Forensic Sciences

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29 pages, 2411 KB

Open AccessArticle

BlockFECS: A Blockchain-Based Proof-of-Concept System for Metadata-Driven Evidence Correlation in Digital Forensics

by Oshoke Samson Igonor, Muhammad Bilal Amin and Saurabh Garg

Forensic Sci. 2026, 6(3), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci6030059 - 6 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: The rapid expansion of digital evidence in modern investigations has created pressing challenges for maintaining integrity, traceability, chain of custody, and meaningful analysis across heterogeneous forensic artefacts. Conventional evidence management approaches often fall short in scalability, transparency, and the ability to correlate [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The rapid expansion of digital evidence in modern investigations has created pressing challenges for maintaining integrity, traceability, chain of custody, and meaningful analysis across heterogeneous forensic artefacts. Conventional evidence management approaches often fall short in scalability, transparency, and the ability to correlate diverse digital evidence. This study presents BlockFECS, a blockchain-based proof-of-concept system for metadata-driven evidence correlation in digital forensics. Methods: BlockFECS uses Hyperledger Fabric to support auditable and tamper-resistant evidence management while capturing structured forensic metadata, including timestamps, locations, device IDs, user IDs, and file hashes. An off-chain weighted correlation algorithm assigns similarity scores between evidence pairs and classifies relationships as Related, Supplementary, Duplicate, or Unrelated. The system was evaluated using a simulated smart city accident scenario and tested for correctness, transaction latency, throughput, scalability trends, and concurrency behaviour across four computing environments. Results: Within the controlled proof-of-concept dataset, the correlation algorithm achieved 1.00 precision and recall for clear Related and Duplicate evidence relationships and high precision (0.90) for Supplementary relationships, although recall in this category was lower due to incomplete or noisy metadata. Performance testing showed that Create, Transfer, and Delete operations completed with sub-second latency, while correlation throughput exceeded 60 comparisons per second across all tested environments. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the feasibility of combining blockchain-backed evidence integrity with lightweight metadata-driven forensic intelligence. BlockFECS contributes a proof-of-concept model for automating metadata-based evidence analysis while preserving provenance integrity and auditability, highlighting a promising direction for trustworthy and intelligent digital forensic investigation support. Full article

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11 pages, 251 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Based Quantitative Handwriting and Signature Feature Analysis: Development and Validation of a Mobile Application for Forensic Document Examination—A Preliminary Study

by Muhammet Can, Cihangir Işık and Meksel Cengiz

Forensic Sci. 2026, 6(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci6020041 - 20 May 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objective: Forensic document examination (FDE) traditionally relies on subjective expert opinion. This preliminary study was designed to develop and validate a hybrid deep learning model (ResNet-50 + bidirectional long short-term memory [BiLSTM]) for quantitative handwriting and signature feature analysis, and to compare its [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Forensic document examination (FDE) traditionally relies on subjective expert opinion. This preliminary study was designed to develop and validate a hybrid deep learning model (ResNet-50 + bidirectional long short-term memory [BiLSTM]) for quantitative handwriting and signature feature analysis, and to compare its performance, under standardized experimental conditions, with that of three certified forensic document examiners. Methods: Handwriting and signature samples were collected from 225 individuals in a standardized setting. Fifteen quantitative handwriting features were extracted, the dataset was split into training (70%, n = 158) and testing (30%, n = 67) subsets using stratified random sampling, and ground truth for analytic categories was defined by majority consensus among the three examiners (with adjudicated review for disagreements). A hybrid architecture combining a ResNet-50 backbone and a bidirectional LSTM encoder was used. Results: The model demonstrated 93.4% accuracy, an F1-score of 0.926, and an AUC-ROC of 0.968 on the held-out test set. Under our task-specific experimental conditions, the model performed better than examiners on slant analysis (96.8% vs. 93.2%, p = 0.002), pressure profiling (94.1% vs. 91.7%, p = 0.019), and age estimation (87.4% vs. 82.1%, p = 0.011); examiners performed better on forgery detection (95.8% vs. 91.2%, p = 0.008) and signature verification (96.1% vs. 92.3%, p < 0.012). Mean processing time was reduced by 99.6% (0.8 s vs. 197 s per case). Conclusions: Within the limits of this preliminary single-centre study, the system showed performance comparable to certified examiners on several quantitative tasks and complementary strengths overall, supporting its feasibility as an adjunctive tool in a hybrid human–AI workflow. Broader, multi-centre validation and explainability work are required before any forensic deployment can be considered. Full article

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13 pages, 4823 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Elemental Signatures of Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) and Lead Round Nose (LRN) Projectiles on Complex Biological Targets Using Micro-XRF and Portable XRF

by Suthisa Leasen, Panida Lorwongtragool, Sittichoke Chaiwan and Montri Donphoongpri

Forensic Sci. 2026, 6(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci6010011 - 2 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Background: In forensic ballistics, identifying ammunition types on physical evidence is critical, particularly when metallic residues are minimal. This study comparatively analyzes the elemental signatures deposited by two common projectiles—Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) (Cu/Zn jacket) and Lead Round Nose (LRN) (exposed Pb core)—on [...] Read more.

Background: In forensic ballistics, identifying ammunition types on physical evidence is critical, particularly when metallic residues are minimal. This study comparatively analyzes the elemental signatures deposited by two common projectiles—Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) (Cu/Zn jacket) and Lead Round Nose (LRN) (exposed Pb core)—on complex targets, including pig bone/tissue and mango wood. Methods: Using a semi-automatic handgun at an intermediate range of 5.0 m, residues were examined through high-resolution benchtop Micro-XRF (M4 Tornado) for micro-spatial analysis and Portable XRF (Elio) for rapid field characterization. Additionally, fresh pork leg samples were subjected to a 3-month environmental degradation period to assess trace persistence. Results: Observations indicated that LRN projectiles exhibit markedly elevated Lead (Pb) concentrations along the wound track in bone, hence confirming Pb as a reliable indicator for unjacketed ammunition; specifically, the median Pb concentrations at bullet wiping were 10.39 wt% for M4 and 7.34 wt% for Elio. Conversely, FMJ traces remain strictly confined to the surface bullet wipe area, with median concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn being 2.21 wt%, 0.24 wt%, and 0.59 wt% via M4, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a strong correlation for high-concentration elements on tissue, but significantly greater variance on wooden surfaces where FMJ traces exhibited a very weak negative correlation (r = −0.2774) due to minimal and irregular metal transfer. Taphonomic evaluation revealed that the Pb signature from LRN is exceptionally stable (r ≈ 0.9999) even after decomposition, while FMJ signatures are highly sensitive to environmental exposure. Conclusions: This research underscores the necessity of high-sensitivity Micro-XRF (M4) for definitive ammunition verification, providing a refined analytical framework for shooting incident reconstruction even involving degraded remains or complex environmental scenes. Full article

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14 pages, 237 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Domestic Abuse, Stalking and Harassment and Honour-Based Violence (DASH) Risk Assessment Instrument in Predicting Deadly or Persistent Domestic Abuse

by Karen M. Caulfield, Nicola S. Gray, Andrew Edwards and Robert J. Snowden

Forensic Sci. 2025, 5(4), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci5040064 - 21 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Background: The DASH risk assessment scheme is used across the UK to identify and manage instances of domestic abuse. Recent studies have questioned whether the scheme can identify offenders who go on to commit further acts of domestic abuse, in particular serious violence, [...] Read more.

Background: The DASH risk assessment scheme is used across the UK to identify and manage instances of domestic abuse. Recent studies have questioned whether the scheme can identify offenders who go on to commit further acts of domestic abuse, in particular serious violence, and therefore whether it is fit for purpose. Methods: We therefore tested the ability of the DASH to predict future instances of deadly or persistent domestic abuse. From a database of ≈25,000 incidents, we compared DASH assessments which preceded an incident of “deadly violence” or was the first in a series of “persistent abuse”. These groups were compared to a control group where there was no further incident of domestic abuse. Results: The proportion of “high-risk” stratifications was approximately 5 times higher in the deadly violence group compared to the control group. Prediction accuracy assessed via signal detection theory showed the DASH was a moderate predictor of deadly violence (AUC = 0.67). The DASH also showed predictive accuracy in identifying persistent offenders (AUC = 0.62). While these results are encouraging and are similar in efficacy to other risk assessment schemes used in the prediction of domestic violence, the results identified that many individual items of the DASH were not predictive. The inclusion of non-predictive items within the DASH adds “noise” and error into the risk evaluation. The development of a shortened version of the DASH, removing these ineffectual items, was shown to have even higher predictive value for deadly violence (AUC = 0.80). Conclusions: We stress, however, that the role of risk assessment is not to predict violence per se, but to prevent violence via the accurate identification of dangerous perpetrators and via effective intervention and safeguarding of victims. Despite this, research such as this is imperative to evaluate if the risk assessment schemes selected by practitioners and police are fit for purpose. Full article

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10 pages, 1462 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Potential Use of Four Skull Traits for Sex Estimation

by Joe Adserias-Garriga, Heli Maijanen and Sara C. Zapico

Forensic Sci. 2025, 5(4), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci5040060 - 7 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2429

Abstract

Background: Sex estimation is a basic step of human identification in both legal cases and archeological contexts. The highest accuracy for sex estimation is achieved when a complete skeleton is available, though there are situations, such as cremated, dismembered, and otherwise taphonomically [...] Read more.

Background: Sex estimation is a basic step of human identification in both legal cases and archeological contexts. The highest accuracy for sex estimation is achieved when a complete skeleton is available, though there are situations, such as cremated, dismembered, and otherwise taphonomically altered skeletal remains, where a complete skeleton is not available. The aim of the present preliminary study was to evaluate the usefulness of four non-metric skull traits that are considered taphonomically resilient for sex estimation and their potential application in forensic cases. Methods: Non-metric skull traits of 100 skulls from the Bass Donated Skeletal Collection were analyzed. These traits included foramen magnum shape, zygomatic arch extension with respect to the external auditory canal, sigmoid notch, and gonial angle muscle attachment. A discriminant function analysis model was used to develop specific formulae for sex estimation. Results: The foramen magnum and sigmoid notch showed no significant differences between males and females. The zygomatic arch extension (ZAE) and gonial angle morphology (GO) showed strong, significant differences between the sexes. However, gonial angle morphology has shown to be affected by edentulism. Based on the ZAE, the function obtained by the discriminant function analysis was sex = 2.469*ZAE − 1.247, with a result of zero pointing to males and result of one pointing to females, which correctly classified 79.8% of the original cases. Conclusions: This study highlights the value of four different skull traits and their potential use in forensic cases. Of all the evaluated traits, zygomatic arch extension was the best indicator for sex estimation. This anatomical region corresponds to a highly resistant skeletal structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Forensic Sciences)

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14 pages, 370 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating AI Systems in Criminal Justice: The Forensic Expert as a Corridor Between Algorithms and Courtroom Evidence

by Ido Hefetz

Forensic Sci. 2025, 5(4), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci5040053 - 27 Oct 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6381

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence is transforming forensic fingerprint analysis by introducing probabilistic demographic inference alongside traditional pattern matching. This study explores how AI integration reshapes the role of forensic experts from interpreters of physical traces to epistemic corridors who validate algorithmic outputs and translate [...] Read more.

Background: Artificial intelligence is transforming forensic fingerprint analysis by introducing probabilistic demographic inference alongside traditional pattern matching. This study explores how AI integration reshapes the role of forensic experts from interpreters of physical traces to epistemic corridors who validate algorithmic outputs and translate them into legally admissible evidence. Methods: A conceptual proof-of-concept exercise compares traditional AFIS-based workflows with AI-enhanced predictive models in a simulated burglary scenario involving partial latent fingermarks. The hypothetical design, which does not rely on empirical validation, illustrates the methodological contrasts between physical and algorithmic inference. Results: The comparison demonstrates how AI-based demographic classification can generate investigative leads when conventional matching fails. It also highlights the evolving responsibilities of forensic experts, who must acquire competencies in statistical validation, bias detection, and explainability while preserving traditional pattern-recognition expertise. Conclusions: AI should augment rather than replace expert judgment. Forensic practitioners must act as critical mediators between computational inference and courtroom testimony, ensuring that algorithmic evidence meets legal standards of transparency, contestability, and scientific rigor. The paper concludes with recommendations for validation protocols, cross-laboratory benchmarking, and structured training curricula to prepare experts for this transformed epistemic landscape. Full article

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15 pages, 652 KB

Open AccessArticle

Conceptualizing Missingness: A Case Study in Rural Mississippi

by Sarajane Smith-Escudero, Jesse R. Goliath, Anna J. Osterholtz and D. Shane Miller

Forensic Sci. 2025, 5(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci5040051 - 24 Oct 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3813

Abstract

Missing persons is an understudied area, especially within forensic anthropology when not associated with cases of mass violence or mass disaster. Affecting more than half a million persons in the United States yearly, missingness has proven to be a significant issue across the [...] Read more.

Missing persons is an understudied area, especially within forensic anthropology when not associated with cases of mass violence or mass disaster. Affecting more than half a million persons in the United States yearly, missingness has proven to be a significant issue across the country—and globally—with no explicit preventative measures or solutions having been identified. Here we contribute to conceptualizations regarding the incidence of going missing, or missingness, utilizing frameworks of structural violence, necropolitics, and intersectionality. The concept of missingness is then applied to a case study of missing persons from Mississippi, documented in the Mississippi Repository for Missing and Unidentified Persons. Missingness was found to affect demographic groups differently, with marginalized racial and ethnic groups not only disproportionately exposed to the risk of missingness but also suffering from the worst case outcomes after having gone missing. We argue that the socioeconomic, political, and sociocultural limitations structural violence imposes upon marginalized groups may result in missingness. By rigorously theorizing missingness, we hope to draw attention to and improve an understanding of the silent epidemic of missingness, eventually resulting in the identification of specific circumstances correlated to missingness and ultimately improving prevention and recovery efforts. Full article

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16 pages, 807 KB

Open AccessArticle

Age Estimation Through Osteon Histomorphometry: Analysis of Femoral Cross-Sections from Historical Autopsy Samples

by Raffaella Minella, Giada Sciâdi Steiger, Aldo Di Fazio, Francesco Introna and Enrica Macorano

Forensic Sci. 2025, 5(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci5040050 - 19 Oct 2025

Viewed by 2135

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Age estimation is of fundamental importance in forensic investigations. When traditional methods based on gross bone morphology or morphometric analysis cannot be applied, forensic experts must rely on multidisciplinary approaches. Histomorphometry has consistently proven to be reliable in cases of highly fragmented [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Age estimation is of fundamental importance in forensic investigations. When traditional methods based on gross bone morphology or morphometric analysis cannot be applied, forensic experts must rely on multidisciplinary approaches. Histomorphometry has consistently proven to be reliable in cases of highly fragmented or incomplete skeletal remains, particularly in older individuals. Building on the foundational study of Amprino and Bairati, this study evaluated the correlations between bone microstructural features in femoral cross-sections and the age and sex of individuals. Methods: The sample comprised 95 femoral mid-diaphyseal thin sections obtained from autopsy specimens housed at the Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Bari (Italy), representing both male and female individuals aged 18 to 92 years. The numbers and densities of primary, intact secondary, and fragmentary secondary osteons, together with osteon circularity and the mean osteonal area, were measured to investigate age-related variation. Statistical analyses included t-tests, Mann–Whitney tests, Spearman’s rank correlation, and General Linear Models (GLMs). Results: No significant differences in histomorphometric variables were observed between males and females. However, the number of intact secondary osteons and osteon population density increased with age, while the mean osteonal area and osteon circularity decreased with age. Although some variables displayed significant correlations with age, residual analysis indicated a lack of heterogeneity in variance, which limited the development of a robust predictive model. Conclusions: The findings highlight both the potential and the limitations of histomorphometry in forensic age estimation. While certain microstructural variables correlate with age, inter-individual variability reduces predictive accuracy. Further research is needed to refine models that account for biological and biomechanical variability, particularly in older adults. Full article

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29 pages, 1325 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Stratigraphy—A Pattern Analysis Framework Integrating Computer Forensics, Criminology, and Forensic Archaeology for Crime Scene Investigation

by Romil Rawat, Hitesh Rawat, Mandakini Ingle, Anjali Rawat, Anand Rajavat and Ashish Dibouliya

Forensic Sci. 2025, 5(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci5040048 - 17 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives—Traditional forensic investigations often analyze digital, physical, and criminological evidence separately, leading to fragmented timelines and reduced accuracy in reconstructing complex events. To address these gaps, this study proposes the Digital Stratigraphy Framework (DSF), inspired by archaeological stratigraphy, to integrate heterogeneous evidence [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives—Traditional forensic investigations often analyze digital, physical, and criminological evidence separately, leading to fragmented timelines and reduced accuracy in reconstructing complex events. To address these gaps, this study proposes the Digital Stratigraphy Framework (DSF), inspired by archaeological stratigraphy, to integrate heterogeneous evidence into structured, temporally ordered layers. DSF aims to reduce asynchronous inconsistencies, minimize false associations, and enhance interpretability across digital, behavioral, geospatial, and excavation evidence. Methods—DSF employs Hierarchical Pattern Mining (HPM) to detect recurring behavioral patterns and Forensic Sequence Alignment (FSA) to synchronize evidence layers temporally and contextually. The framework was tested on the CSI-DS2025 dataset containing 25,000 multimodal, stratified records, including digital logs, geospatial data, criminological reports, and excavation notes. Evaluation used 10-fold cross-validation, Bayesian hyperparameter tuning, and structured train-validation-test splits. Metrics included accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and Stratigraphic Reconstruction Consistency (SRC), alongside ablation and runtime assessments. Results—DSF achieved 92.6% accuracy, 93.1% precision, 90.5% recall, 91.3% F1-score, and an SRC of 0.89, outperforming baseline models. False associations were reduced by 18%, confirming effective cross-layer alignment and computational efficiency. Conclusions—By applying stratigraphic principles to forensic analytics, DSF enables accurate, interpretable, and legally robust evidence reconstruction. The framework establishes a scalable foundation for real-time investigative applications and multi-modal evidence integration, offering significant improvements over traditional fragmented approaches. Full article

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Review

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21 pages, 2351 KB

Open AccessReview

Caffeine in Forensic Toxicology: A Comprehensive Review of Sources, Pharmacokinetics, Analytical Methods, and Medico-Legal Implications

by Everaldo Attard, Ilaria Ammendolia, Fabrizio Calapai and Gioacchino Calapai

Forensic Sci. 2026, 6(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci6020051 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 678

Abstract

Caffeine is the world’s most widely consumed psychoactive compound, yet it presents a growing challenge in forensic toxicology due to the proliferation of highly concentrated energy drinks, dietary supplements, and pure anhydrous powders. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the diverse sources [...] Read more.

Caffeine is the world’s most widely consumed psychoactive compound, yet it presents a growing challenge in forensic toxicology due to the proliferation of highly concentrated energy drinks, dietary supplements, and pure anhydrous powders. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the diverse sources of caffeine, complex pharmacokinetics, and critical medico-legal implications. While moderate consumption is socially accepted, fatal intoxications are increasingly reported. The toxic effects of caffeine primarily manifest through a number of mechanisms which range from mild effects to sudden cardiac death. Forensic interpretation is inherently complex due to significant inter-individual variability. Analytical determination relies on advanced techniques, with LC-MS/MS serving as the preferred platform for its high sensitivity and ability to quantify primary metabolites like paraxanthine. A critical challenge in postmortem cases is postmortem redistribution, where central blood levels may be artifactually elevated compared to peripheral sites, necessitating more complex matrix analysis. To standardize the evaluation of the role of caffeine in causing death, a proposed Toxicological Significance Score (TSS) framework is discussed to enhance the transparency and defensibility of expert testimony. Ultimately, accurately determining the manner of death requires a nuanced, case-by-case assessment that integrates toxicological findings with circumstantial evidence and individual medical histories. Full article

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17 pages, 1391 KB

Open AccessReview

Gender-Based Violence and Femicide: A Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of International and Italian Legislation to Identify Appropriate Clinical and Judicial Management of Victims of Abuse—The “Pink Code” Pathway and Its Medico-Legal Implications

by Federica Spadazzi, Dalila Tripi, Miriam Ottaviani, Paola Frati, Mauro Arcangeli and Gianpietro Volonnino

Forensic Sci. 2026, 6(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci6010026 - 5 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Introduction: Gender-based violence and femicide represent the most extreme manifestation of a deep-rooted cultural distortion embedded within patriarchal social structures. In this study, adopting a comparative and multidisciplinary approach, we analyzed the evolution of international legislation and the major historical milestones in the [...] Read more.

Introduction: Gender-based violence and femicide represent the most extreme manifestation of a deep-rooted cultural distortion embedded within patriarchal social structures. In this study, adopting a comparative and multidisciplinary approach, we analyzed the evolution of international legislation and the major historical milestones in the protection of women’s rights and the prevention of gender-based violence at both the global and Italian levels. Specific protocols such as the “Pink code” were examined, with particular attention to medico-legal implications and the clinical management of victims, highlighting how violence against women continues to be fuelled by stereotypes, discrimination, and unequal power relations. Materials and Methods: Gender-based violence and femicide were examined from both national and international perspectives. A total of 73 scientific articles in English and 28 legal sources were selected from an initial pool of 918 publications, through a narrative review with a structured search strategy of international and Italian legislation and scientific literature. Electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) were searched for the period 2000–2025. Only original observational studies, medico-legal analyses, epidemiological reports, and forensic case series were included. Cases primarily related to pregnancy, migration, infanticide, suicide, or substance abuse were excluded to reduce heterogeneity and focus on violence rooted in gender-based power asymmetries. Results: The legislative analysis shows a progressive strengthening of protection mechanisms, particularly between 2012 and 2023, following the ratification of the Istanbul Convention, the increase in intimate partner violence, and the COVID-19 pandemic. In Italy, the repeal of discriminatory norms and the introduction of specific legislative measures have led to increased attention toward prevention, protection, and prosecution of gender-based violence. Protocols such as the ‘Pink Code’, an Italian hospital-based multidisciplinary pathway activated mainly in emergency departments for the early identification, clinical care, medico-legal documentation, and judicial protection of victims of gender-based violence, have improved multidisciplinary management of victims within healthcare and judicial settings, although significant challenges remain regarding the full enforcement of legislation and the effective protection of women. The analysis focuses on female victims, in accordance with the Italian legal definition of gender-based violence, while other forms of gender-related violence were considered beyond the scope of this review. Conclusions: Despite substantial legal advances, combating gender-based violence clearly requires an integrated approach that combines prevention, assistance, and prosecution. Strengthening collaboration among institutions, healthcare services, and the judicial system—consistent with international recommendations—is essential to ensure an effective and rights-based response to victims. Overcoming the cultural and social barriers that perpetuate violence remains a fundamental priority, alongside promoting genuine gender equality. Full article

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18 pages, 995 KB

Open AccessReview

Dissecting Overkill: An Analysis of Jack the Ripper’s Final Act

by Francesco Orsini, Stefania De Simone, Roberta Bibbò, Giovanni Pollice, Luigi Cipolloni and Stefano Ferracuti

Forensic Sci. 2025, 5(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci5040055 - 28 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6691

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Overkill is generally defined as violence demonstrably exceeding the force required to cause death, often involving a disproportionate number of inflicted injuries. Typically linked to specific mental states, this phenomenon can serve diverse perpetrator purposes, from expressing sadistic impulses to deliberately [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Overkill is generally defined as violence demonstrably exceeding the force required to cause death, often involving a disproportionate number of inflicted injuries. Typically linked to specific mental states, this phenomenon can serve diverse perpetrator purposes, from expressing sadistic impulses to deliberately contaminating forensic evidence. This study re-examines the historical case of Mary Jane Kelly, the canonical final victim of Jack the Ripper, to offer a historical perspective on extreme violence and its influence on modern forensic frameworks. Methods: We employed a retrospective analysis, combining a systematic literature review with application of the Homicide Injury Scale to documented autopsy findings from 1888. Results: The autopsy revealed systematic post-mortem mutilation following a fatal neck laceration. Application of the Homicide Injury Scale confirmed violence exceeding lethal force. Conclusions: This case represents a foundational example of organized overkill behavior, demonstrating the value of applying modern forensic frameworks to historical cases to inform comprehensive overkill analysis. Full article

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Other

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18 pages, 541 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Lethal Devotion in the Tropics: A Systematic Review of Forensic and Criminological Insights into the Jonestown Event

by Francesco Orsini, Stefano Ferracuti, Chiara Fabrello, Karidia Karaboue, Luigi Cipolloni and Stefania De Simone

Forensic Sci. 2026, 6(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci6020048 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 786

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mass suicide events represent complex socio-cultural phenomena requiring multidisciplinary investigation. The 1978 Jonestown event (>900 deaths) remains the most extensively documented modern case. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review adhering to PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mass suicide events represent complex socio-cultural phenomena requiring multidisciplinary investigation. The 1978 Jonestown event (>900 deaths) remains the most extensively documented modern case. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review adhering to PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for peer-reviewed articles published between 1978 and 2026 using the query: ((mass) AND (suicide)) OR (suicide) AND (jonestown). Following screening, 10 papers were selected for inclusion. We integrated these findings with forensic autopsy reports (n = 7), toxicological analyses, discourse analysis of the 45 min audio recording preceding the mass deaths, field investigation data, scholarly monographs, reputable popular science publications, and archival materials from contemporary sources to examine the forensic and criminological aspects of the event. Results: Toxicological analysis detected cyanide in 2/7 autopsied bodies; multiple sedatives (promethazine, chlorpromazine, diphenhydramine, pentobarbital) in gastric tissue indicated recent ingestion. Two gunshot fatalities presented additional complexity. Manner of death was classified as undetermined due to ambiguous circumstances regarding volition versus coercion. Discourse analysis revealed the community’s response was actively debated and constructed through persuasive communication: Reverend Jones strategically framing the situation as hopeless while preserving the appearance of individual agency. Psychosocial analysis identified characteristic patterns: charismatic authoritarian leadership, progressive isolation, apocalyptic ideology, and deindividualization processes. Conclusions: The Jonestown event exemplifies the intersection of forensic pathology challenges in mass casualty investigations and complex group dynamics culminating in collective death. Analysis demonstrates group members actively participated in leadership–followership dynamics, constructing narrative fit between identity and action through discourse. Findings emphasize the importance of immediate toxicological sampling, preservation of forensic evidence, recognition of warning signs in high-control groups, and understanding how narratives of hopelessness and foreclosure of options can be exploited for extremist mobilization. Full article

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11 pages, 2141 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Repeated Blunt-Force Trauma in an Elderly Male: An Atypical Intimate Partner Homicide Case Involving a Female Partner

by Gebremariam Tewelemedhin Gebremariam, Charles Karangwa, Innocent Nkurunziza and David Ishimwe

Forensic Sci. 2026, 6(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci6020046 - 27 May 2026

Viewed by 682

Abstract

Background and Forensic Significance: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern that can result in intimate partner homicide (IPH). While most reported cases involve female victims, fatal violence against men, particularly older adults, remains under-recognized. We report an atypical case [...] Read more.

Background and Forensic Significance: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern that can result in intimate partner homicide (IPH). While most reported cases involve female victims, fatal violence against men, particularly older adults, remains under-recognized. We report an atypical case of IPH involving an elderly male victim who was killed by his female partner. This case highlights the importance of comprehensive medico-legal investigation to accurately reconstruct the mechanism of injury and exclude alternative causes of death. Case Presentation: A 76-year-old man was found dead in his home after his 72-year-old wife reported that she found him unresponsive. He had a history of asthma and chronic alcohol use, was reportedly intoxicated, and had been involved in a longstanding conflict with his spouse. Autopsy revealed multiple patterned abrasions and contusions with extensive intramuscular hemorrhage involving the extremities. Internal examination demonstrated generalized visceral pallor. Fatal acute asthma and alcohol intoxication were excluded. Overall, the cause of death was determined to be hemorrhagic shock resulting from repeated blunt force trauma, and the manner of death was classified as homicide. Conclusions: This case demonstrates that a sustained blunt force assault can lead to fatal intramuscular blood pooling. Furthermore, it illustrates the rare demographic and mechanism patterns of IPH, underscoring the importance of comprehensive medico-legal evaluation and awareness of such occurrences. Full article

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37 pages, 700 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Spectrum of Choice: A Review of European Abortion Legal Frameworks from a Medicolegal Perspective

by Francesco Orsini, Luigi Cipolloni, Paola Frati, Giovanni Pollice, Chiara Fabrello and Stefania De Simone

Forensic Sci. 2026, 6(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci6010029 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1561

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Abortion legislation represents a complex intersection of medical practice, ethical considerations, and legal frameworks that demonstrate significant legal heterogeneity across Europe. This study undertakes a comprehensive comparative assessment of the statutory schemes governing abortion across the European continent, examining gestational limits, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Abortion legislation represents a complex intersection of medical practice, ethical considerations, and legal frameworks that demonstrate significant legal heterogeneity across Europe. This study undertakes a comprehensive comparative assessment of the statutory schemes governing abortion across the European continent, examining gestational limits, exceptional circumstances, and regulatory requirements. Methods: A comparative legal analysis was conducted across 31 European jurisdictions. Primary legislative instruments were identified and authenticated through official governmental sources, parliamentary databases, and legal repositories to ensure analysis of current consolidated legislation. Data extraction focused on gestational limits, exceptional circumstances, procedural requirements, and constitutional provisions to categorize jurisdictions into regulatory models. Additionally, a structured literature search was performed in PubMed and Scopus (2015–2025) using the keywords “abortion,” “law,” and “Europe.” From 297 screened records, 30 articles were selected to contextualize legislative evolution and scholarly discourse. Results: The comparative analysis identified substantial heterogeneity in European abortion legislation, revealing four distinct regulatory models. Most jurisdictions establish a legal limit for elective abortion of approximately 12 weeks of gestation, with variations ranging from 10 weeks to 24 weeks. Exceptions to gestational limits are widely recognized for maternal life-threatening conditions, severe fetal anomalies and pregnancies resulting from sexual violence. Conclusions: European abortion legislation reflects persistent regulatory pluralism rather than convergence toward a unified model. While commonality exists regarding early gestational limits for elective abortion, significant variation remains in exceptional circumstances, procedural requirements, and underlying regulatory philosophies. This heterogeneity impacts healthcare provision, cross-border reproductive care, and medico-legal practice. The identified regulatory models illustrate diverse balances between reproductive autonomy and state interests. Future research should examine the practical consequences of these diverse schemes on health outcomes and cross-border patient mobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Forensic Sciences)

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12 pages, 1154 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Sexual Dimorphism in Skeletal Remains with Variable Degrees of Preservation—A Preliminary Study

by Maria José Amorim, Inês Morais Caldas, Daniel Pérez-Mongiovi and Alexandra Teixeira

Forensic Sci. 2026, 6(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci6010025 - 4 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: When analyzing human skeletal remains for human identification, the assessment of sexual dimorphism is fundamental because it underlies sex estimation, a key parameter of the biological profile, which reduces the number of candidates to approximately one half. Ideally, the most dimorphic bones [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: When analyzing human skeletal remains for human identification, the assessment of sexual dimorphism is fundamental because it underlies sex estimation, a key parameter of the biological profile, which reduces the number of candidates to approximately one half. Ideally, the most dimorphic bones (the pelvis and long bones) are used, but this analysis may be compromised when the skeletal remains are badly preserved, which is often the case in older skeletons. It is, therefore, necessary to investigate sexual dimorphism in alternative skeletal elements as the quantity and quality of bone structures present in ancient skeletons represent crucial aspects when assessing biological differences between the sexes. The present study aims to evaluate the degree of sexual dimorphism in selected skeletal elements as a preliminary step toward identifying sexually dimorphic parameters with potential applicability in future research on poorly preserved skeletons. Methods: A metric assessment of sexual dimorphism was performed on the clavicle, sternum, and seventh cervical vertebra from a 20th Century collection of identified skeletons from the Portuguese population from CESPU (CEIC), showing a variable degree of bone preservation. Results: Our preliminary data suggest that although all bones analyzed may have exhibited some degree of sexual dimorphism, five parameters—sternal body length, manubrium width, first stern-vertebrae width, clavicle maximum length, and cervical vertebral body height—showed the most promising results. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to validate these observations, using a bigger sample of badly preserved bones. Conclusions: These results represent a preliminary assessment of sexually dimorphic parameters, which may be of interest in circumstances where skeletal elements are poorly preserved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Forensic Sciences)

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15 pages, 1548 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Nail as a Biological Sample in Molecular Identification of Decomposed Human Body: Case Report and Brief Literature Review

by Tanja Visković, Marija Definis and Livia Sliskovic

Forensic Sci. 2026, 6(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci6010003 - 13 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Background: Postmortem DNA identification of highly decomposed human remains is often limited by the availability and quality of conventional biological samples. Keratinized tissues, such as fingernails, represent a potentially valuable alternative due to their anatomical resistance to environmental degradation, however, their use as [...] Read more.

Background: Postmortem DNA identification of highly decomposed human remains is often limited by the availability and quality of conventional biological samples. Keratinized tissues, such as fingernails, represent a potentially valuable alternative due to their anatomical resistance to environmental degradation, however, their use as primary biological material for DNA profiling remains underreported in forensic practice. Case presentation: We report a case involving the recovery of a highly decomposed body of a missing woman, in which DNA samples were collected from a fingernail and a tooth. DNA extraction was performed using the PrepFiler Forensic DNA Extraction Kit for the fingernail sample and PrepFiler BTA Forensic DNA Extraction Kit for the tooth sample. No usable DNA profile was obtained from the tooth sample; however, the fingernail sample yielded a complete and high-quality STR profile with successful amplification across all 24 loci (GlobalFiler PCR Amplification Kit). Reference buccal swabs from the presumed biological parents were collected for subsequent kinship analysis. Discussion: Kinship analysis based on allele frequencies in the Croatian population resulted in a combined paternity index (CPI) corresponding to a probability of paternity of 99.99999812%, providing strong genetic support for the proposed identity of the deceased. Notably, this is the first documented forensic case in Croatia in which nail material served as the primary—and ultimately successful—biological sample for postmortem identification. Conclusions: This case highlights the evidentiary value of fingernails as a robust, accessible, and forensically valid DNA source in postmortem identification, particularly in cases of advanced decomposition where conventional biological materials are unavailable or degraded. Further studies involving larger sample sets and diverse postmortem conditions are needed to support the broader implementation of nail material in routine forensic identification workflows, particularly within the Croatian medico-legal context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Forensic Sciences)

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