Mechanisms of Primary and Secondary Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Host Factors
3. Tumor Factors
4. Mechanisms of Primary Resistance
5. Mechanisms of Secondary Resistance
6. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host Factors | Tumor Factors |
---|---|
Gut microbiota | Tumor biology (aneuploidy, histology, etc.) |
Performance status | Tumor microenvironment (PD-L1 expression, neoantigen load, immunosuppressive cytokines, tumor-associated microphages (TAMs), tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs), etc.) |
Immune status (inflammatory biomarkers, regulatory T-cells (Tregs), etc.) | |
Gene mutations (γ-interferon pathway, JAK1, JAK2, PTEN, B2M, etc.) | |
Comorbidities | |
Mutation burden (POLE mutation, DNA mismatched repair protein deficiency, etc.) | |
Use of antibiotics | |
Use of steroids |
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Seto, T.; Sam, D.; Pan, M. Mechanisms of Primary and Secondary Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer. Med. Sci. 2019, 7, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7020014
Seto T, Sam D, Pan M. Mechanisms of Primary and Secondary Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer. Medical Sciences. 2019; 7(2):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7020014
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeto, Tiffany, Danny Sam, and Minggui Pan. 2019. "Mechanisms of Primary and Secondary Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer" Medical Sciences 7, no. 2: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7020014
APA StyleSeto, T., Sam, D., & Pan, M. (2019). Mechanisms of Primary and Secondary Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer. Medical Sciences, 7(2), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7020014