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Open AccessArticle

Ginkgolic Acids Degradation by the Ginkgo biloba Endophytic Fungus Fusarium sp. DLT-118

by Lu-Ting Dai, Zhi-Fang Yu, You-Xing Zhao and Yi Zheng

Foods 2026, 15(7), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15071247 - 6 Apr 2026

Viewed by 687

Ginkgolic acids (GAs), the principal toxic constituents in Ginkgo biloba, pose health risks including cytotoxicity, allergenicity, and pro-inflammatory effects, limiting the application of Ginkgo resources in the food and health product industries. Developing efficient and environmentally friendly removal methods is essential. The endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. DLT-118, isolated from Ginkgo biloba, degraded 96.47% of GAs in Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GE) at an initial concentration of 1 mg/mL within 7 days at 28 °C, while concurrently enhancing the antioxidant activity of GE, as indicated by a reduction in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging IC₅₀ from 755.7 μg/mL to 544.6 μg/mL. Morphological and oxidative stress analyses showed critical cellular adaptations and stress responses under degradation conditions. Integrated multi-omics analysis indicated that GE stress induced the remodeling of fungal amino acid, lipid, and energy metabolism, as well as the adjustment of membrane and transport functions, to facilitate GAs detoxification. Cytotoxicity assays indicated no significant cytotoxicity of the degradation products towards human normal lung epithelial cells (Beas-2B) and gastric mucosal epithelial cells (GES-1). These findings highlight Fusarium sp. DLT-118 as a promising agent for the efficient removal of GAs, offering a potential strategy for the production of GA-reduced Ginkgo-based food and health products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)

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15 pages, 5827 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Occurrence of Nigrospora oryzae Causing Leaf Blight in Ginkgo biloba in China and Biocontrol Screening of Endophytic Bacteria

by Yuan Tao, Chun Yang, Sinong Yu, Fangfang Fu and Tingting Dai

Microorganisms 2024, 12(11), 2125; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112125 - 23 Oct 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2850

Abstract

Ginkgo biloba is a multifunctional composite tree species that has important ornamental, economic, medicinal, and scientific research value. In October 2023, the foliage of G. biloba on the campus of Nanjing Forestry University exhibited leaf blight. Black-brown necrotic spots were observed on a large number of leaves, with a disease incidence of 86%. After isolating a fungus from symptomatic leaves, pathogenicity was tested to satisfy Koch’s postulates. Using morphological features and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of an internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), and beta-tubulin (β-tub), the isolates YKB1-1 and YKB1-2 were identified as Nigrospora oryzae. N. oryzae was previously reported as an endophyte of G. biloba. However, this study shows it to be pathogenic to G. biloba, causing leaf spots. Two endophytic bacteria were isolated from asymptomatic leaves of diseased G. biloba trees, and their molecular identification was performed using 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA). GBB1-2 was identified as Bacillus altitudinis, while GBB1-5 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The screening and verification of endophytic bacteria provide a new strategy for the control of N. oryzae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Microbe Interactions)

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15 pages, 3087 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Flavonoids as Neuroexocytosis Regulators

by Choongjin Ban, Joon-Bum Park, Sora Cho, Hye Rin Kim, Yong Joon Kim, Hyungjin Bae, Chinhan Kim, Hakhee Kang, Davin Jang, Yong Sub Shin, Dae-Ok Kim, Hyunggun Kim and Dae-Hyuk Kweon

Molecules 2020, 25(8), 1829; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081829 - 17 Apr 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7699

Abstract

Ginkgo biloba leaf (GBL) is known as a potential source of bioactive flavonoids, such as quercetin, arresting the neuronal soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-zippering. Here, the GBL flavonoids were isolated in two different manners and then examined for their bioactivity, physicochemical stability, and biocompatibility. The majority of flavonoids in the non-hydrolyzed and acidolyzed isolates, termed non-hydrolyzed isolate (NI) and acidolyzed isolate (AI) hereafter, were rich in flavonol glycosides and aglycones, respectively. Glycosidic/aglyconic quercetin and kaempferol were abundant in both NI and AI, whereas a little of apigenin, luteolin, and isorhamnetin were found in AI. NI was more thermostable in all pH ranges than quercetin, kaempferol, and AI. NI and AI both inhibited neurotransmitter release from differentiated neuronal PC-12 cells. NI and AI showed 1/2–1/3 lower EC₅₀/CC₅₀ values than quercetin and kaempferol. The NI and AI exhibited no toxicity assessed by the tests on chorioallantoic membranes of hen’s eggs, removing toxicological concerns of irritation potential. Moreover, GBL isolates, particularly AI, showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in the use below the CC₅₀ levels. Taken together, these results suggest that GBL isolates that are rich in antioxidant flavonoids are effective anti-neuroexocytotic agents with high stability and low toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)

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14 pages, 3361 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6’-Bieckol from Ecklonia cava Improved Blood Circulation in Diet-Induced Obese and Diet-Induced Hypertension Mouse Models

by Myeongjoo Son, Seyeon Oh, Hye Sun Lee, BoMi Ryu, Yunfei Jiang, Ji Tae Jang, You-Jin Jeon and Kyunghee Byun

Mar. Drugs 2019, 17(5), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/md17050272 - 8 May 2019

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5506

Abstract

Blood circulation disorders, such as hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis, are not easily cured by dietary supplements, but they can be mitigated. Although Ecklonia cava extract (ECE), as dietary supplements, are associated with improving the conditions, there are not many studies verifying the same. In this study, the beneficial effect of ECE and leaf of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), which is a well-known dietary supplement, were first confirmed in a diet induced-obese model. Afterwards, 4 phlorotannins were isolated from ECE, and their inhibitory effects on vascular cell dysfunction were validated. Pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB) was selected to be orally administered in two mice models: the diet induced obese model and diet induced hypertension model. After four weeks of administration, the blood pressure of all mice was measured, after which they were subsequently sacrificed. PPB was found to significantly improve blood circulation, including a reduction of adhesion molecule expression, endothelial cell (EC) death, excessive vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, blood pressure, and lipoprotein and cholesterol levels. Based on the excellent efficacy in diet-induced mouse models of obese and hypertension, our results demonstrate that PPB is a valuable active compound from among the phlorotannins that were isolated and it has the potential to be used in functional foods for improving the blood circulation. Full article

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21 pages, 2154 KB

Open AccessArticle

Expression of Selected Ginkgo biloba Heat Shock Protein Genes After Cold Treatment Could Be Induced by Other Abiotic Stress

by Fuliang Cao, Hua Cheng, Shuiyuan Cheng, Linling Li, Feng Xu, Wanwen Yu and Honghui Yuan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(5), 5768-5788; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13055768 - 15 May 2012

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 9481

Abstract

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play various stress-protective roles in plants. In this study, three HSP genes were isolated from a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library of Ginkgo biloba leaves treated with cold stress. Based on the molecular weight, the three genes were designated GbHSP16.8, GbHSP17 and GbHSP70. The full length of the three genes were predicted to encode three polypeptide chains containing 149 amino acids (Aa), 152 Aa, and 657 Aa, and their corresponding molecular weights were predicted as follows: 16.67 kDa, 17.39 kDa, and 71.81 kDa respectively. The three genes exhibited distinctive expression patterns in different organs or development stages. GbHSP16.8 and GbHSP70 showed high expression levels in leaves and a low level in gynoecia, GbHSP17 showed a higher transcription in stamens and lower level in fruit. This result indicates that GbHSP16.8 and GbHSP70 may play important roles in Ginkgo leaf development and photosynthesis, and GbHSP17 may play a positive role in pollen maturation. All three GbHSPs were up-regulated under cold stress, whereas extreme heat stress only caused up-regulation of GbHSP70, UV-B treatment resulted in up-regulation of GbHSP16.8 and GbHSP17, wounding treatment resulted in up-regulation of GbHSP16.8 and GbHSP70, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment caused up-regulation of GbHSP70 primarily. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Plant Biology)

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