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22 pages, 2883 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Graphene Oxide as a Nanocarrier for Biochemical Molecules: Current Understanding and Trends

by Soumajit Mukherjee, Zuzana Bytesnikova, Amir M. Ashrafi, Vojtech Adam and Lukas Richtera

Processes 2020, 8(12), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8121636 - 11 Dec 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4570

The development of an advanced and efficient drug delivery system with significant improvement in its efficacy and enhanced therapeutic value is one of the critical challenges in modern medicinal biology. The integration of nanomaterial science with molecular and cellular biology has helped in [...] Read more.

The development of an advanced and efficient drug delivery system with significant improvement in its efficacy and enhanced therapeutic value is one of the critical challenges in modern medicinal biology. The integration of nanomaterial science with molecular and cellular biology has helped in the advancement and development of novel drug delivery nanocarrier systems with precision and decreased side effects. The design and synthesis of nanocarriers using graphene oxide (GO) have been rapidly growing over the past few years. Due to its remarkable physicochemical properties, GO has been extensively used in efforts to construct nanocarriers with high specificity, selectivity, and biocompatibility, and low cytotoxicity. The focus of this review is to summarize and address recent uses of GO-based nanocarriers and the improvements as efficient drug delivery systems. We briefly describe the concepts and challenges associated with nanocarrier systems followed by providing critical examples of GO-based delivery of drug molecules and genes. Finally, the review delivers brief conclusions on the current understanding and prospects of nanocarrier delivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites in Bioengineering and Biomedicine)

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12 pages, 2305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Label-Free DNA Biosensor Using Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide Platform as a DNA Methylation Assay

by Eliska Sedlackova, Zuzana Bytesnikova, Eliska Birgusova, Pavel Svec, Amir M. Ashrafi, Pedro Estrela and Lukas Richtera

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4936; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214936 - 3 Nov 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3438

Abstract

This work reports the use of modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a platform for a label-free DNA-based electrochemical biosensor as a possible diagnostic tool for a DNA methylation assay. The biosensor sensitivity was enhanced by variously modified rGO. The rGO decorated with [...] Read more.

This work reports the use of modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a platform for a label-free DNA-based electrochemical biosensor as a possible diagnostic tool for a DNA methylation assay. The biosensor sensitivity was enhanced by variously modified rGO. The rGO decorated with three nanoparticles (NPs)—gold (AuNPs), silver (AgNPs), and copper (CuNPs)—was implemented to increase the electrode surface area. Subsequently, the thiolated DNA probe (single-stranded DNA, ssDNA−1) was hybridized with the target DNA sequence (ssDNA-2). After the hybridization, the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) was methylated by M.SssI methyltransferase (MTase) and then digested via a HpaII endonuclease specific site sequence of CpG (5′-CCGG-3′) islands. For monitoring the MTase activity, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used, whereas the best results were obtained by rGO-AuNPs. This assay is rapid, cost-effective, sensitive, selective, highly specific, and displays a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.06 U·mL⁻¹. Lastly, this study was enriched with the real serum sample, where a 0.19 U·mL⁻¹ LOD was achieved. Moreover, the developed biosensor offers excellent potential in future applications in clinical diagnostics, as this approach can be used in the design of other biosensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Environmental Applications of Graphene and Graphene Oxide)

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36 pages, 8703 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integrated Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Waterborne Pathogens in Low-Resource Settings

by Joshua Rainbow, Eliska Sedlackova, Shu Jiang, Grace Maxted, Despina Moschou, Lukas Richtera and Pedro Estrela

Biosensors 2020, 10(4), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10040036 - 13 Apr 2020

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 10067

Abstract

More than 783 million people worldwide are currently without access to clean and safe water. Approximately 1 in 5 cases of mortality due to waterborne diseases involve children, and over 1.5 million cases of waterborne disease occur every year. In the developing world, [...] Read more.

More than 783 million people worldwide are currently without access to clean and safe water. Approximately 1 in 5 cases of mortality due to waterborne diseases involve children, and over 1.5 million cases of waterborne disease occur every year. In the developing world, this makes waterborne diseases the second highest cause of mortality. Such cases of waterborne disease are thought to be caused by poor sanitation, water infrastructure, public knowledge, and lack of suitable water monitoring systems. Conventional laboratory-based techniques are inadequate for effective on-site water quality monitoring purposes. This is due to their need for excessive equipment, operational complexity, lack of affordability, and long sample collection to data analysis times. In this review, we discuss the conventional techniques used in modern-day water quality testing. We discuss the future challenges of water quality testing in the developing world and how conventional techniques fall short of these challenges. Finally, we discuss the development of electrochemical biosensors and current research on the integration of these devices with microfluidic components to develop truly integrated, portable, simple to use and cost-effective devices for use by local environmental agencies, NGOs, and local communities in low-resource settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio)sensors for Environmental and Food Analyses II)

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8 pages, 1426 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

An Investigation on the Electrochemical Behavior and Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Nickel Trithiocyanurate Complexes

by Amir M. Ashrafi, Pavel Kopel and Lukas Richtera

Materials 2020, 13(7), 1782; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071782 - 10 Apr 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3067

Abstract

The electrochemical redox behavior of three trinuclear Ni(II) complexes [Ni₃(abb)₃(H₂O)₃(µ-ttc)](ClO₄)₃ (1), [Ni₃(tebb)₃(H₂O)₃(µ-ttc)](ClO₄)₃·H₂O (2), and [...] Read more.

The electrochemical redox behavior of three trinuclear Ni(II) complexes [Ni₃(abb)₃(H₂O)₃(µ-ttc)](ClO₄)₃ (1), [Ni₃(tebb)₃(H₂O)₃(µ-ttc)](ClO₄)₃·H₂O (2), and [Ni₃(pmdien)₃(µ-ttc)](ClO₄)₃ (3), where abb = 1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)methan-amine, ttcH₃ = trithiocyanuric acid, tebb = 2-[2-[2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethylsulfanyl]ethyl]-1H-benzimidazole, and pmdien = N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine is reported. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was applied for the study of the electrochemical behavior of these compounds. The results confirmed the presence of ttc and nickel in oxidation state +2 in the synthesized complexes. Moreover, the antibacterial properties and cytotoxic activity of complex 3 was investigated. All the complexes show antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to different extents. The cytotoxic activity of complex 3 and ttcNa₃ were studied on G-361, HOS, K-562, and MCF7 cancer cell lines. It was found out that complex 3 possesses the cytotoxic activity against the tested cell lines, whereas ttcNa₃ did not show any cytotoxic activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Metal Complexes)

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1 pages, 119 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Effect of Graphene Oxide Modification on a DNA Biosensor Developed for the Detection of Methylated DNA Associated with Cancer

by Eliska Sedlackova, Lukas Richtera, Pedro Estrela and Vojtech Adam

Proceedings 2019, 15(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015013 - 8 Jul 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1451

Abstract

Methylated DNA is a covalent post-translational modification, which plays a crucial role in pathological and physiological processes including several diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes or cancer. Despite that, methylated DNA presents a new generation of biomarkers, which brings a promising alternative for [...] Read more.

Methylated DNA is a covalent post-translational modification, which plays a crucial role in pathological and physiological processes including several diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes or cancer. Despite that, methylated DNA presents a new generation of biomarkers, which brings a promising alternative for using in point-care diagnostic. Regarding this fact, DNA based electrochemical sensors enable fast, reliable, low-cost, time-consuming and efficient detection. The application of these biosensors as possible alternatives for the determination of methylated DNA is recently growing. Therefore, a biosensor for the determination of methylated DNA was fabricated. This study was aimed to develop an efficient biosensor, with an amplified electrochemical signal which is suited for the detection of the low-level concentration of methylated DNA. The bare gold electrode was first covered with the graphene oxide modified with gold, silver and copper nanoparticles. These composites have a strong affinity to DNA probe and their effect on the sensitivity and selectivity of the biosensor was investigated. The developed biosensor shows promising analytical characteristics with a wide detection linear range. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to detect the hybridization of the DNA probe with methylated DNA target. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Sensor Science)

13 pages, 6588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Evaluation of Selenium (IV) Removal from Its Aqueous Solutions by Unmodified and Modified Graphene Oxide

by Zuzana Koudelkova, Zuzana Bytesnikova, Kledi Xhaxhiu, Monika Kremplova, David Hynek, Vojtech Adam and Lukas Richtera

Molecules 2019, 24(6), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061063 - 18 Mar 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3645

Abstract

The removal of selenium from superficial and waste water is a worldwide problem. The maximum limit according to the World Health Organization (WHO) for the selenium in the water is set at a concentration of 10 μg/L. Carbon based adsorbents have attracted much [...] Read more.

The removal of selenium from superficial and waste water is a worldwide problem. The maximum limit according to the World Health Organization (WHO) for the selenium in the water is set at a concentration of 10 μg/L. Carbon based adsorbents have attracted much attention and recently demonstrated promising performance in removal of selenium. In this work, several materials (iron oxide based microparticles and graphene oxides materials) and their composites were prepared to remove Se(IV) from water. The graphene oxides were prepared according to the simplified Hummer’s method. In addition, the effect of pH, contact time and initial Se(IV) concentration was tested. An electrochemical method such as the differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry was used to determine the residual selenium concentration. From the experimental data, Langmuir adsorption model was used to calculate the maximum adsorption capacity. Graphene oxide particles modified by iron oxide based microparticles was the most promising material for the removal of Se(IV) from its aqueous solution at pH 2.0. Its adsorption efficiency reached more than 90% for a solution with given Se(IV) concentration, meanwhile its maximal recorded adsorption capacity was 18.69 mg/g. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Bioanalytical Electrochemistry of Molecules)

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29 pages, 2847 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magnetic Nanoparticles: From Design and Synthesis to Real World Applications

by Jiri Kudr, Yazan Haddad, Lukas Richtera, Zbynek Heger, Mirko Cernak, Vojtech Adam and Ondrej Zitka

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090243 - 29 Aug 2017

Cited by 549 | Viewed by 28011

Abstract

The increasing number of scientific publications focusing on magnetic materials indicates growing interest in the broader scientific community. Substantial progress was made in the synthesis of magnetic materials of desired size, morphology, chemical composition, and surface chemistry. Physical and chemical stability of magnetic [...] Read more.

The increasing number of scientific publications focusing on magnetic materials indicates growing interest in the broader scientific community. Substantial progress was made in the synthesis of magnetic materials of desired size, morphology, chemical composition, and surface chemistry. Physical and chemical stability of magnetic materials is acquired by the coating. Moreover, surface layers of polymers, silica, biomolecules, etc. can be designed to obtain affinity to target molecules. The combination of the ability to respond to the external magnetic field and the rich possibilities of coatings makes magnetic materials universal tool for magnetic separations of small molecules, biomolecules and cells. In the biomedical field, magnetic particles and magnetic composites are utilized as the drug carriers, as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and in magnetic hyperthermia. However, the multifunctional magnetic particles enabling the diagnosis and therapy at the same time are emerging. The presented review article summarizes the findings regarding the design and synthesis of magnetic materials focused on biomedical applications. We highlight the utilization of magnetic materials in separation/preconcentration of various molecules and cells, and their use in diagnosis and therapy. Full article

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14 pages, 4710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Silver Using a Carbon Paste Electrode and a Screen Printed Electrode Modified with Chromium(III) Oxide

by Zuzana Koudelkova, Tomas Syrovy, Pavlina Ambrozova, Zdenek Moravec, Lubomir Kubac, David Hynek, Lukas Richtera and Vojtech Adam

Sensors 2017, 17(8), 1832; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081832 - 9 Aug 2017

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 9426

Abstract

In this study, the preparation and electrochemical application of a chromium(III) oxide modified carbon paste electrode (Cr-CPE) and a screen printed electrode (SPE), made from the same material and optimized for the simple, cheap and sensitive simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper [...] Read more.

In this study, the preparation and electrochemical application of a chromium(III) oxide modified carbon paste electrode (Cr-CPE) and a screen printed electrode (SPE), made from the same material and optimized for the simple, cheap and sensitive simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper and the detection of silver ions, is described. The limits of detection and quantification were 25 and 80 µg·L⁻¹ for Zn(II), 3 and 10 µg·L⁻¹ for Cd(II), 3 and 10 µg·L⁻¹ for Pb(II), 3 and 10 µg·L⁻¹ for Cu(II), and 3 and 10 µg·L⁻¹ for Ag(I), respectively. Furthermore, this promising modification was transferred to the screen-printed electrode. The limits of detection for the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, copper and lead on the screen printed electrodes were found to be 350 µg·L⁻¹ for Zn(II), 25 µg·L⁻¹ for Cd(II), 3 µg·L⁻¹ for Pb(II) and 3 µg·L⁻¹ for Cu(II). Practical usability for the simultaneous detection of these heavy metal ions by the Cr-CPE was also demonstrated in the analyses of wastewaters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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11 pages, 1380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Curve Fitting on the Voltammograms of Various Isoforms of Metallothioneins–Metal Complexes

by Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo, Jorge Molina-López, Ana Maria Jimenez Jimenez, Elena Planells Del Pozo, Pavlina Adam, Tomas Eckschlager, Ondrej Zitka, Lukas Richtera and Vojtech Adam

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18(3), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030610 - 11 Mar 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5723

Abstract

The translation of metallothioneins (MTs) is one of the defense strategies by which organisms protect themselves from metal-induced toxicity. MTs belong to a family of proteins comprising MT-1, MT-2, MT-3, and MT-4 classes, with multiple isoforms within each class. The main aim of [...] Read more.

The translation of metallothioneins (MTs) is one of the defense strategies by which organisms protect themselves from metal-induced toxicity. MTs belong to a family of proteins comprising MT-1, MT-2, MT-3, and MT-4 classes, with multiple isoforms within each class. The main aim of this study was to determine the behavior of MT in dependence on various externally modelled environments, using electrochemistry. In our study, the mass distribution of MTs was characterized using MALDI-TOF. After that, adsorptive transfer stripping technique with differential pulse voltammetry was selected for optimization of electrochemical detection of MTs with regard to accumulation time and pH effects. Our results show that utilization of 0.5 M NaCl, pH 6.4, as the supporting electrolyte provides a highly complicated fingerprint, showing a number of non-resolved voltammograms. Hence, we further resolved the voltammograms exhibiting the broad and overlapping signals using curve fitting. The separated signals were assigned to the electrochemical responses of several MT complexes with zinc(II), cadmium(II), and copper(II), respectively. Our results show that electrochemistry could serve as a great tool for metalloproteomic applications to determine the ratio of metal ion bonds within the target protein structure, however, it provides highly complicated signals, which require further resolution using a proper statistical method, such as curve fitting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallothioneins in Bioinorganic Chemistry: Recent Developments)

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15 pages, 8828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Specific Magnetic Isolation of E6 HPV16 Modified Magnetizable Particles Coupled with PCR and Electrochemical Detection

by Ana Maria Jimenez Jimenez, Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky, Simona Dostalova, Ludmila Krejcova, Petr Michalek, Lukas Richtera and Vojtech Adam

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(5), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17050585 - 5 May 2016

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7075

Abstract

The majority of carcinomas that were developed due to the infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) are caused by high-risk HPV types, HPV16 and HPV18. These HPV types contain the E6 and E7 oncogenes, so the fast detection of these oncogenes is an important [...] Read more.

The majority of carcinomas that were developed due to the infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) are caused by high-risk HPV types, HPV16 and HPV18. These HPV types contain the E6 and E7 oncogenes, so the fast detection of these oncogenes is an important point to avoid the development of cancer. Many different HPV tests are available to detect the presence of HPV in biological samples. The aim of this study was to design a fast and low cost method for HPV identification employing magnetic isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrochemical detection. These assays were developed to detect the interactions between E6-HPV16 oncogene and magnetizable particles (MPs) using commercial Dynabeads M-280 Streptavidin particles and laboratory-synthesized “homemade” particles called MANs (MAN-37, MAN-127 and MAN-164). The yields of PCR amplification of E6-HPV16 oncogene bound on the particles and after the elution from the particles were compared. A highest yield of E6-HPV16 DNA isolation was obtained with both MPs particles commercial M-280 Streptavidin and MAN-37 due to reducing of the interferents compared with the standard PCR method. A biosensor employing the isolation of E6-HPV16 oncogene with MPs particles followed by its electrochemical detection can be a very effective technique for HPV identification, providing simple, sensitive and cost-effective analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science)

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15 pages, 2844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoparticles Suitable for BCAA Isolation Can Serve for Use in Magnetic Lipoplex-Based Delivery System for L, I, V, or R-rich Antimicrobial Peptides

by Radek Vesely, Pavlina Jelinkova, Dagmar Hegerova, Natalia Cernei, Pavel Kopel, Amitava Moulick, Lukas Richtera, Zbynek Heger, Vojtech Adam and Ondrej Zitka

Materials 2016, 9(4), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040260 - 31 Mar 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5223

Abstract

This paper investigates the synthesis of paramagnetic nanoparticles, which are able to bind branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)—leucine, valine, and isoleucine and, thus, serve as a tool for their isolation. Further, by this, we present an approach for encapsulation of nanoparticles into a [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the synthesis of paramagnetic nanoparticles, which are able to bind branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)—leucine, valine, and isoleucine and, thus, serve as a tool for their isolation. Further, by this, we present an approach for encapsulation of nanoparticles into a liposome cavity resulting in a delivery system. Analyses of valine and leucine in entire complex show that 31.3% and 32.6% recoveries are reached for those amino acids. Evaluation of results shows that the success rate of delivery in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is higher in the case of BCAAs on nanoparticles entrapped in liposomes (28.7% and 34.7% for valine and leucine, respectively) when compared to nanoparticles with no liposomal envelope (18.3% and 13.7% for valine and leucine, respectively). The nanoparticles with no liposomal envelope exhibit the negative zeta potential (−9.1 ± 0.3 mV); however, their encapsulation results in a shift into positive values (range of 28.9 ± 0.4 to 33.1 ± 0.5 mV). Thus, electrostatic interactions with negatively-charged cell membranes (approx. −50 mV in the case of E. coli) leads to a better uptake of cargo. Our delivery system was finally tested with the leucine-rich antimicrobial peptide (FALALKALKKALKKLKKALKKAL) and it is shown that hemocompatibility (7.5%) and antimicrobial activity of the entire complex against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and methicilin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is comparable or better than conventional penicillin antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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12 pages, 1832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Electrochemical Detection of Zinc Ions Using Electrode Modified with Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide

by Jiri Kudr, Lukas Richtera, Lukas Nejdl, Kledi Xhaxhiu, Petr Vitek, Branislav Rutkay-Nedecky, David Hynek, Pavel Kopel, Vojtech Adam and Rene Kizek

Materials 2016, 9(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9010031 - 7 Jan 2016

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8848

Abstract

Increasing urbanization and industrialization lead to the release of metals into the biosphere, which has become a serious issue for public health. In this paper, the direct electrochemical reduction of zinc ions is studied using electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) modified glassy carbon [...] Read more.

Increasing urbanization and industrialization lead to the release of metals into the biosphere, which has become a serious issue for public health. In this paper, the direct electrochemical reduction of zinc ions is studied using electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The graphene oxide (GO) was fabricated using modified Hummers method and was electrochemically reduced on the surface of GCE by performing cyclic voltammograms from 0 to −1.5 V. The modification was optimized and properties of electrodes were determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The determination of Zn(II) was performed using differential pulse voltammetry technique, platinum wire as a counter electrode, and Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl reference electrode. Compared to the bare GCE the modified GCE/ERGO shows three times better electrocatalytic activity towards zinc ions, with an increase of reduction current along with a negative shift of reduction potential. Using GCE/ERGO detection limit 5 ng·mL⁻¹ was obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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18 pages, 5140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Composites of Graphene Oxide with Metal or Semimetal Nanoparticles and Their Effect on Pathogenic Microorganisms

by Lukas Richtera, Dagmar Chudobova, Kristyna Cihalova, Monika Kremplova, Vedran Milosavljevic, Pavel Kopel, Iva Blazkova, David Hynek, Vojtech Adam and Rene Kizek

Materials 2015, 8(6), 2994-3011; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8062994 - 27 May 2015

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 7755

Abstract

The present experiment describes a synthesis process of composites based on graphene oxide, which was tested as a carrier for composites of metal- or metalloid-based nanoparticles (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ag, AgP, Se) and subsequently examined as an antimicrobial agent for some bacterial strains [...] Read more.

The present experiment describes a synthesis process of composites based on graphene oxide, which was tested as a carrier for composites of metal- or metalloid-based nanoparticles (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ag, AgP, Se) and subsequently examined as an antimicrobial agent for some bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The composites were first applied at a concentration of 300 µM on all types of model organisms and their effect was observed by spectrophotometric analysis, which showed a decrease in absorbance values in comparison with the control, untreated strain. The most pronounced inhibition (87.4%) of S. aureus growth was observed after the application of graphene oxide composite with selenium nanoparticles compared to control. Moreover, the application of the composite with silver and silver phosphate nanoparticles showed the decrease of 68.8% and 56.8%, respectively. For all the tested composites, the observed antimicrobial effect was found in the range of 26% to 87.4%. Interestingly, the effects of the composites with selenium nanoparticles significantly differed in Gram-positive (G⁺) and Gram-negative (G⁻) bacteria. The effects of composites on bacterial cultures of S. aureus and MRSA, the representatives of G⁺ bacteria, increased with increasing concentrations. On the other hand, the effects of the same composites on G⁻ bacteria E. coli was observed only in the highest applied concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)

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