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Keywords = FPSO vessel

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18 pages, 8566 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning-Based Mooring Failure Detection for FPSOs: A Two-Step ANN Approach
by Omar Jebari, Do-Soo Kwon, Sung-Jae Kim, Chungkuk Jin and Moohyun Kim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(4), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13040791 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 654
Abstract
This study presents a two-step artificial neural network (ANN) approach for detecting mooring failures in a spread-moored floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel using platform motion data. Synthetic statistical data generated from time-domain simulations were utilized as input features. The first-step ANN [...] Read more.
This study presents a two-step artificial neural network (ANN) approach for detecting mooring failures in a spread-moored floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel using platform motion data. Synthetic statistical data generated from time-domain simulations were utilized as input features. The first-step ANN determines whether the mooring system is intact or a failure has occurred within a specific mooring group. If a failure is detected, the second-step ANN identifies the exact failed mooring line within the group. Hyperparameter optimization was performed using Bayesian and random search methods, and multiple input variable sets were evaluated. The results indicate that the mean values of platform motions, particularly surge and yaw, play a crucial role in accurately identifying mooring failures. Additionally, selecting the top 10 features based on mutual information can be a way to improve detection accuracy. The proposed two-step ANN approach outperformed the single-step ANN method, achieving higher classification accuracy and reducing misclassification between mooring lines. These findings demonstrate the potential of machine learning for near-real-time mooring integrity monitoring, offering a practical and efficient alternative to traditional inspection methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Solutions for Marine Operations)
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19 pages, 4689 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Mooring Line Top-Tensions Incorporated with Identification of Lost Clump Weights
by Ying Li, Qiyuan Zhong, Jiamin Zhang and Xiaomei Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(4), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13040631 - 21 Mar 2025
Viewed by 409
Abstract
Monitoring the top-tension of mooring lines is essential for ensuring the safe operation of floating units. This study aims to propose an innovative hybrid method combining measured motions of Floating Production Storage and Offloading Vessels (FPSO) with numerical models to estimate mooring line [...] Read more.
Monitoring the top-tension of mooring lines is essential for ensuring the safe operation of floating units. This study aims to propose an innovative hybrid method combining measured motions of Floating Production Storage and Offloading Vessels (FPSO) with numerical models to estimate mooring line top-tensions using artificial neural networks. The inconsistency in numerical results of FPSO motions, attributed to the loss of clump weights on mooring lines, necessitates the development of an inversion method employing genetic algorithms. This method identifies the loss of clump weights in the mooring system by utilizing field-measured FPSO motion data to update the numerical model. The results demonstrate that, after detecting clump weight loss, the relative error of the maximum horizontal displacement between the simulated submerged turret production and the measured values is reduced to less than 5%. With the updated model in place, numerical simulations are conducted to map measurable motions and unmeasurable mooring line top-tensions. To achieve precise real-time predictions of mooring line top-tensions, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network is deployed, using the measured FPSO motions as input data. This approach enables highly accurate predictions of mooring line top-tensions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Evaluation and Protection in Deep-Sea Resource Exploitation)
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25 pages, 9826 KiB  
Article
Parametric Estimation of Directional Wave Spectra from Moored FPSO Motion Data Using Optimized Artificial Neural Networks
by Do-Soo Kwon, Sung-Jae Kim, Chungkuk Jin and MooHyun Kim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010069 - 3 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
This paper introduces a comprehensive, data-driven framework for parametrically estimating directional ocean wave spectra from numerically simulated FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) vessel motions. Leveraging a mid-fidelity digital twin of a spread-moored FPSO vessel in the Guyana Sea, this approach integrates a [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a comprehensive, data-driven framework for parametrically estimating directional ocean wave spectra from numerically simulated FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) vessel motions. Leveraging a mid-fidelity digital twin of a spread-moored FPSO vessel in the Guyana Sea, this approach integrates a wide range of statistical values calculated from the time histories of vessel responses—displacements, angular velocities, and translational accelerations. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), trained and optimized through hyperparameter tuning and feature selection, are employed to estimate wave parameters including the significant wave height, peak period, main wave direction, enhancement parameter, and directional-spreading factor. A systematic correlation analysis ensures that informative input features are retained, while extensive sensitivity tests confirm that richer input sets notably improve predictive accuracy. In addition, comparisons against other machine learning (ML) methods—such as Support Vector Machines, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Ridge Regression—demonstrate the present ANN model’s superior ability to capture intricate nonlinear interdependencies between vessel motions and environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Storm Tide and Wave Simulations and Assessment)
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20 pages, 6396 KiB  
Article
Underwater Line Monitoring Using Optimally Placed Inclinometers
by Chungkuk Jin and Seong Hyeon Hong
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(11), 1939; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12111939 - 29 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 861
Abstract
Underwater monitoring presents challenges related to maintaining a continuous power supply and communication, necessitating the use of a smaller number of sensors to effectively cover the entire line. An underwater line tracking method is proposed to evaluate global behaviors and stresses in real [...] Read more.
Underwater monitoring presents challenges related to maintaining a continuous power supply and communication, necessitating the use of a smaller number of sensors to effectively cover the entire line. An underwater line tracking method is proposed to evaluate global behaviors and stresses in real time. The method employs angles at several points on the line, as well as displacements and curvatures at both ends. In this method, any line displacement, angle, and curvature are expressed as Fourier series, and Fourier coefficients are obtained by utilizing sensor data. Then, the behavior of any line location is assessed. In addition, to reduce the number of sensors and improve accuracy, optimal inclinometer locations are determined by a genetic algorithm. The proposed line tracking algorithm was validated through two numerical examples; one with an inclined tunnel and one with a marine steel catenary riser attached to a Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel. Through these examples, the proposed algorithm was proven to capture global behaviors accurately when optimally located sensors are used. In the riser monitoring case, the optimized sensor placement with eight intermediate sensors achieved an average mean distance error of 1.91 m, which is lower than the 2.65 m error obtained with ten intermediate sensors without optimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Analysis and Failure Prevention in Offshore Engineering)
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25 pages, 8357 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Adaptive Backstepping Synchronous following Control and Thrust Allocation for a Dynamic Positioning Vessel
by Changde Liu, Yufang Zhang, Min Gu, Longhui Zhang, Yanbin Teng and Fang Tian
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020203 - 23 Jan 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1486
Abstract
Cargo transfer vessels (CTVs) are designed to transfer cargo from a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) unit into conventional tankers. The dynamic positioning system allows the CTV to maintain a safe position relative to the FPSO unit using a flexible cargo transmission [...] Read more.
Cargo transfer vessels (CTVs) are designed to transfer cargo from a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) unit into conventional tankers. The dynamic positioning system allows the CTV to maintain a safe position relative to the FPSO unit using a flexible cargo transmission pipe, and the CTV tows the tanker during operating conditions. The operation mode can be considered a synchronization tracking control problem. In this paper, a synchronization control strategy is presented based on the virtual leader–follower configuration and an adaptive backstepping control method. The position and heading of the following vessel are proven to be able to globally exponentially converge to the virtual ship by the contraction theorem. Then, the optimization problem of the desired thrust command from the controller is solved through an improved firefly algorithm, which fully considers the physical characteristics of the azimuth thruster and the thrust forbidden zone caused by hydrodynamic interference. To validate the effectiveness of the presented synchronous following strategy and thrust allocation algorithm, a scale model experiment is carried out under a sea state of 4 in a seakeeping basin. The experimental results show that the CTV can effectively maintain a safe distance of 100 m with a maximum deviation of 3.78 m and an average deviation of only 0.99 m in the wave heading 180°, which effectively verifies that the control strategy proposed in this paper can achieve safe and cooperative operation between the CTV and the FPSO unit. To verify the advantages of the SAF algorithm in the thrust allocation, the SQP algorithm and PSO algorithm are used to compare the experimental results. The SAF algorithm outperforms the SQP and PSO algorithms in longitudinal and lateral forces, with the R-squared (R2) values of 0.9996 (yaw moment), 0.9878 (sway force), and 0.9596 (surge force) for the actual thrusts and control commands in the wave heading 180°. The experimental results can provide technical support to improve the safe operation of CTVs. Full article
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21 pages, 10491 KiB  
Article
CFD Prediction of Wind Loads on FPSO and Shuttle Tankers during Side-by-Side Offloading
by Jung-Hee Yoo, Patrick Schrijvers, Arjen Koop and Jong-Chun Park
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050654 - 12 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3342
Abstract
This study entailed the estimation of wind loads performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for four typical offshore vessels and for a Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading (FPSO) and shuttle tanker in a side-by-side configuration on offloading. For all vessels, under the [...] Read more.
This study entailed the estimation of wind loads performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for four typical offshore vessels and for a Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading (FPSO) and shuttle tanker in a side-by-side configuration on offloading. For all vessels, under the wind heading condition, four meshes were used to carry out the verification and validation (V&V) study to check the numerical uncertainty. The CFD simulation results for the aerodynamic coefficients were compared with wind tunnel tests from the Offloading Operability 2 JIP. All CFD simulation results show generally good agreement with the experimental data, and the overall trend of the coefficients are well captured. In addition, the effect on the gap sizes between the FPSO and shuttle tanker in the range of 4–30 m was examined. On this basis, the shielding effect was analyzed according to the size of the gap between the two ships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics)
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20 pages, 4270 KiB  
Article
Assessing Microbial Corrosion Risk on Offshore Crude Oil Production Topsides under Conditions of Nitrate and Nitrite Treatment for Souring
by Danika Nicoletti, Mohita Sharma and Lisa M. Gieg
Microorganisms 2022, 10(5), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050932 - 29 Apr 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3657
Abstract
Oilfield souring is a detrimental effect caused by sulfate-reducing microorganisms that reduce sulfate to sulfide during their respiration process. Nitrate or nitrite can be used to mitigate souring, but may also impart a corrosion risk. Produced fluids sampled from the topside infrastructure of [...] Read more.
Oilfield souring is a detrimental effect caused by sulfate-reducing microorganisms that reduce sulfate to sulfide during their respiration process. Nitrate or nitrite can be used to mitigate souring, but may also impart a corrosion risk. Produced fluids sampled from the topside infrastructure of two floating, production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessels (Platform A and Platform B) were assessed for microbial corrosion under nitrate and nitrite breakthrough conditions using microcosm tests incubated at 54 °C. Microbial community compositions on each individual FPSO were similar, while those between the two FPSO vessels differed. Platform B microbial communities responded as expected to nitrate breakthrough conditions, where nitrate-reducing activity was enhanced and sulfate reduction was inhibited. In contrast, nitrate treatments of Platform A microbial communities were not as effective in preventing sulfide production. Nitrite breakthrough conditions had the strongest sulfate reduction inhibition in samples from both platforms, but exhibited the highest pitting density. Live experimental replicates with no nitrate or nitrite additive yielded the highest general corrosion rates in the study (up to 0.48 mm/year), while nitrate- or nitrite-treated fluids revealed general corrosion rates that are considered low or moderate (<0.12 mm/year). Overall, the results of this study provide a description of nitrogen- and sulfur-based microbial activities under thermophilic conditions, and their risk for MIC that can occur along fluid processing lines on FPSO topsides that process fluids during offshore oil production operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Petroleum Microbiology)
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18 pages, 5814 KiB  
Article
Dynamical Sliding Mode Control for Robust Dynamic Positioning Systems of FPSO Vessels
by Seongpil Cho, Hyungwon Shim and Young-Shik Kim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(4), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040474 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2684
Abstract
The conventional proportional derivative (PD) control algorithm with appropriate gain scheduling is generally applied to a dynamic positioning (DP) system. However, finding appropriate gains through gain scheduling makes the DP system more complicated. A sliding-mode control algorithm controls an arbitrary point, such as [...] Read more.
The conventional proportional derivative (PD) control algorithm with appropriate gain scheduling is generally applied to a dynamic positioning (DP) system. However, finding appropriate gains through gain scheduling makes the DP system more complicated. A sliding-mode control algorithm controls an arbitrary point, such as the turret system on a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel. This algorithm was developed for DP and can be applied to FPSO vessels considering the uncertainty of the vessel dynamics, unknown time-varying environmental disturbances, and transient performance. To control an arbitrary point on the FPSO vessel using a DP controller, the Jacobian matrix in the kinematic equation is modified to present the arbitrary point in the control. The Lyapunov stability theory is applied in the design of the SM control algorithm to provide robustness to the control system. A time-domain simulation tool was developed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed SM control algorithm. The performance of the control algorithm was evaluated numerically to address its efficacy. The results were compared with those obtained using the conventional PD control algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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34 pages, 18744 KiB  
Article
Transient Responses Evaluation of FPSO with Different Failure Scenarios of Mooring Lines
by Dongsheng Qiao, Binbin Li, Jun Yan, Yu Qin, Haizhi Liang and Dezhi Ning
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(2), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020103 - 20 Jan 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3603
Abstract
During the long-term service condition, the mooring line of the deep-water floating platform may fail due to various reasons, such as overloading caused by an accidental condition or performance deterioration. Therefore, the safety performance under the transient responses process should be evaluated in [...] Read more.
During the long-term service condition, the mooring line of the deep-water floating platform may fail due to various reasons, such as overloading caused by an accidental condition or performance deterioration. Therefore, the safety performance under the transient responses process should be evaluated in advance, during the design phase. A series of time-domain numerical simulations for evaluating the performance changes of a Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) with different broken modes of mooring lines was carried out. The broken conditions include the single mooring line or two mooring lines failure under ipsilateral, opposite, and adjacent sides. The resulting transient and following steady-state responses of the vessel and the mooring line tensions were analyzed, and the corresponding influence mechanism was investigated. The accidental failure of a single or two mooring lines changes the watch circle of the vessel and the tension redistribution of the remaining mooring lines. The results indicated that the failure of mooring lines mainly influences the responses of sway, surge, and yaw, and the change rule is closely related to the stiffness and symmetry of the mooring system. The simulation results could give a profound understanding of the transient-effects influence process of mooring line failure, and the suggestions are given to account for the transient effects in the design of the mooring system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocean and Shore Technology (OST))
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21 pages, 1939 KiB  
Article
Experimental Determination of Non-Linear Roll Damping of an FPSO Pure Roll Coupled with Liquid Sloshing in Two-Row Tanks
by Jane-Frances Igbadumhe, Omar Sallam, Mirjam Fürth and Rihui Feng
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(8), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080582 - 3 Aug 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5468
Abstract
Wave excited roll motion poses danger for moored offshore vessels such as Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) because they cannot divert to avoid bad weather. Furthermore, slack cargo tanks are almost always present in FPSOs by design. These pose an increased risk [...] Read more.
Wave excited roll motion poses danger for moored offshore vessels such as Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) because they cannot divert to avoid bad weather. Furthermore, slack cargo tanks are almost always present in FPSOs by design. These pose an increased risk of roll instability due to the presence of free surfaces. The most common method of determining roll damping is roll decay tests, yet very few test have been performed with liquid cargo, and most liquid cargo experiments use tanks that span the entire width of the vessel; which is seldom the case for full scale FPSO vessels during normal operations. This paper presents a series of roll decay test carried out on a FPSO model with two two-row-prismatic tanks with different filling levels. To directly investigate the coupling between the liquid sloshing and the vessel motion, without modifying the damping, tests were performed at a constant draft. The equivalent linear roll damping coefficients consisting of linear, quadratic and cubic damping terms are analyzed for each loading condition using four established methods, the Quasi-linear method, Froude Energy method, Averaging method and the Perturbation method. The results show that the cubic damping term is paramount for FPSOs and at low filling levels, were the FPSO is more damped. Recommendations regarding the applicability of the methods, their accuracy and computational effort is given and the effect of the liquid motion on the vessel motion is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)
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13 pages, 7459 KiB  
Article
Effects of Topside Structures and Wind Profile on Wind Tunnel Testing of FPSO Vessel Models
by Seungho Lee, Sanghun Lee and Soon-Duck Kwon
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(6), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8060422 - 9 Jun 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3498
Abstract
This study examined the effects of wind loads on a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel, focusing in particular on the impact of the turbulent wind profiles, the level of details of the topside structures, and the operation modes of the gantry [...] Read more.
This study examined the effects of wind loads on a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel, focusing in particular on the impact of the turbulent wind profiles, the level of details of the topside structures, and the operation modes of the gantry cranes. A series of wind tunnel tests were performed on the FPSO vessel model, developed with a scale of 1:200. It was observed that the wind loads measured using a low-detail model were often greater than those measured using a high-detail model. The measured wind loads corresponding to the Norwegian Maritime Directorate (NMD) profile with an exponent of 0.14, were approximately 19% greater than those corresponding to the Frøya profile in the entire range of wind directions, because of the slightly higher mean wind speeds of the NMD profile. The wind forces increased by up to 8.6% when the cranes were at operating mode compared to when they were at parking mode. In view of the observations made regarding the detail level of the tested models, a medium-level detail FPSO model can be considered adequate for the wind tunnel testing if a high-detail model is not available. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Simulation of Wind Conditions)
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17 pages, 11683 KiB  
Article
Selection and Characterization of Packaged FBG Sensors for Offshore Applications
by Lei Wu, Muneesh Maheshwari, Yaowen Yang and Wensheng Xiao
Sensors 2018, 18(11), 3963; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113963 - 15 Nov 2018
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5447
Abstract
With the development in the exploitation of maritime resources, the structural health monitoring (SHM) of offshore structures becomes necessary. This study focuses on addressing the practical issues of application of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for the SHM of offshore structures, in particular [...] Read more.
With the development in the exploitation of maritime resources, the structural health monitoring (SHM) of offshore structures becomes necessary. This study focuses on addressing the practical issues of application of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for the SHM of offshore structures, in particular an FPSO (floating, production, storage, and offloading unit) vessel. Due to the harsh marine environment and tough working conditions, the FBG sensors must have sufficient protection and good repeatability for long-term monitoring. Thorough research has been conducted to identify the most suitable, commercially available protection packaging for FBG sensors for offshore applications. Further, the performance of the selected FBG sensor packaging is tested under conditions of strong sunlight, heavy rain, and salty water in order to emulate the marine environment. Moreover, the installation method of the packaged FBG sensors is equally important, as it ensures the repeatability and durability of the sensors for their long-term performance. It is shown that the packaged FBG sensors can be installed using resin-based epoxy to maintain the repeatability of the sensor over the long-term. Further, the packaged FBG sensors are installed and tested on a simple FPSO model. The experimental results under full load and ballast draft conditions show that the proposed FBG sensors are competent for the SHM of offshore structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Fiber Bragg Grating Based Sensors)
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24 pages, 5041 KiB  
Concept Paper
Fuel-Optimal Thrust-Allocation Algorithm Using Penalty Optimization Programing for Dynamic-Positioning-Controlled Offshore Platforms
by Se Won Kim and Moo Hyun Kim
Energies 2018, 11(8), 2128; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082128 - 15 Aug 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3773
Abstract
This research, a new thrust-allocation algorithm based on penalty programming is developed to minimize the fuel consumption of offshore vessels/platforms with dynamic positioning system. The role of thrust allocation is to produce thruster commands satisfying required forces and moments for position-keeping, while fulfilling [...] Read more.
This research, a new thrust-allocation algorithm based on penalty programming is developed to minimize the fuel consumption of offshore vessels/platforms with dynamic positioning system. The role of thrust allocation is to produce thruster commands satisfying required forces and moments for position-keeping, while fulfilling mechanical constraints of the control system. The developed thrust-allocation algorithm is mathematically formulated as an optimization problem for the given objects and constraints of a dynamic positioning system. Penalty programming can solve the optimization problems that have nonlinear object functions and constraints. The developed penalty-programming thrust-allocation method is implemented in the fully-coupled vessel–riser–mooring time-domain simulation code with dynamic positioning control. Its position-keeping and fuel-saving performance is evaluated by comparing with other conventional methods, such as pseudo-inverse, quadratic-programming, and genetic-algorithm methods. In this regard, the fully-coupled time-domain simulation method is applied to a turret-moored dynamic positioning assisted FPSO (floating production storage offloading). The optimal performance of the penalty programming in minimizing fuel consumption in both 100-year and 1-year storm conditions is demonstrated compared to pseudo-inverse and quadratic-programming methods. Full article
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