Search Results (7,611)

Sleep disorders, such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder, and circadian rhythm disturbances, represent a rapidly expanding global health burden that is strongly associated with cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological, and psychiatric diseases. Advancements in wearable sensing technologies and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) infrastructures have expanded the possibilities for continuous, home-based sleep assessment beyond conventional polysomnography laboratories. These Sleep Health Internet of Things (S-HIoT) systems combine multimodal physiological sensing (EEG, ECG, SpO₂, respiratory effort and actigraphy) with wireless communication and cloud-based analytics for automated sleep-stage classification and disorder detection. Nonetheless, the digitization of sleep medicine brings about significant cybersecurity concerns. The constant transmission of sensitive biomedical information makes S-HIoT networks open to anomalous traffic flows, signal manipulation, replay attacks, spoofing, and data integrity violation. Existing studies mostly focus on analyzing physiological signals and network intrusion detection independently, resulting in a systemic vulnerability of cyber–physical sleep monitoring ecosystems. With the aim of addressing this empirical deficiency, this review integrates emerging advances (2022–2026) in the AI-assisted categorization of sleep phases and IoMT anomaly detector designs on the finer analysis of CNN, LSTM/BiLSTM, Transformer-based systems, and a component part of federated schemes and the lightweight, edge-deployable intruder assessor models available. The aim of this study is to uncover a gap in the literature: integrated architectures to trade off audiences of faithfulness of physiological modeling with communication-layer security. To counter it, we present a single framework to include CNN-based spatial feature extraction, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM)-based temporal models and Random Forest-based ensemble classification using a dual task-learning approach. We propose a multi-objective optimization framework to jointly optimize the performance of sleep-stage prediction and that of network anomaly detection. Performance on publicly available datasets (Sleep-EDF and CICIoMT2024) confirms that hybrid integration can be tailored to achieve high accuracy [99.8% sleep staging; 98.6% anomaly detection] whilst being characterized by low inference latency (<45 ms), which is promising for feasibility in real-time deployment in view of targeting edge devices. This work presents a comprehensive framework for developing secure, intelligent, and clinically robust digital sleep health ecosystems by bridging chronobiological signal modeling with cybersecurity mechanisms. Furthermore, it highlights future research directions, including explainable AI, federated secure learning, adversarial robustness, and energy-aware edge optimization. Full article

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 5 (CDKL5) Deficient Disorder (CDD) is a rare X-linked developmental and epileptic encephalopathy characterized by early-onset refractory epilepsy, severe neurodevelopmental impairment, and lifelong disability. Although more than thirty anti-seizure medications are available, most CDD patients remain pharmaco-resistant. Gene-based therapies are emerging, but therapeutic development is hindered by marked clinical heterogeneity, small patient populations, and the lack of robust, translatable brain-based biomarkers for clinical trials. Genetically engineered Cdkl5 mouse models recapitulate many cognitive, behavioral, and molecular features of CDD, yet their utility is limited by the absence of overt seizures, precluding seizure-based outcome measures. Here, we establish high-definition brain network (HDBN) biomarkers using advanced diffusion MRI tractography combined with graph-theoretical analysis to quantify whole-brain network organization in Cdkl5 knockout mice. Diffusion MRI enables non-invasive mapping of axonal connectivity by leveraging anisotropic water diffusion, while high-angular-resolution acquisition overcomes key limitations of conventional diffusion tensor imaging in regions with complex fiber architecture. We demonstrate that Cdkl5 knockout mice exhibit reproducible and region-specific disruptions in brain network organization, prominently affecting the somatosensory and somatomotor cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and superior colliculus—regions implicated in cognition, learning and memory, homeostasis, anxiety, and visual–motor function. In contrast, networks within the entorhinal cortex remain largely preserved. These findings identify HDBN metrics as sensitive, non-invasive biomarkers that capture clinically relevant circuit-level abnormalities in CDD. Because diffusion MRI–based network analyses are directly translatable across species, HDBN biomarkers provide a unified framework for therapeutic evaluation in mouse models, large animals, and human clinical trials, enabling longitudinal monitoring of disease progression and treatment response. Full article

Background/Objectives: Ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischemic attack (TIA) differ in terms of medical severity and prognosis; however, it remains unclear whether these differences are reflected in nursing complexity and nursing intensity when assessed using standardized nursing language. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed routinely collected nursing and administrative data from an acute care hospital. Hospitalizations were classified as ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, or TIA using ICD-9-CM codes. Nursing complexity was measured as the number of nursing diagnoses (NDs) documented within 24 h of admission, while nursing intensity was measured as the number of nursing actions (NAs) recorded during hospitalization. Group differences were tested using ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests, as appropriate. Results: A total of 728 hospitalizations were included: 429 ischemic strokes, 236 hemorrhagic strokes, and 63 TIAs. Overall, 4136 NDs and 27,528 NAs were recorded. Distinct patterns emerged across stroke categories. ND counts differed significantly (F = 5.81, p = 0.003), with TIA showing lower counts than both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, while no significant difference was observed between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. NA counts also differed significantly (H = 16.73, p < 0.001), with the highest counts in hemorrhagic stroke, intermediate counts in ischemic stroke, and the lowest counts in TIA. In a sensitivity analysis standardized by length of stay, nursing intensity also differed significantly across stroke categories (H = 12.999, p = 0.002), although the pattern differed from that observed for cumulative counts. Conclusions: Nursing complexity and nursing intensity showed distinct patterns across stroke categories. While complexity was comparable between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and lower in TIA, intensity followed a clear gradient, highest in hemorrhagic stroke, intermediate in ischemic stroke, and lowest in TIA. Standardized nursing data may complement medical indicators by capturing additional dimensions of patient needs and care delivery in people with stroke. Full article

Background: Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) is a life-threatening condition that may be complicated by malperfusion, particularly in patients with prior aortic interventions such as Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR). Management becomes increasingly complex when the dissection involves supra-aortic branches and compromises previously placed stents. Methods: We report the case of a 58-year-old male presenting with ATAAD and left lower limb paralysis, with a history of prior TEVAR. Imaging demonstrated an entry tear in the ascending aorta with extension into the distal left main and supra-aortic branches, resulting in a dissection flap obstructing the proximal end of the TEVAR stent. The patient underwent emergency surgical intervention including a Bentall procedure, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and deployment of a small Ascyrus Medical Dissection Stent (AMDS) distally within the TEVAR stent. Pre-operatively, the patient had severe lower limb ischemia due to near-complete obstruction of distal flow. Results: Following surgical intervention, there was restoration of true lumen perfusion with resolution of malperfusion. The patient was successfully weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass, extubated on post-operative day 4, and discharged on day 7 with stable hemodynamics and intact bilateral lower limb perfusion. Post-operative computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a well-seated AMDS with no evidence of ongoing false lumen perfusion. At 30-day follow-up, there was no clinical or biochemical evidence of organ malperfusion. Conclusions: The use of an AMDS deployed within a pre-existing TEVAR stent may represent an effective strategy for managing complex ATAAD with malperfusion, particularly in cases requiring combined surgical interventions. Full article

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common functional disorder in paediatric populations and is associated with significant psychological burden and impaired quality of life. Although oxybutynin is widely used as first-line pharmacological therapy, a substantial proportion of children exhibit incomplete symptom control or limited tolerability. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuromuscular excitability may provide additional therapeutic benefit. This retrospective observational study evaluated the clinical impact of an adjunctive nutraceutical formulation containing myo-inositol, microlipodispersed magnesium, folic acid, and vitamin C (LEVIGON™ PRO, Sanitpharma; Milan, Italy) in children with OAB receiving oxybutynin. Methods: Medical records of children diagnosed with OAB were retrospectively reviewed. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 120 patients aged 5–15 years were included and allocated to two groups based on documented treatment: oxybutynin plus LEVIGON™ PRO (Group A, n = 60) or oxybutynin alone (Group B, n = 60). The primary outcome was complete daytime urinary continence at Day 112. Secondary outcomes included weekly incontinence episodes, voiding frequency, bladder wall thickness, uroflowmetry parameters, and Patient Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC) scores. An exploratory subgroup analysis was performed in 34 children with impaired fasting glucose (ifg), assessing fasting glucose, insulin, and homa-ir. results: by day 112, complete daytime continence was achieved in 61.7% of patients in group a and 48.3% in group b (absolute risk difference 13.4%; nnt ≈ 7.5; p = 0.14). across secondary endpoints, the combination therapy group showed significantly greater longitudinal improvements (group × time interaction, p < 0.05), including reductions in weekly incontinence episodes, voiding frequency, post-void residual volume, and ppbc scores, as well as increases in mean voided volume, qmax, and reductions in bladder wall thickness. in the ifg subgroup, greater reductions in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homa-ir were observed in group a compared with group b (p < 0.01). Both treatments were well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported. conclusions: adjunctive nutraceutical therapy combined with oxybutynin was associated with greater improvements in several clinically relevant secondary outcomes in children with OAB, with a favourable tolerability profile. Although the primary endpoint did not reach statistical significance, the overall pattern of findings may suggest a possible additive benefit; however, these findings may be influenced by residual confounding inherent to the retrospective observational design. Therefore, the results should be considered hypothesis generating and require confirmation in prospective randomized controlled trials. Full article

Background: Dyspnea is a common reason for emergency medical service (EMS) interventions and is associated with a substantial risk of severe clinical course, complications, and hospital admission. Its differential diagnosis in the prehospital setting remains challenging due to the limited availability of imaging modalities. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), including lung ultrasound (LUS), is a rapid, field-applicable technique recommended in numerous acute respiratory diagnostic scenarios. Objective: To evaluate the use of lung ultrasound in the prehospital setting and its association with the precision of diagnoses related to respiratory failure, the frequency of transport to the emergency department (ED) among patients presenting with dyspnea/respiratory failure, and to characterize the profile of sonographic findings with their correlation to clinical diagnostic categories. Additionally, transport rates in the study population were compared with aggregated regional data for the Masovian Voivodeship (excluding the analyzed county). Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on EMS interventions performed between 01 January 2025 and 30 June 2025 in Legionowo County (N = 353). The analysis included ICD-10 codes assigned in prehospital documentation (one primary code and up to two additional codes) in patients presenting with dyspnea and/or respiratory failure, the performance of ultrasound examination, and resulting LUS findings (absence of pleural sliding and/or lung point; B-lines; consolidations; C-lines; pleural effusion). Descriptive analyses, frequency comparison tests (χ²/Fisher), estimation of relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and agreement analysis using Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ) between etiological categories derived from ICD-10 codes and those inferred from LUS profiles were performed (κ with 95% CI estimated using bootstrap resampling). The study was reported in accordance with the STROBE guidelines for observational studies. Additionally, the distribution of ICD-10 coding and the proportion of hospital transports across the entire Masovian Voivodeship were compared with those observed in the analyzed area. Results: Ultrasound examination was performed in 72/353 (20.4%) EMS interventions; transport to the emergency department occurred in 239/353 (67.7%) cases. The most frequent clinical categories based on ICD-10 codes were: general/symptom-based 182/353 (51.6%), inflammatory 77/353 (21.8%), obstructive 66/353 (18.7%), and cardiological 20/353 (5.7%). Among abnormal LUS findings, the most common were B-lines (43/72; 61.4%) and consolidations (29/72; 41.4%). Consolidations were strongly associated with the inflammatory category (OR 9.72; p < 0.001), whereas B-lines were associated with the cardiological category (OR 23.41; p = 0.0011) among cases in which LUS was performed. Ultrasound use was associated with a higher frequency of assigning at least one targeted (non-symptom-based) diagnosis within ICD coding: 53/72 (73.6%) vs. 111/278 (39.9%), RR 1.84 (95% CI 1.51–2.25; p < 0.001). Agreement between the ICD-10 etiological category (inflammatory/cardiological/obstructive/other) and the category inferred from the LUS profile was moderate: κ = 0.36 (95% CI 0.21–0.51), with an observed agreement of 54.2%. Compared with aggregated regional data (Masovian Voivodeship excluding the analyzed county), the overall transport rate for comparable ICD-10 codes was lower in the study unit: 279/409 (68.2%) vs. 11,351/13,785 (82.3%), RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.78–0.89; p < 0.001). The largest differences were observed for dyspnea (R06.0: 72.9% vs. 88.2%; RR 0.83) and obstructive codes (J44/J45/J46 combined: 43.1% vs. 67.0%; RR 0.64). Conclusions: In this retrospective analysis, an EMS unit with systematically implemented ultrasound demonstrated a lower frequency of hospital transport for selected dyspnea/respiratory failure codes compared with regional data and greater precision in ICD-10 diagnostic coding in cases where ultrasound was performed. The profile of LUS findings correlated with clinical categories in a manner consistent with existing literature. Full article

Despite the availability of clinical guidelines aimed at managing pregnancy complications, maternal deaths related to obstetric emergencies remain unacceptably high in South Africa, especially in rural provinces like Limpopo. These preventable deaths are often linked to delayed response to complications, poor adherence to protocols, and lack of essential resources. The study aimed to explore the experiences of health professionals regarding the implementation of maternal guidelines used to manage obstetric emergencies. The study adopted a qualitative, descriptive, and explorative design. Data were analysed thematically, and trustworthiness was maintained throughout the research process. Sixteen participants from four selected hospitals in a rural area of South Africa (Vhembe District, Limpopo Province) were purposively sampled and interviewed using semi-structured interviews; data were analysed thematically. The findings highlighted multiple critical barriers to guideline implementation, including shortages of printed clinical protocols, inconsistent patient follow-up, poor referral systems, infrastructure deficits, medication stock-outs, and negative staff attitudes. Most doctors and midwives working in maternity units lacked training on the Essential Steps in the Management of Obstetric Emergencies (ESMOE), resulting in insufficient knowledge and skills to manage obstetric emergencies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for comprehensive ESMOE training for all doctors and midwives in maternity units. Full article

Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a non-pharmacological intervention for managing pain and anxiety during medical procedures. This study presents a systematic review with complementary bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on the clinical effectiveness of VR in healthcare settings. A structured search was conducted across five databases (Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE), identifying 627 records, of which 26 studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted on study design, population, type of intervention, and clinical outcomes related to pain and anxiety. Most included studies reported reductions in perceived pain and/or anxiety when VR was used as an adjunctive intervention, particularly in pediatric and procedural contexts. However, findings were heterogeneous in terms of study design, VR modalities, and outcome measures, limiting quantitative synthesis. The bibliometric analysis indicates growing research interest, with a strong focus on clinical outcomes, while evidence related to implementation and healthcare system integration remains limited. Overall, VR appears to be a promising complementary tool for improving patient experience during medical procedures. However, further high-quality studies with standardized methodologies are needed to establish its effectiveness and facilitate future meta-analyses. Full article

Ensuring data security and privacy has emerged as a serious concern in the realm of blood supply chain. This is mainly because of sensitivity of donor information, the involvement of multiple stakeholders, and the need for transparent traceability. This paper proposes a novel privacy-preserving, permissioned blockchain framework for blood supply chain management that integrates Hyperledger Fabric, the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), and a Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP)-based authentication protocol. The framework introduces a Pseudonymous Role-Bound Zero-Knowledge Authentication (PRZKA) mechanism that enables donors to authenticate and authorize access to their medical data without revealing their real identities. Context-specific pseudonyms derived through cryptographic hash-to-curve operations ensure unlinkability across different healthcare interactions, while Schnorr-style challenge–response proofs prevent replay attacks and credential misuse. Sensitive donor information is protected using Fabric Private Data Collections, whereas encrypted medical records are stored off-chain in IPFS, with only secure content identifiers recorded on the blockchain. Smart contracts enforce fine-grained, consent-aware access control policies and maintain immutable audit logs of all access events. The proposed system architecture combines an off-chain ZKP gateway with on-chain authorization logic to minimize blockchain overhead while preserving strong security guarantees. Furthermore, a performance evaluation framework is defined, including metrics, workload scenarios, and system configurations, to support future empirical validation. Security analysis indicates that the proposed framework enhances privacy, prevents identity linkage, and enables auditable, consent-driven data sharing compared with existing blockchain-based healthcare solutions. Full article

Female malignancies, including breast, cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers, remain a significant health challenge. Meanwhile, treatment options for advanced-stage remain limited. Drug repurposing has emerged as a promising approach to accelerate the development of effective cancer therapies using existing medications. Growing evidence indicates that metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus are linked with an elevated risk of tumors, highlighting antidiabetic drugs as potential anticancer agents. Among these, inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) have attracted attention as potential therapeutic candidates, due to their diverse biological functions in glucose metabolism, inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor biology. This review summarizes current epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical evidence regarding the role of DPP4 in female cancers and the therapeutic potential of DPP4 inhibitors. Studies demonstrate that DPP4 influences key oncogenic processes, including proliferation, invasion, metastasis, immune modulation, and metabolic reprogramming. However, available data on DPP4 inhibition and its influence in cancer therapy are controversial and scarce. Further mechanistic studies and well-designed clinical investigations are required to clarify their safety and clinical applicability in the management of female malignancies. Full article

Objectives: To evaluate how often pain is assessed and treated in pediatric trauma patients transported by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to a pediatric emergency department (ED), and to compare current practice with national recommendations of the Polish Ministry of Health for prehospital pediatric pain management. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of EMS and ED documentation for all trauma patients under 18 years of age transported to the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of the University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw between 1 January and 31 December 2021. A total of 981 patients with injury or suspected injury or burns were included without exclusion criteria. For patients with documented pain scores, we analyzed pain intensity (0–10), the scales used [Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (FACES)], body region injured, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, suspected alcohol or psychoactive substance use, and type and route of analgesic administration. We further evaluated non-pharmacological interventions, pain reassessment, and achievement of at least 50% pain reduction, as defined in national guidelines. Statistical analysis included Student’s t-test or ANOVA for quantitative variables and maximum likelihood chi-square tests for qualitative variables (α = 0.05). Results: Pain was assessed in 839/981 (85.5%) patients; 651/839 (77.6%) reported pain, most frequently of moderate intensity. Despite this, only 208/981 (21.2%) patients received analgesics prehospitally. Morphine and paracetamol were the most frequently used drugs, predominantly administered intravenously, while non-opioid monotherapy was commonly used in patients with lower baseline pain scores. Less than half of all patients received any non-pharmacological intervention whatsoever. Pain was reassessed in 734/839 (87.5%) patients, with a mean reassessment time of approximately 10 min; however, in many cases reassessment occurred earlier than the expected onset of analgesic action. Overall, only 29.4% of patients with pain and documented reassessment achieved the recommended ≥50% reduction in pain intensity, and at least 70.2% of the cohort had no documented evidence of treatment fully complying with national recommendations. Conclusions: In this real-world prehospital and ED cohort, pediatric trauma pain remains under-treated, and adherence to national guidelines on opioid-based analgesia and pain reassessment is suboptimal. Further efforts are needed to improve documentation, expand the recommended pharmacological options for mild pain, and strengthen education on guideline-concordant pediatric pain management in EMS. Full article

Tooth structure anomalies, though not frequently described, can be observed in the external appearance not only of humans but also of dogs. The emergence of an oversized set of teeth is not solely an esthetic and health problem, but often also leads to behavioral issues. In the commonly available medical literature, there are many cases describing the occurrence and treatment of double teeth, both in the incisors and in the cheek teeth. In this article, the authors describe a clinical case of a one-year-old female Golden Retriever dog diagnosed with a double tooth in her permanent dentition. The complex morphology of the affected tooth posed a considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Surgical separation of the tooth was performed, requiring an individualized treatment approach and the adaptation of protocols derived primarily from human dentistry. This case highlights the diagnostic and clinical decision-making difficulties associated with such anomalies. It also emphasizes the importance of tailored therapeutic strategies for managing rare dental developmental abnormalities in dogs. The teeth were successfully surgically separated, and thus the present report contributes to the limited body of literature on double teeth in veterinary patients and provides practical insight into their management. This description of the first case of this type in veterinary dentistry aims to encourage readers to explore the topic of double teeth and demonstrates a non-standard way of thinking and dealing with such a tooth. The presented case is unique from both a diagnostic and therapeutic perspective. Previous publications have focused on these abnormalities as separate entities, failing to consider their simultaneous occurrence within a single tooth. The therapeutic approach employed also deserves particular attention. The most commonly recommended approach involves extraction of the affected teeth; however, in this case, an attempt was made to separate and preserve them, representing a novel clinical approach. Full article

Wastewater surveillance is an effective approach for monitoring populations of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tracking the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across different settings. In this study, hospital and municipal wastewater were collected monthly for 12 months from multiple locations in the greater Pittsburgh area to quantify the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and investigate their genomic diversity. After quantitative culturing on six different selective media types, a total of 150 isolates were speciated by 16S rRNA sequencing, which revealed diverse pathogenic and non-pathogenic taxa, including Klebsiella spp. (n = 28), Pseudomonas spp. (n = 20) and Aeromonas spp. (n = 37). A subset of isolates (n = 46) underwent whole genome sequencing, which identified several antibiotic resistance genes of clinical concern, such as bla_KPC (n = 17), bla_NDM (n = 6) and bla_IMP (n = 6), and revealed genetic similarities between wastewater isolates and clinical isolates collected from infected patients at a Pittsburgh-area medical center. In addition, analysis of plasmids carried by wastewater isolates revealed closely related plasmids present in isolates from different species and sampling locations. Overall, these findings suggest that both hospital and municipal wastewater act as interconnected reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. Integrating wastewater surveillance with clinical and genomic data could enable the early detection of emerging resistance threats and support proactive infection-control strategies. Full article

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignancy that is difficult to diagnose early and carries a poor prognosis. Conventional serological diagnostics are limited by inadequate sensitivity and the risks of invasive procedures, resulting in most patients being diagnosed at an advanced stage. In recent years, liquid biopsy has emerged as a novel approach for non-invasive and dynamic molecular tumor monitoring by detecting biomarkers such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and clusterin (CLU). Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated strong potential in aiding diagnosis through medical image analysis, pathological pattern recognition, and multi-omics data integration, significantly improving the precision of early detection, risk stratification, and treatment response monitoring in CCA. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in liquid biopsy and AI for CCA diagnosis, discusses their clinical potential and current challenges, and offers perspectives on how their integration can propel the field toward earlier and more precise management of the disease. Full article

Nanotechnology has emerged as a key driver in radioisotope batteries, which offer unique advantages for long-term, maintenance-free energy supply in deep space exploration, medical implants, and nuclear waste utilization. This review summarizes recent progress in applying nanomaterials and nanostructures to overcome the limitations of nuclear batteries, including low energy conversion efficiency and poor stability. The main content focuses on the three primary conversion mechanisms of thermoelectric, radio-voltaic, and radio-photovoltaic batteries, discussing high-performance thermoelectric nanomaterials such as SiGe alloys, wide-bandgap semiconductors including diamond and SiC for enhanced carrier collection, and nanoscale radionuclide ources to mitigate self-absorption losses. This review further elaborates on how nanostructure regulation and interface engineering have significantly improved carrier collection efficiency and device stability. These advances have enabled notable civilian applications, such as the BV100 and “Zhulong No.1” nuclear batteries. Despite this progress, challenges remain in ensuring long-term material stability under extreme environments, maintaining performance consistency during macroscopic device integration, and addressing the high fabrication costs. The review concludes by outlining future research directions, including the development of novel nanomaterial systems, innovative nanostructure designs, scalable manufacturing processes, and enhanced device stability and safety, to further advance next-generation radioisotope batteries. Full article