Search Results (1,458)

Gametocyte-specific factor 1 (Gtsf1) plays a pivotal role in the gonadal development by transposon silencing via the piRNA pathway in Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori, and is implicated in the female sex determination in B. mori. However, its function remains elusive in other insect species, including Plutella xylostella, a highly destructive pest in cruciferous crops. In this study, we characterized PxGtsf1, encoding a 27.84 kDa protein containing two conserved U11-48K-like CHHC zinc-finger domains. PxGtsf1 was predominantly expressed in male pupae, males and testes. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technique, we successfully generated a homozygous PxGtsf1-knockout strain (△PxGtsf1) with 11 bp deletion. △PxGtsf1 females exhibited normal morphology in terms of external genitalia, body weight, ovariole morphology, ovariole length, oocytes number, and internal ovarian structure, and maintained the expression levels of genes related to female sex determination and fertility. In contrast, △PxGtsf1 males displayed reduced testis size and enlarged eupyrene sperm bundles, whereas apyrene sperm bundles appeared normal. Wild-type (WT) or △PxGtsf1 females mated with △PxGtsf1 males had significantly smaller bursa copulatrix distention area compared to those mated with WT males. Furthermore, WT or △PxGtsf1 females mated with △PxGtsf1 males produced significantly fewer eggs with lower hatching rates than those mated with WT males. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PxGtsf1 specifically interacts with PxPiwi. Small RNA sequencing further showed that PxGtsf1 knockout resulted in transposon dysregulation in the testes without affecting overall piRNA abundance, suggesting that PxGtsf1 functions in piRNA-mediated transposon regulation rather than global piRNA biogenesis. PxGtsf1 is first reported to be specifically required for male fertility in Lepidoptera insects but is dispensable for female sex determination., PxGtsf1 regulates transposon homeostasis without affecting global piRNA biogenesis. These findings provide new insights into the diverse functions of Gtsf1 in Lepidopteran insects. Full article

Background: The tick microbiome is shaped by environmental filters and host biological traits. Microbial co-occurrence networks offer a powerful framework to map inter-microbial interactions, node topological roles, and community stability beyond standard diversity metrics; however, how tick sex modulates these structural networks remains poorly understood. Methods: We sequenced the V3–V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene from 86 adult Hyalomma lusitanicum ticks (37 males and 49 females) collected across six ecogeographical localities in Andalusia during 2023. A refined dataset of 5570 high-confidence Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) was analyzed. Alpha and beta diversity patterns were evaluated using PERMANOVA models, and sex-stratified co-occurrence networks were constructed using Spearman’s rank correlations and the Zi-Pi topological framework to assess network complexity and keystone roles. Results: The primary obligate endosymbiont Francisella dominated the bacteriome (60–90% relative abundance), followed by Candidatus Midichloria. PERMANOVA models confirmed that geographical locality (R² = 0.111, p = 0.003) and host sex (R² = 0.095, p = 0.001) exerted strong, independent influences on microbial composition. Female ticks harbored a highly streamlined bacterial profile. Conversely, males exhibited significantly higher alpha diversity (p < 0.001), reflecting host-sex physiological and behavioral differences that create a broader ecological niche allowing diverse environmental and transient taxa (Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Brevundimonas) to colonize. Network analysis revealed a striking sexual dimorphism: female networks were highly centralized and anchored by a single global hub (Roseomonas), whereas male networks lacked global hubs and displayed higher topological complexity, achieving stability through a decentralized architecture sustained by 68 inter-module connectors (compared to 24 in females). Despite these macro-topological differences, a core set of seven connector ASVs was conserved across both sexes. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that host sex shapes the ecological niche of the tick microbiome and drives distinct network topological strategies to maintain community stability, providing new insights into the structural ecology of tick–microbe interactions. Full article

Infectious diseases remain a major global public health concern, disproportionately causing morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) heavily affect sexually active populations. Sex workers, encompassing female sex workers (FSWs), male sex workers (MSWs), and transgender/gender-diverse individuals, face heightened vulnerabilities due to occupational exposures, structural barriers, stigma, and criminalization. While substantial focus has historically centered on HIV, non-HIV STIs such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, and viral hepatitis present significant co-morbidity. Crucially, drug resistance across these pathogens presents distinct biological and epidemiological challenges: bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis, antiretroviral (ARV) resistance in HIV, and direct-acting antiviral (DAA) resistance in hepatitis B and C. This perspective article synthesizes the current epidemiological landscape, critiques the reliance on syndromic management over molecular diagnostics (e.g., NAATs, point-of-care, and genomic surveillance), highlights diagnostic stewardship, and outlines priority public health strategies aligned with the WHO 2022–2030 Global Health Sector Strategies. Full article

Background: Individuals with autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and transplants face a higher risk of severe COVID-19 and breakthrough hospitalizations. It is essential to understand the magnitude and durability of vaccine-induced humoral immune response in these populations. Methods: We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibody levels and avidity in autoimmune, IBD, transplant, and healthy cohorts following multiple COVID-19 mRNA vaccine doses. Serum samples were collected approximately 1 month (8–52 days) and 6 months (158–202 days) post-vaccination. Antibody levels and avidity were measured using validated ELISA and chaotropic-based avidity assays. Results: Individuals with IBD and individuals with autoimmune disease, especially systemic autoimmune disease, exhibited lower antibody levels and avidity compared with healthy individuals at certain doses and time points. Transplant recipients demonstrated substantial impairments in both antibody levels and avidity, with avidity reduced across all doses and time points. Significantly lower avidity levels were observed in transplant recipients, suggesting challenges in developing or maintaining antibody quality. For example, geometric mean anti-spike IgG levels were substantially lower in transplant recipients than in healthy individuals at both 1 month (635 vs. 7685 BAU/mL; p < 0.0001) and 6 months (1146 vs. 3277 BAU/mL; p = 0.0057) post third dose. Similarly, transplant recipients had lower antibody avidity than healthy individuals after the third dose, with geometric mean AI80 values of 4.5 M vs. 5.5 M at 1 month (p < 0.0001) and 4.6 M vs. 5.4 M at 6 months (p < 0.0001). Age, sex, and vaccine manufacturer may further influence humoral immune responses in the transplant cohort. Conclusions: Vaccine-induced humoral immunity varies across autoimmune, IBD, and transplant cohorts, with the most persistent impairment observed in transplant recipients across vaccine dose groups and at both post-vaccination time points. These findings reveal immune response patterns that may guide future studies evaluating vaccination schedules, immune monitoring, and clinical outcomes in these populations. Full article

Background/Objectives: Zero-calorie beverages (ZCB) are increasingly consumed by adolescents, yet their relationship with mental health remains unclear, and whether any association differs by sex has not been established. We examined the association between ZCB consumption and depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents, with sex as a prespecified effect modifier. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 50,972 adolescents aged 12–18 years (50.9% male; mean age, 15.0 years) from the 2025 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Self-reported ZCB consumption during the previous 7 days and depressive symptoms during the previous 12 months were assessed. ZCB consumption was categorized as none, ≤2/week, 3–6/week, or ≥1/day. Survey-weighted logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with non-consumers as the reference. Effect modification by sex was assessed using interaction terms. Results: Depressive symptoms were reported by 12,954 adolescents (25.4%). ZCB consumption was associated with higher odds of depressive symptoms across consumption categories (aOR for ≥1/day 1.76, 95% CI 1.45–2.13; p for trend < 0.001), after adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates. The association appeared stronger among females than among males (aOR 1.14 [95% CI 1.11–1.18] vs. 1.05 [1.02–1.08]; p for interaction < 0.001), though significant in both sexes, and persisted after additional adjustment for co-consumed sugar-sweetened and high-caffeine beverages. Conclusions: In this nationally representative sample, daily ZCB consumption was associated with depressive symptoms, with a stronger association observed among females. Prospective studies are warranted to clarify temporality and underlying mechanisms. Full article

The African esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) corridor extends from Ethiopia to the Eastern Cape and contains some of the highest age-standardized ESCC incidence rates reported anywhere, with five-year survival below 5%. The corridor’s heterogeneous incidence (sex ratios from 1:1 to 7:1; tenfold variation between adjacent populations) has resisted single-factor explanation through more than half a century of investigation. We synthesize the multicenter evidence accumulated since the IARC 2018 Group 2A classification of very hot beverages (>65 °C), with particular attention to the African Esophageal Cancer Consortium (ESCCAPE) outputs and to whole-genome sequencing. We argue, on the convergent evidence of animal toxicology, human in vitro mucosa, and population genomics, that thermal exposure acts as a tumor promoter rather than an initiator. On this reading, the corridor’s heterogeneous burden reflects heterogeneous chemical co-exposure profiles operating against a shared thermal-promoter substrate. Extending the comparative margin-of-exposure (MOE) methodology to esophageal squamous carcinogenesis, we present an MOE framework distinguishing genotoxic compounds (within-mode-of-action additive) from thermal exposure (separate companion figure) and apply it to two corridor scenarios. The framework supports a four-lever prevention strategy combining tobacco control, alcoholic-strength reduction in unrecorded spirits, clean-cookstove deployment, and graduated thermal-exposure reduction. Full article

Background: Sex-related differences in SARS-CoV-2 viral susceptibility, severity, and recovery are prevalent. Factors such as age and biological variation provide some explanation for immune response, yet the use of biological sex as a variable may limit understanding of underlying individual mechanisms related to endocrine–immune function involved in long-term immune memory. Endogenous sex hormone concentrations provide a means to assess the magnitude or durability of antibody persistence and disease recovery. Objective: This study examined salivary concentrations of 17β-estradiol and testosterone, as well as the number of weeks since prior SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The study aimed to determine whether endogenous sex hormones contributed additional explanatory value to antibody persistence beyond biological sex. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 75 college students (63% female) who reported weeks since previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (M = 15.41, SD = 7.13), confirmed through a positive SARS-CoV-2 anti-N rapid antibody test. Participants provided saliva samples, which were tested for concentration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses examined the effects of biological sex and endogenous sex hormones on the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies following natural infection. Results: 17β-estradiol was the strongest positive predictor of SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistence (β = 0.63, p < 0.001). Departing from previous findings, biological sex was not a significant predictor of antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 N protein. Conclusions: Findings underscored the role of estradiol on immune recovery in a healthy young adult population. Individual hormone variation appears more informative than sex classification for understanding antibody persistence and immune response. Full article

Background: Cognitive and functional difficulties commonly coexist in long-term care. Frailty and depressive symptoms may also co-occur with cognitive function and self-care dependence, but cross-sectional data cannot determine temporal order. We characterized the association structure among these measures. Methods: We analyzed complete standardized assessments from 182 residents of one long-term care institution. Cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), physical frailty (FRAIL scale), depressive symptoms (15-item Geriatric Depression Scale), and self-care dependence (20-item Chinese Activities of Daily Living scale; higher scores indicate greater dependence) were assessed. Prespecified regression equations were adjusted for age, sex, and education. Path-product quantities and participant-resampling bias-corrected intervals (BC, not BCa) were used as descriptive stability summaries, not cluster-robust confidence intervals. Residential heterogeneity was examined with intraclass correlations and leave-one-building-out estimates. Results: Lower cognitive scores co-occurred with greater frailty, more depressive symptoms, and greater dependence. In the adjusted model, the total cognition–self-care association was c = −1.501 (BC interval −1.716 to −1.274), and the conditional association coefficient was c′ = −1.082 (−1.357 to −0.779). The frailty, depression, and ordered path-product quantities were −0.221, −0.166, and −0.033, respectively. Self-care dependence had a cohort intraclass correlation of 0.42. Across six building-omission analyses, the ordered quantity ranged from −0.050 to −0.018 and the frailty quantity from −0.272 to −0.164. Conclusions: These findings describe interrelated measures within one institution. They do not establish causal mediation, temporal order, or an intervention sequence. Full article

Geriatric nutritional problems are increasingly characterized by the co-existence of undernutrition and obesity, yet community-level evidence from Southern Thailand remains limited. Grounded in the social determinants of health (SDH) framework, this cross-sectional study examines the prevalence and independent predictors of BMI categories and abdominal obesity among 13,458 community-dwelling older adults across 20 sub-districts in Southern Thailand. Anthropometric measurements and structured interview data were analyzed using chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression, with normal weight as the reference category. Overall, 50.3% of participants were overweight or obese, 40.5% had abdominal obesity, and 7.7% were underweight. Advancing age, continued employment, and asthma were independently associated with higher odds of underweight, whereas abdominal obesity was the strongest predictor of elevated BMI categories, increasing the odds of overweight, obesity Class I, and obesity Class II. Female sex, literacy, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes were also associated with excess BMI categories. Moderate, regular physical activity was a protective factor. These findings support risk-stratified community interventions that integrate BMI with WC screening and address regional occupational, behavioral, clinical, and food culture determinants of nutritional health in older adults. Full article

Background: The Adiposity Volume Index (AVI) is a modern geometric tool for tracking central body fat. However, how it interacts with prenatal markers (2D:4D ratio), advanced anthropometric indexes, and psychological factors across different academic disciplines remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates the sex-specific association profiles and screening capacity of these parameters in healthy university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 445 students (199 men and 246 women) from Biomedical Sciences (BS), Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), and Social Sciences and Physiotherapy (SSP) academic programs. Anthropometric indicators (Body Mass Index—BMI, Body Surface Area—BSA, Weight-adjusted Waist Index—WWI, Sagittal Abdominal Diameter-to-Waist circumference Ratio—SAD-to-Waist Ratio), the right-hand digital 2D:4D ratio (R-2D:4D), and Perceived Stress Questionnaire scores (PSQ) were assessed. Data were analyzed using multi-layered linear regression and ROC curve analysis. Results: In male students, BMI, BSA and WWI consistently co-varied with AVI across all academic programs (R² > 0.978, p < 0.001). In contrast, a major psychosomatic interaction emerged in female students. Among stressed BS students, the linear association model shifted (R² = 0.313, lost significance), and the prenatal R-2D:4D ratio became a significant negative independent correlate (B = −87.780, p = 0.019). ROC analysis revealed that optimal BMI cut-offs for elevated AVI were 26.96 kg/m² (AUC = 0.957) for men and 24.89 kg/m² (AUC = 0.972) for women. Notably, perceived stress was a significant diagnostic marker only for female students (AUC = 0.621, p < 0.001, cut-off = 65.50). Conclusions: Perceived academic stress exhibits a significant concurrent association with abdominal fat distribution patterns exclusively in female biomedical students, co-varying with prenatal endocrine markers within the studied cohort. Furthermore, AVI-driven screening demonstrates that metabolic vulnerabilities in these young adults may accumulate within the conventional normal-weight BMI range for women, emphasizing the potential utility of sex-tailored clinical assessments. Full article

Background: Intraoperative blood pressure variability (BPV) is associated with adverse perioperative outcomes, although the prognostic meaning of variability itself, once blood pressure level is accounted for, remains uncertain. Preoperative metabolic indicators have not been examined in relation to intraoperative BPV. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a surrogate marker of insulin resistance, is associated with arterial stiffness in community populations. We examined whether the preoperative TyG index is associated with intraoperative BPV in surgical patients, and whether an estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) surrogate statistically accounts for part of this association. Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study included 7081 adults who underwent elective major abdominal surgery under general anesthesia for at least 120 min at Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital between January 2016 and December 2022. The primary outcome was the coefficient of variation of intraoperative mean arterial pressure (CV-MAP). ePWV was calculated from age and preoperative mean arterial pressure (MAP) and is therefore a surrogate rather than a direct measure of arterial stiffness. Multivariable linear regression assessed the TyG-CV-MAP association; models excluding and including age are reported as co-primary analyses. Exploratory mediation analysis using the Baron-Kenny framework with 5000 bootstrap iterations estimated the proportion of the association statistically accounted for by ePWV. Subgroup analyses tested age as an effect modifier, and a sensitivity model additionally adjusted for antihypertensive and antidiabetic medication use. Results: After adjustment for sex, body mass index, comorbidities, surgical duration, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, and surgery type, each unit increase in the TyG index was associated with a 0.0128-unit increase in CV-MAP (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0097 to 0.0158; p < 0.001); with age additionally included, the estimate was 0.0086 (95% CI, 0.0056 to 0.0117; p < 0.001). In absolute terms, each unit increase in TyG corresponded to a 1.074 mmHg higher standard deviation of intraoperative MAP (MAP-SD; 95% CI, 0.842 to 1.305), against a cohort mean MAP-SD of 12.0 mmHg. ePWV statistically accounted for approximately one quarter to one third of the total effect (indirect effect, 0.0038; bootstrap 95% CI, 0.0030 to 0.0046). The association was present in patients younger than 65 years (β = 0.0132, p < 0.001), with no evidence of an association in those aged 65 years or older (β = 0.0008, 95% CI, −0.0054 to 0.0071; p = 0.79; interaction β = −0.0124, 95% CI, −0.0187 to −0.0061; p < 0.001). Sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of these findings, including a model adjusted for antihypertensive and antidiabetic medication use (β = 0.0128, 95% CI, 0.0098 to 0.0159; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The preoperative TyG index was independently associated with greater intraoperative BPV in major abdominal surgery, with the association present in patients younger than 65 years but not in older patients. An ePWV-based surrogate statistically accounted for approximately one quarter to one third of this association; because ePWV is derived from age and blood pressure rather than measured directly, this proportion may reflect the structure of the surrogate rather than a causal arterial-stiffness pathway. The clinical significance remains uncertain given the modest incremental predictive contribution and the absence of clinically anchored endpoints; prospective validation with directly measured pulse wave velocity is required. Full article

Mpox remains endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where co-endemic infections and non-communicable comorbidities may influence disease severity and clinical outcomes. However, data on associated factors of adverse outcomes among hospitalised adults with mpox in African settings remain limited. This study aimed to describe the clinical profile of adults hospitalised with mpox in South Kivu Province, eastern DRC, and to explore associations between selected comorbid conditions, including HIV infection, malaria, and hyperglycaemia, and mpox disease severity, mortality, and hospitalisation duration. We conducted a multicentre retrospective observational study among adults admitted to five mpox treatment centres in South Kivu Province, DRC, between January 2024 and December 2025. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were extracted from routine hospital registers. Mpox disease severity (available only for a subset of participants) was classified according to WHO criteria. Participants included adults with suspected, probable or laboratory-confirmed mpox according to WHO case definitions in use during the study period. In addition to mpox disease severity, outcomes of interest included in-hospital mortality and duration of hospitalisation. Multivariable regression models were used to explore associations between selected comorbidities and clinical outcomes after adjustment for age and sex. Among 652 hospitalised adults included in the analysis, the median age was 26 years (IQR 21.0–35.0), and 383/652 (58.7%) were female. Among patients with recorded severity data (n = 104), moderate or severe mpox was documented in 88/104 (84.6%) patients. Overall mortality was 14/645 (2.2%). HIV infection was identified in 5 of the 71 participants tested (7.0%). Among participants with available test results, HIV infection appeared to be associated with higher mpox severity and mortality. Increasing age, but not HIV infection, malaria, or glycaemic status, was associated with longer hospitalisation. Because laboratory investigations were performed in only a subset of participants and missing data were substantial, these findings should be interpreted cautiously and considered exploratory. Prospective studies incorporating systematic laboratory testing and standardised clinical data collection are needed to better define factors associated with severe mpox in endemic African settings. Full article

Background/Objectives: Distinguishing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) from other interstitial lung diseases is prognostically and therapeutically important. We developed Fibresolve, a machine learning system that analyzes chest computed tomography (CT) to support IPF diagnosis. Fibresolve version 1 (v1) was validated in the PUFAIR study, met its co-primary endpoints, and received U.S. FDA authorization. Fibresolve version 2 (v2) was subsequently developed under the FDA’s Predetermined Change Control Plan (PCCP) framework and, here, is evaluated against the authorized v1 model. Methods: v2 augments the original CT-only v1 classifier by incorporating age, sex, and forced vital capacity into an ensemble, while retaining the v1 CT-only model as a fallback when these variables are unavailable. Both models were evaluated in the same 300-patient PUFAIR cohort (83 IPF, 217 non-IPF) from two U.S. centers. Reference-standard diagnoses were established by institutional multidisciplinary discussion and supported by surgical pathology in 94.7% of cases. McNemar test, Cohen $\kappa$, and bootstrap noninferiority analyses were used for paired model comparisons. Results: In the key thin-slice diagnostic CT subgroup (N = 137), v2 achieved a sensitivity of 57.5% (95% CI, 42.2–71.5) and specificity of 84.5% (95% CI, 76.0–90.4), compared with 55.0% (95% CI, 39.8–69.3) and 82.5% (95% CI, 73.7–88.8) for v1. Performance improvements were directionally consistent across most subgroups, with no evidence of inferior performance. Conclusions: Fibresolve v2 preserved the performance of the FDA-authorized v1 model while providing modest, directionally favorable improvements. These findings support v2 as the primary model, with v1 retained as a robust fallback when clinical variables are unavailable. Full article

Individual responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination vary due to viral mutations, demographic factors, and genetic background, with T-cell responses being less affected by viral variability. However, less is known about the effect of age, sex, and genetic background on the T-cell response in vaccinated subjects. In particular, the influence of interferon lambda (IFN-λ) genetic polymorphisms on vaccine-induced cellular immunity has been poorly explored. Here, we assessed intracellular production of IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2 in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides from 50 vaccinated subjects genotyped for IFNL3 (rs12980275 and rs8099917) and IFNL4 (rs11322783TT and rs12979860) SNPs. We found that the IFNL4 rs11322783TT/TT genotype is associated with increased IL-2 production in CD8⁺ T cells, whereas the ΔG allele correlates with a reduced IL-2 response. No significant effects on CD4⁺ T-cell cytokine production or other cytokines were observed. These preliminary findings suggest that type III interferon gene variants might be involved in CD8⁺ T-cell responses post-vaccination, opening the possibility that evaluation of IFNL4 SNPs might be useful in designing strategies of personalized vaccination. Full article

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations even among individuals with similar demographics. Disease severity has been linked with viral-mediated expression of interferons and interferon-stimulated genes. Among the interferon-stimulated genes are members of adenosine deaminases acting on the RNA (ADAR) family that contribute to transcriptome diversity and modulate immune response. Previous studies identified altered ADAR expression and editing patterns during SARS-CoV-2 infection, although it remains unclear whether ADAR expression and activity differ between patients with varying severities of COVID-19. We used whole-blood transcriptomes from individuals with critical or non-critical COVID-19 and matched for age, sex, and presence of comorbidities. Results show differential expression of numerous genes, including those involved in neutrophil degranulation, and upregulation of ADAR1 and its isoform ADARp110 in patients with critical COVID-19. We identified severity-specific editing events, including nonsynonymous edits, within distinct biological pathways. Differentially edited sites—that could serve as molecular markers for COVID-19 severity—were found within genes enriched in signal transduction, RNA and protein metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. Our results demonstrate differences in expression and editing patterns of ADARs between critical and non-critical patients, supporting a potential role of ADAR editing in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Full article