Fate and Providence in Ancient Greek Philosophy as a Way of Life and a Religious Quest

A special issue of Religions (ISSN 2077-1444). This special issue belongs to the section "Religions and Humanities/Philosophies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 1336

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Philosophy, San Dámaso Ecclesiastical University, 28005 Madrid, Spain
Interests: philosophy; religion
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Guest Editor
Department of Humanities, Francisco De Vitoria University, 28223 Madrid, Spain
Interests: ancient Greek philosophy; Socrates; Aristotle; philosophy as a way of life

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fate and providence emerged as major themes of philosophical reflection in the Hellenistic period, a time marked by a pronounced emphasis on theological questions. During this same era, philosophy was understood not primarily as a body of knowledge but as a way of life in which rational inquiry played a central role. The philosopher adopts a distinctive mode of living, seeking to conduct his choices and emotions ever more authentically as a human being. To this end, he undertakes a rational examination of existence and embodies a conduct appropriate to such a disposition of mind. Within this existential framework that philosophy assumes, the relationship with the divine acquires particular significance. The divine is provident, and its activity bears upon the life of the philosopher; as a result, the integration of philosophy into the governance of one’s whole life acquires explicitly religious overtones. Even among philosophers who deny divine providence (though not the existence of the divine)—such as the Epicureans—this denial follows from having adopted a specific religious posture toward the gods. In this broad sense, different philosophical traditions maintain that human beings must shape their conduct with divine providence and fate in view, though the relation between the two is conceived in different ways across the schools.

This conception of philosophy as a way of life is not entirely novel in the Hellenistic period but traces its origins to Socrates. Contemporary scholarship has even described him as a religious reformer, for whom divine providence plays a fundamental role in piety. In line with their diverse understandings of the divine, later philosophers likewise reflect on providence and fate—concepts that are at once philosophical and religious. Moreover, although this outlook has its roots in the classical and Hellenistic Greek world, it has noteworthy ramifications throughout late antiquity, including among Latin-speaking authors and Christian thinkers. Patristic thought can be approached as part of the broader landscape of Greek philosophy and religion, and indeed it engages these notions directly, paying close attention to the contributions of several philosophers.

In sum, this Special Issue seeks to gather studies that take fate and providence as their central point of reference within the context of Greek philosophy conceived as a way of life and a religious quest. We welcome contributions that address the origins of these themes in the classical period as well as their developments in Hellenistic and Roman philosophy. While the primary focus lies on Greek literature, including patristic texts, the reception of these ideas among Latin and even medieval or modern authors offers a complementary perspective that can further illuminate the topic.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. David Torrijos-Castrillejo
Dr. Miguel Martí
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • fate
  • providence
  • divine foreknowledge
  • determinism
  • free will
  • divination
  • fortune
  • causality
  • contingent future
  • necessity
  • ethics
  • divinity
  • worship

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 206 KB  
Article
Nature, Fate, and Causality in the Peripatetic Tradition: The Case of Alexander of Aphrodisias
by Alberto Ross
Religions 2026, 17(3), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17030312 - 3 Mar 2026
Viewed by 315
Abstract
The aim of this work is to present the Peripatetic doctrine of fate (heimarmene) according to Alexander of Aphrodisias in his treatise Peri heimarmenes or De fato. The central thesis of this Alexandrian work is that everything that occurs kata [...] Read more.
The aim of this work is to present the Peripatetic doctrine of fate (heimarmene) according to Alexander of Aphrodisias in his treatise Peri heimarmenes or De fato. The central thesis of this Alexandrian work is that everything that occurs kata ten physin (in accordance with nature) occurs kath’ heimarmenen (in accordance with fate). In order to reconstruct the doctrine underlying this claim, I alternate between an exposition of the Aristotelian concepts addressed in Alexander’s writings and his own theoretical elaborations. The paper begins by outlining the terms of the debate on fate as presented by Alexander. It then reconstructs the Alexandrian account of the causality of fate, along with the Aristotelian presuppositions that support it. Finally, it examines specific aspects and limits of Alexander’s notion of fate, particularly in relation to other key concepts in his philosophy, such as what occurs katà symbebekos, human proairesis, and divine pronoia. De fato is the main reference for this paper, but other relevant works, including the Quaestiones and De Providentia, are also considered. Full article
14 pages, 319 KB  
Article
Fate and Contingency: Ammonius and Aquinas on Divine Foreknowledge in Aristotle’s De Interpretatione 9
by Thomas Rego
Religions 2026, 17(2), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17020228 - 12 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 452
Abstract
This article compares Ammonius’ and Aquinas’ answers to the conflict between divine determinate knowledge of the world and the contingency of future events. The first section analyzes the Proclean distinction of the three degrees of knowledge that Ammonius attributes to Iamblichus and accompanies [...] Read more.
This article compares Ammonius’ and Aquinas’ answers to the conflict between divine determinate knowledge of the world and the contingency of future events. The first section analyzes the Proclean distinction of the three degrees of knowledge that Ammonius attributes to Iamblichus and accompanies this with a commentary on Aristotle’s De interpretatione 9. First, Ammonius stresses divine transcendence, according to which not even our ‘now’ is similar to the divine. Second, Ammonius applies the “Iamblichus’ principle” to the knowledge of future contingents. This is in order to reconcile both divine foreknowledge and natural contingency. From this, it is possible to conclude that the gods have a certain knowledge that is ontologically superior to the object known. In a second section, Aquinas’ solution will be presented. In Aquinas’ commentary, although not referring to the same distinction, he identifies a similar phenomenon in which the same principle applies: certain knowledge of a contingent present event does not alter its contingent nature. Aquinas applies this principle to God, who knows not only the present but also the past and future contingents, with one unique, transcendent vision. His emphasis on the transcendence of divine knowledge and will also connects him to Ammonius. Full article
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