Search Results (1,907)

Fishmeal (FM) reduction can improve shrimp feed sustainability, but low FM formulations remain insufficiently validated across production stages, scales, and post-harvest quality traits. This study evaluated alternative protein strategies for Penaeus vannamei reared under super-intensive biofloc technology (BFT) at different production scales. In a medium-scale grow-out trial, a Control diet containing 15% FM was compared with diets containing 7.5% FM using animal-derived proteins (A7.5) or combined animal- and plant-derived proteins (AP7.5). AP7.5 maintained growth and apparent feed conversion comparable to those of the Control diet, whereas A7.5 showed poorer performance. Post-harvest quality was assessed in commercial-size shrimp during refrigerated storage without antimelanosis treatment. Sensory differences were limited shortly after harvest but became more evident during storage, with AP7.5 maintaining a comparatively stable sensory profile and showing lower panel-assessed melanosis after seven days. Subsequently, the AP7.5 diet was validated against the Control in a pilot large-scale trial covering the juvenile and grow-out phases, maintaining comparable growth, economic conversion ratio, and profitability index. Sensitivity analysis further showed that its relative economic performance was maintained across simulated FM and shrimp price scenarios and became more favorable as FM prices increased. In conclusion, the consistent productive and economic performance of AP7.5 across production stages and scales, together with maintained sensory quality and lower panel-assessed melanosis, supports its potential as a scalable low-FM strategy for BFT shrimp production. Full article

This study develops an analytical–evolutionary framework for optimizing the dynamic efficiency of bidirectional porous functionally graded beams. Touratier’s higher-order shear deformation theory is coupled with a real-coded genetic algorithm. The material-gradation indices in the thickness and width directions, the porosity coefficient, and the cross-sectional aspect ratio are treated as four coupled design variables. Dynamic efficiency is defined as the first modal frequency per unit mass, J = f₁/m (Hz/kg), with f₁ evaluated at β₁ = π/L for the simply supported finite beam. Uniform and non-uniform porosity laws are examined under three admissible design domains. After correcting and consistently implementing the modified rule of mixtures, the restricted-domain efficiencies are 117.819 and 96.766 Hz/kg for uniform and non-uniform porosity, respectively. Extending the material-gradation bounds increases them to 920.823 and 328.627 Hz/kg, while extension of the geometric domain gives 2302.058 and 821.568 Hz/kg. Thirty independent GA runs for each case yield 100% success under a 0.5% tolerance. Deterministic corner and one-at-a-time sampled checks confirm the observed boundary-directed trends within the investigated boxes. The results are mathematical optima for the stated objective and constraints, not production-ready designs. Full article

The sex ratio of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), is important for assessing reproductive potential and outbreak risk, but automated sex classification in field trap images is hindered by small targets, variable postures, subtle morphological differences and complex backgrounds. An edge–cloud collaborative system was developed for fine-grained sex classification of the rice stem borer. The edge terminal performs image acquisition, target detection, ROI extraction, and foreground enhancement, while the cloud platform conducts sex classification and result management. To improve small-target localization, YOLO-CSNet was constructed by integrating a global attention mechanism and adaptive spatial feature fusion into YOLO11n. Within detection-constrained ROIs, Haar-like features and an AdaBoost discriminator were used to suppress tray textures, shadows and non-target regions. For sex classification, DRS-ViT combines convolutional patch embedding, a discriminative-region soft-weighting module and a KANsformer encoder to represent weak sex-related cues and model global structural relationships. YOLO-CSNet achieved precision, recall, mAP@0.5, and mAP@0.5:0.95 values of 94.36%, 93.19%, 95.32%, and 73.95%, respectively. DRS-ViT achieved accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score values of 93.93%, 94.68%, 93.29%, and 93.91%, respectively. In a temporally independent field deployment conducted at one Shandong site from May to June 2026, the system achieved an image-upload success rate of 91.7% and an end-to-end accuracy of 87.9%. The field results support the feasibility of the workflow under the tested conditions. Future work will extend field validation across multiple sites and seasons to evaluate system generalizability. Full article

Fine particulate matter (${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$) pollution in Bogotá follows a strongly asymmetric temporal pattern: at the Puente Aranda industrial-corridor monitoring station, 98.7% of days whose daily mean exceeds the WHO 2021 guideline of 15 $\mathsf{\mu }{\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ contain at least one hourly concentration above 25 $\mathsf{\mu }{\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$, with a median peak-to-mean ratio of 1.90. Conventional forecasting models, trained to minimise average error, systematically underpredict these critical episodes. To address this structural bias, we trained a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network for 24 h ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ forecasting using three complementary mechanisms: an asymmetric Huber loss that penalises underprediction $\alpha$-fold more than overprediction, sample weighting that amplifies gradients from exceedance windows, and Bayesian hyperparameter optimisation (Optuna-TPE, 100 trials). Evaluating four model configurations on hourly records from 2022 to 2025 (n = 31,961), we identify an inherent regression–detection tension: among the $\alpha$ values examined ($\alpha \in \{1.5,2.5,2.80\}$), no single value simultaneously minimised global MAE and peak MAE. Bayesian optimisation (Optuna-TPE, 100 trials) selected $\alpha =2.80$ and $w_{\mathrm{high}}=10$, achieving the nominally highest sequence-level detection quality (AP = 0.724, 95% bootstrap CI [0.582, 0.821]) and the lowest ${\mathrm{MAE}}_{\mathrm{peaks}}$ (10.64 $\mathsf{\mu }{\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$), but at the cost of near-zero global regression ($R^2\approx 0$). BiLSTM-A1.5 ($\alpha =1.5$) constitutes the best overall compromise (AP = 0.718, CI [0.575, 0.819]; RMSE = 6.65 $\mathsf{\mu }{\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$; $R^2=0.372$; sequence F1 = 0.674); the AP difference ($\Delta =0.006$) is within overlapping bootstrap confidence intervals. All models localise the daily peak within 6 h in at least 88% of exceedance sequences. These results support reframing early-warning system evaluation around exceedance detection rather than regression error. Full article

Global inland fisheries depend on large reservoirs, yet many assessments assume spatial homogeneity despite complex embayed morphometry. We tested whether khor-scale structure within Lake Nasser, Egypt, explains variation in two commercially important catfishes. Six distinct khors spanning the north–south axis (Ghazal, Sheniara, Garf Hussein, Amada, Toshka, and Hamedo) were sampled with standardized effort (72 net-nights; 12 per khor, 3 representative areas ≥ 500 m apart × 4 campaigns, March–June 2021), yielding 398 fish (268 Chrysichthysauratus, 130 C. rueppelli). Abundance was expressed as standardized CPUE (fish·net-night⁻¹). C. auratus CPUE ranged from 2.83 (Ghazal) to 5.92 (Garf Hussein), while C. rueppelli CPUE was relatively uniform (1.50–1.92). C. auratus attained the largest TL in Ghazal (25.51 ± 2.9 cm) and the highest condition K in Garf Hussein (1.46 ± 0.18). C. rueppelli attained the greatest TL and weight in southern khors, especially Hamedo (23.3 ± 2.33 cm, 146.7 ± 30.5 g), while its highest condition was in Toshka (1.30 ± 0.15). Sex ratio was significantly female-biased for C. auratus (92 M:176 F, 1:1.91, p < 0.001) but not for C. rueppelli (55 M:75 F, 1:1.36, p = 0.079). Results show embayment-scale CPUE and condition, not whole-lake means, capture key population patterns, improving precision of mega-reservoir fisheries management. Full article

Airborne dust plumes are difficult to localize in underground mine-face video because the scene is dark, illumination moves with machinery, and dust is confused with lamp bloom, reflective steel, and water-spray aerosol. We present DustVeil, a label-free two-stage system for image-space plume localization. Its software teacher combines background-referenced veiling (C1), local texture decay (C2), and absolute dark-channel response (C3) with a probabilistic soft-OR, then applies glare and chroma gates. The teacher returns a dimensionless response map in [0, 1], a binary plume mask and the corresponding image-area ratio; it does not estimate dust concentration, particle-size distribution, respirable exposure, or hazard categories. Teacher outputs from 342 frames in 114 clips/24 sessions supervise a 0.47 M parameter TinyU-Net. Evaluation uses a 144-image synthetic calibration set and a 72-frame real test set drawn from 72 clips in 18 sessions, with all roles separated at clip and session levels. Thresholds are selected only on synthetic masks and frozen before real scoring. After replacing per-image score normalization with fixed baseline-normal calibration and using reference implementations of the anomaly methods, DustVeil obtains IoU/F1 of 0.366/0.500 and the lowest clean-frame false-positive area (3.7% versus 13.9–59.9%). A separate water-spray set quantifies visual specificity. TinyU-Net runs at 610 FPS for network-only inference and 233 FPS aggregate in the measured six-stream decode-to-mask pipeline; optical flow is excluded from these figures. The validated scope is six fixed visible-light RGB cameras with camera-specific unlabelled calibration at one site, rather than concentration monitoring or camera-disjoint deployment. Full article

The increasing demand and limited availability of fishmeal (FM) have intensified the need for sustainable alternative protein sources in shrimp aquafeeds. This study evaluated high FM replacement in juvenile Penaeus vannamei reared under biofloc technology (BFT), integrating in vitro protein digestibility, growth performance, nutrient utilization and microbiome analyses. Six isoproteic and isolipidic diets combined two FM levels (0% and 7.5%) with animal (A), plant (P), or mixed (AP) protein sources, plus a 15% FM Control diet were assayed. Plant-based diets showed higher in vitro protein digestibility and amino acid release than animal-based diets. However, these differences were not reflected in shrimp performance, as final body weight, SGR and survival were similar among dietary treatments. Apparent feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency, and economic performance were improved in shrimp fed the A7.5 and AP7.5 diets, whereas complete FM replacement resulted in poorer performance. Biofloc and shrimp intestinal microbial community composition was primarily driven by temporal succession, whereas dietary protein source modulated the abundance of specific bacterial families. Biofloc and intestinal communities shared limited taxonomic overlap at the family level, suggesting restricted microbial exchange together with strong habitat and host mediated selection. Overall, these findings indicate that a diet containing 7.5% fishmeal (FM), supplemented with either animal-derived proteins or a combination of animal- and plant-derived protein sources, represents an optimal strategy for juvenile Penaeus vannamei cultured under BFT conditions, maintaining performance while preserving intestinal microbial stability and health. Full article

The booming data volume of modern time-domain surveys demands fast, robust early classification of sparsely sampled light curves, as newly discovered transients typically have only a handful of observations. We compare classifiers for extremely sparse light curves (3–30 observations) on a benchmark of approximately 1.72 million segments spanning seven astrophysical classes from ZTF and ATLAS. Methods include handcrafted-feature approaches (XGBoost, feature-based Transformers) and end-to-end LSTM and Transformer models. A pre-trained end-to-end Transformer achieves test accuracy of 0.946 (macro F1 0.950), exceeding 90% accuracy with only seven observations, but falls to 0.513 without pre-training. XGBoost-Reduced (38 features, excluding LS descriptors) reaches 0.922, while XGBoost-Full (56 features) reaches 0.913. Reliability diagnostics confirm LS periods and false-alarm probabilities are unreliable on 3–30-point segments; restricting training and evaluation to ≥15 points does not reverse the full-scale preference for the Reduced catalog. On CPU, XGBoost runtime is dominated by feature extraction (ratio ≈ 16:1); adding LS descriptors increases total processing time by ∼7.8% (feature extraction by ∼7.0%) without a commensurate accuracy gain. A lightweight LSTM attains 0.847 accuracy with 0.2 M parameters. These results offer practical guidance for model selection in real-time survey pipelines. Full article

Physiological signal emulators support the calibration, validation, and stress testing of cardiovascular monitoring devices. However, many existing systems generate electrocardiography (ECG) or photoplethysmography (PPG) independently and offer limited control over arrhythmia detection and ECG–PPG coupling. This study presents a programmable physiological signal emulator that integrates a unified event-driven ECG–PPG model with synchronized multichannel hardware. The model represents atrial pacing, atrioventricular conduction, and ventricular activation as separate functional blocks, enabling normal sinus rhythm, first-degree atrioventricular block, second-degree atrioventricular block Mobitz I, complete atrioventricular block, atrial tachycardia, and ventricular tachycardia. A Gaussian-based ECG is generated from the atrial and ventricular event sequences, while a multi-Gaussian PPG waveform is derived from ventricular activation using a beat-class-dependent electromechanical delay. The same processing architecture supports playback of recorded 12-lead clinical ECG data through an inverse lead transformation. The hardware uses an STM32F407VET6 microcontroller and MCP4921 digital-to-analog converters (DACs) to generate 10 synchronized analog outputs, comprising 09 ECG electrodes and 01 PPG channel. Validation covered physiological timing, analog-chain performance, and end-to-end signal reproduction. PR interval errors relative to a commercial electrocardiograph were 1.23 ms for normal sinus rhythm and 1.66 ms for first-degree atrioventricular block. The measured beat-to-beat PR increment during Mobitz I conduction was $40.02\pm 0.04$ ms for a programmed value of 40 ms. At commanded amplitudes of at least 800 mV, both output channels achieved absolute amplitude errors below 0.60%, total harmonic distortion below 1%, and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) above 30 dB. Inter-channel R-peak skew remained below the 2 ms sampling interval, and all monitored metrics varied by less than 1.5% during 60 min of continuous operation. Reproduction of a clinical 12-lead recording yielded per-lead $R^2$ values of 0.967–0.986 and a cycle-to-cycle correlation of 0.996. The emulator also reproduced amplitude-dependent bias in automated interval measurements and interpretation labels. These results demonstrate a low-cost, open-source platform for reproducible device calibration, algorithm stress testing, medical training, and physiological signal processing research. Full article

Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) experience coupled aero–hydro–servo-elastic excitations that produce structurally distinct kinematic responses at different measurement heights. While field monitoring campaigns increasingly deploy multi-level inertial sensors, the quantitative spectral partitioning of response energy across measurement levels and its relationship to operational and environmental conditions remain poorly characterised for operational FOWTs. This study presents a systematic multi-level spectral decomposition of operational FOWT structural response using synchronised tower-base and nacelle strapdown inertial measurements acquired at 8 Hz over a six-day campaign (18–23 April 2023) at a semi-submersible FOWT in Chinese coastal waters. Six kinematic channels—three translational acceleration components and three translational velocity components—from each sensor are decomposed into four physically defined frequency bands: drift (0.005–0.05 Hz), wave (0.05–0.30 Hz), structural (0.30–0.50 Hz), and rotor (0.50–0.80 Hz). Three derived scalar metrics—band energy ratio (BER), Wave-to-Structural Dominance Ratio (WSDR), and Structural Amplification Factor (SAF)—are defined, with their complete computation specifications and parameter sensitivity analysis provided to ensure reproducibility. Across 36 ten-minute windows spanning diverse conditions (mean wind 4.2–12.1 m/s, $H_s$ 0.8–3.1 m), results reveal a pronounced and consistent spectral separation: the tower base is strongly wave-dominated (${\mathrm{BER}}_{\mathrm{wave}}$ = 75.9%, coefficient of variation CV = 15.0% across days), whereas the nacelle exhibits substantially elevated structural-band energy (${\mathrm{BER}}_{\mathrm{struct}}$ = 10.3%, 4.72-fold amplification relative to tower base, 95% CI [3.63, 5.81]) and rotor-band energy (11.8%, 3.77-fold amplification). The WSDR at the tower base (mean 200.9, 95% CI [101.4, 300.4]) exceeds that at the nacelle (mean 48.4, 95% CI [13.1, 83.7]) by a factor of 4.1×. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that nacelle structural-band BER is significantly modulated by SCADA operational regime ($F=5.20$, $p=0.024$, ${\eta }^2=0.16$) and by significant wave height ($p=0.031$), while tower-base wave-band BER is primarily driven by $H_s$ ($p=0.018$). Comparison with baseline features—root-mean-square acceleration, spectral peak frequency, and traditional broad-band energy ratio—demonstrates that the band-resolved BER provides finer discrimination between excitation mechanisms than aggregate metrics. Importantly, no structural damage events occurred during the monitoring period; therefore, the reported stability of these features is interpreted as a baseline characterisation under normal operational conditions, which could support future anomaly detection efforts but does not constitute validation of damage detection capability. A comprehensive limitations assessment is provided, covering single-turbine validation, frequency-band sensitivity, regime sample imbalance, and generalisability constraints. Full article

Precise signal extraction and geophysical interpretation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) coordinate time series constitute the core foundation for establishing the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) and inverting surface mass redistribution. This paper reviews major advances in this field across four dimensions: model framework, signal characteristics, extraction methods, and geophysical mechanisms. Key findings include: (1) Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) has become the recognized standard for linear trend extraction: by jointly estimating deformation parameters and the noise covariance, it corrects the up to 5–10-fold underestimation of velocity uncertainty that arises in conventional least-squares analyses when colored noise is present but a white-noise covariance is assumed; (2) in CMONOC benchmark tests reported by Wu et al., Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) achieves an average 69.8% residual RMS reduction at 97.9% of stations—results that are promising but not yet independently replicated on other networks—while the self-supervised model GNSS-FM (currently an unreviewed preprint) represents an emerging intelligent analysis paradigm; (3) the combined effect of atmospheric, non-tidal ocean and hydrological loading explains about 42% of the residual power of the annual vertical signal globally after pole tide correction and reduces the weighted mean vertical annual amplitude from 4.19 mm to 3.19 mm, while for horizontal components the fraction explained by current loading models is much smaller (amplitude ratio, explained variance and RMS/WRMS reduction are distinct metrics and are not directly interchangeable). This paper further highlights that the annual period was reported to fluctuate between 363 and 367 days at the ten CMONOC stations analyzed by Li et al.—a time variability that, if general, challenges fixed-frequency signal separation methods, although apparent period changes may also arise from amplitude/phase modulation, spectral leakage, finite-record effects, colored noise or data gaps—and it identifies thermoelastic deformation (TED) as a long-neglected but potentially quantifiable component, based on a recently released preprint dataset that has not yet undergone peer review. Finally, key research prospects are outlined, including physics-informed fusion methods, self-supervised foundation models, and a unified multi-source inversion framework. Full article

High gas–oil ratio (GOR) well streams challenge the stable operation of oilfield gathering systems because positive-displacement multiphase pumps lose volumetric efficiency, amplify pressure pulsation, and suffer seal degradation as the inlet gas fraction rises. Targeting GOR = 100–300 Nm³/t (≈480–1450 scf/STB), this study proposes a jet pump-based oil–gas multiphase transportation system together with an evaluation framework that couples localized computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with a one-dimensional (1D) transient pipeline network model. The methodological novelty is a GOR-dependent source-term closure embedded in the 1D momentum equation: the pump pressure rise is evaluated at every time step as $\mathsf{\Delta }{p}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)=k_g\left(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{R}\right)·{\Pi }_p\left(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{R},p_w\right)·\left(p_w-p_s\right)$ from CFD-derived maps of entrainment ratio, pressure recovery, and high-gas correction, so that the jet pump enters the network simulation as a dynamic source rather than a steady boundary condition, a capability that neither pump-level transient CFD nor conventional 1D codes provide. Transient simulations under slug disturbances give three main results. (i) At GOR = 200 Nm³/t and constant working-fluid pressure, slug arrivals drive the outlet pressure transiently below the ±5% band (0.76–0.84 MPa), and it returns to the band of the 0.80 MPa set point within ≈150 s. (ii) As GOR increases from 100 to 300 Nm³/t, ${\displaystyle \frac{{\sigma }_p}{p_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}}}}$ rises from 0.031 to 0.089 and the peak-to-peak ratio from 0.18 to 0.50, with stability criterion C1 violated beyond ≈275 Nm³/t. (iii) Three applicability zones are delineated: preferred (100–200), controllable (200–260), and marginal (260–300 Nm³/t), where the marginal zone requires inlet peak-shaving, ≥30% working-fluid pressure margin, and feedforward–feedback control. Mesh independence (${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}=0.23–0.35$%) and a CFD–1D transfer mismatch ≤3% support internal consistency; the delineated boundaries remain model predictions pending experimental and field validation. Full article

This experimental study investigated the feasibility of using a flex constant (displacement-to-force ratio) to monitor changes in dental implant stability in a porcine model. The stability change was incurred by thawing a porcine model from a frozen state. The changes were simultaneously monitored using resonance frequency analysis (RFA) for comparison. A Straumann BL $\varnothing 4.1\times 10$ mm SLA implant was placed in the retromolar area of a fresh porcine mandible following the manufacturer’s surgical protocol, with the motor set at a torque of 35 $\mathrm{N}·\mathrm{cm}$. The porcine mandible was frozen to create a high-stability condition and thawed at room temperature to yield a low-stability condition. Before thawing, a regular connection (RC) locator abutment, 6 mm in length, was connected to the implant platform and secured with a torque of 10 $\mathrm{N}·\mathrm{cm}$. A custom-made motor-sensor unit, comprising a haptic unbalanced motor and a digital accelerometer, was press-fit onto the locator abutment. The motor applied a harmonic force ($\mathrm{F})$ to the abutment–implant system, and the accelerometer measured the corresponding displacement ($∆x)$. The flex constant was obtained as $∆x/F$. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) was also measured using Penguin RFA for comparison. To demonstrate the feasibility, only one mandible with one implant was tested. Three rounds of tests were performed to ensure repeatability. For all three rounds of tests, ISQ dropped from high values (>80) in the frozen state to a low value (65–75) in the thawed state, occurring about 30–40 min after thawing. The drop in ISQ indicated reduction in implant stability when the frozen mandible thawed. The flex constant increased from 0.4 to 0.5 $\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{N}$ in the frozen state to 0.9–1.8 $\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{N}$ in the thawed state, with the transition occurring 30–50 min after thawing began. The increase in the flex constant implied larger displacement under the same force, indicating reduced stability. A transition peak was also observed in the flex constant measurement between the frozen and thawed states, likely due to thermal expansion and moisture condensation at the interface between the motor-sensor unit and the locator abutment. Test results from the porcine model indicate that a flex constant can reflect the changes in dental implant stability as an RFA device. Full article

The study aimed to investigate the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 (TL106) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and intestinal microbiota in Danzhou chickens. A total of 384 healthy female Danzhou chicks were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) and three experimental groups (Ba1, Ba2, Ba3), receiving basal diets supplemented with TL106 at 5 × 10⁷, 5 × 10⁸, and 5 × 10⁹ CFU/kg, respectively, for 55 d (divided into early [1–35 d] and later [36–55 d] phases). While no significant growth improvement was observed in the early phase, average daily feed intake (ADFI) and final body weight (BW) increased, and the feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) during the later phase in Ba2 and Ba3, especially in Ba3. At d 55, TL106 supplementation significantly elevated serum IgM content (p < 0.001) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity (p < 0.05), reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content (p < 0.01), and enhanced albumin (ALB) levels (p < 0.05). The Ba3 group also improved the villus height-to-crypt depth ratios (VH/CD) of the ileum and duodenum (p < 0.05). Microbial analysis indicated that abundances of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes increased while Proteobacteria and butyrate-producing Faecalibacterium were enriched in the TL106 groups compared to CON. Cecal butyrate concentrations rose dose-dependently (p < 0.05), with most of the key parameters—including final BW, ADFI, F/G, serum ALB, IgM, T-SOD, GSH-Px, MDA (d 55), duodenal and ileal VH/CD, and cecal butyric, propionic, and valeric acids—showing significant quadratic responses (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated that TL106 in diets enhanced growth performance and intestinal health in Danzhou chickens by modulating immunity, antioxidant responses, and microbiota, with 5.0 × 10⁸ CFU/kg appearing to be the most effective dose among those tested under the conditions of this study. Full article

Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are sensitive indicators of photosystem II (PSII) functionality and overall photosynthetic performance; however, their genetic architecture in wheat remains poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the gene action governing chlorophyll fluorescence traits in two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crosses: N-92-9 × Ehsan and Kohdasht × Ehsan. Six generations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁, and BC₂) were evaluated under a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Sixteen OJIP-based fluorescence parameters were recorded, including Fo, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, ABS/RC, TRo/RC, ETo/RC, REo/RC, φ(Po), ψ(Eo), ABS/CSo, DIo/CSo, TRo/CSo, ETo/CSo, ABS/CSm, and DIo/CSm. Significant generation effects were detected for 14 of the 16 parameters in N-92-9 × Ehsan and for 12 parameters in Kohdasht × Ehsan. These statistical patterns and the subsequent generation mean analyses indicated cross- and trait-dependent contributions of additive, dominance, and epistatic effects. The ratio |F|/√(D×H) was less than unity for the majority of traits in both crosses, indicating an asymmetrical distribution of dominant and recessive alleles between the parents and confirming the importance of dominance in controlling these traits. Broad-sense heritability ranged from moderate to high, reaching 0.991 for Fv/Fm in N-92-9 × Ehsan and 0.697 for ABS/CSm in Kohdasht × Ehsan. Dominance gene effects were predominant for most traits in both crosses, suggesting that hybrid breeding strategies would be more effective for improving these traits. An exception was TRo/CSo in Kohdasht × Ehsan, where additive effects were more prominent, making it amenable to improvement through selection-based methods. These findings provide a cross-specific quantitative-genetic assessment of gene action for PSII fluorescence parameters and illustrate the potential value of combining generation mean analysis with marker-based approaches when integrating photosynthetic efficiency into wheat breeding programs. Full article