm for calculating multiple wave solutions to NPDEs and at the end of paper, we apply the MEFM for calculating multiple wave solutions to the (2 + 1)-dimensional equation. Full article

This paper focuses on obtaining traveling wave solutions of the Fornberg–Whitham model derived from Gilson–Pickering equations, which describe the prorogation of waves in crystal lattice theory and plasma physics by some analytical techniques, i.e., the exp-function method (EFM), the multi-exp function method (MEFM) and the multi hyperbolic tangent method (MHTM). We analyze and compare them to show that MEFM is the optimum method. Full article

This article takes the measured Total Electron Content (TEC) from the GPS points of the China Regional Crust Observation Network as the starting point to establish a regional ionospheric empirical model. The model’s performance is enhanced by considering solar flux and geomagnetic activity data. The refinement function model of the ionospheric TEC diurnal variation component, seasonal variation component, and geomagnetic component is studied. Using the nonlinear least squares method to fit undetermined coefficients, MEFM-ITCR (Multi-parameter Empirical Fusion Model–Ionospheric TEC China Regional Model) is proposed to forecast the regional ionosphere TEC in China. The results show that the standard deviation of MEFM-ITCR residuals is 3.74TECU, and MEFM-ITCR fits the modeling dataset well. Analyses of geographic location variation, seasonal variation, and geomagnetic disturbance were carried out for MEFM-ITCR performance. The results indicate that in the Chinese region, MEFM-ITCR outperforms IRI2020 and NeQuick2 models in terms of forecast accuracy, linear correlation, and model precision for TEC measured using GPS points under different latitudes and longitudes, different seasons, and different geomagnetic disturbances. The empirical TEC model built for the Chinese region in this paper provides a new ionospheric delay correction method for GNSS single frequency users and is of great significance for establishing other new and improving existing ionospheric empirical models. Full article

Magnetoelectric force microscopy (MeFM) is characterized as methodical tool for the investigation of antiferromagnetic domain states, in particular of the 180 ${}^{\circ }$ variety. As reference compound for this investigation we use Cr ${}_2$ O ${}_3$ . Access to the antiferromagnetic order is provided by the linear magnetoelectric effect. We resolve the opposite antiferromagnetic 180 ${}^{\circ }$ domain states of Cr ${}_2$ O ${}_3$ and estimate the sensitivity of the MeFM approach, its inherent advantages in comparison to alternative techniques and its general feasibility for probing antiferromagnetic order. Full article

A MEMS electric field sensor is presented with wide measurement resolution and adjustable sensitivity. The sense membrane is mounted using torsional springs and employs opposite biased electrodes on its surface, causing rotation in presence of an electric field, enabling operation without reference ground. Control of electrode bias enables adjustable linear measurement range from V/m to MV/m. Compared to earlier works with vertical moving sense membranes, higher sensitivity is achieved for the same bias voltage. Employing on-board electronics to enable independent resonant operation, a noise limited resolution of 3 V/m was achieved. Full article