Naegleria fowleri and Emerging Amoebic Infections

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Guest Editor
Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Grupo CyMA, UIICSE, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
Interests: immunology; molecular biology; virulence factors; host–pathogen interaction; Naegleria fowleri

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Guest Editor
Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular y de Mucosas, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, México
Interests: Naegleria fowleri; vaccines; immunological memory; mucosal immunology; bioinformatics tools

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Emerging amoebic infections, such as Naegleria fowleri, pose a significant global health risk, as their trophozoites can be found in various natural aquatic habitats, such as rivers, lakes, and streams. This amoebic species is responsible for Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), a disease with a mortality rate exceeding 95%.  The high mortality rate is largely due to a lack of awareness about the disease, which can often lead to misdiagnosis. PAM may be confused with other infectious diseases, delaying proper treatment. Additionally, there has been a global trend indicating an increase in the number of PAM cases. This increase is potentially linked to rising temperatures caused by global warming, as the amoeba trophozoites prefer warmer waters, enabling their rapid reproduction.

This Special Issue invites articles that focus on the study of emerging amoebic infections such as Naegleria fowleri. These infections present various challenges such as the understanding of the current distribution of amoebas and the epidemiology of the diseases they cause, where establishing accurate incidence and prevalence rates is crucial. We also aim to develop prevention strategies, including raising awareness among vulnerable populations about the risks of infection, and establishing knowledge to support the generation of effective vaccines. Additionally, enhancing our understanding of these infections is essential for improving timely diagnoses and innovative treatments.

Dr. María Maricela Carrasco-Yépez
Dr. Saúl Rojas-Hernández
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • amoebic infections
  • Naegleria fowleri
  • epidemiology-surveillance
  • molecular biology
  • immunology-vaccines
  • opportune diagnosis
  • innovative treatments

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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16 pages, 2757 KB  
Article
Analysis of the Short- and Long-Term Immune Response in BALB/c Mice Immunized with Total Naegleria fowleri Extract Co-Administered with Cholera Toxin
by Mara Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Maria de la Luz Ortega-Juárez, María Maricela Carrasco-Yépez, Rubén Armando Herrera-Ceja, Itzel Berenice Rodríguez-Mera and Saúl Rojas-Hernández
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2026, 11(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed11010022 - 12 Jan 2026
Viewed by 646
Abstract
Background: Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba that inhabits warm freshwater and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rapidly fatal infection with >95% mortality. Due to the lack of early diagnosis and effective therapy, preventive vaccination represents a promising strategy. Methods: This study [...] Read more.
Background: Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba that inhabits warm freshwater and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rapidly fatal infection with >95% mortality. Due to the lack of early diagnosis and effective therapy, preventive vaccination represents a promising strategy. Methods: This study evaluated short- and long-term immune protection in BALB/c mice (20 mice per group) immunized intranasally with total N. fowleri extract co-administered with cholera toxin (CT). Mice were challenged with a lethal dose of trophozoites either 24 h (short-term) or three months (long-term) after the fourth immunization; the latter group received a booster 24 h before challenge. Serum and nasal washes were analyzed for IgA and IgG antibodies by immunoblot, and lymphocyte subsets from nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and nasal passages (NPs) were characterized by flow cytometry. Results: Immunization conferred complete (100%) survival in the 24 h group and 60% protection in the 3-month group, whereas all control mice died. Immunoblotting showed that IgA and IgG antibodies recognized major N. fowleri antigens of 37, 45, 48 and 19, 37, and 100 kDa, respectively. Flow cytometry revealed increased activated and memory B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and expression of CCR10, integrin α4β1, and FcγRIIB receptors, particularly in the 24 h group. Conclusions: Intranasal immunization with N. fowleri extract plus CT elicited both systemic and mucosal immune responses capable of short- and long-term protection. These findings highlight the potential of this immunization strategy as a foundation for developing effective vaccines against PAM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Naegleria fowleri and Emerging Amoebic Infections)
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