Indonesian Vegetables: Searching for Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Therapeutic Agents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
3.1. Ipomoea aquatica
3.2. Paederia foetida
3.3. Plumbago zeylanica
3.4. Nauclea pallida Reinw
3.5. Sauropus androgynus
3.6. Wrightia pubescens
3.7. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Extract Preparation
4.3. Antioxidant Determination
4.3.1. 2-2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Assay
4.3.2. Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Assay
4.3.3. Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Assay
4.4. Molecular Docking
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Local Name | Part Used | Species Name | Family | Distribution in Indonesia | Ethnopharmacology Indication | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bayam duri | Whole plant (young) | Amaranthus spinosus L. | Amaranthaceae | Sumatra, Jawa, Madura, Bali, Sulawesi, Maluku, Halmahera, Tidore | Blister, asthma, fever | [20] |
2 | Kluwih | Young fruit | Artocarpus Altilis (Park.) FSB. | Moraceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Timor, Sulawesi, Selayar, Maluku, Seram, Halmahera | Toothache, skin infection | [21] |
3 | Nangka | Young fruit | Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. | Moraceae | Sulawesi, Jawa | Diarrhea | [22,23] |
4 | Gude | Seeds | Cajanus cajan Millspaugh | Leguminosae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Timor, Sulawesi, Maluku, Halmahera, Ternate, Tidore | Scabies, cough, blood cleansing | [20] |
5 | Pepaya | Flower | Carica papaya L. | caricaceae | Sumatera, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Jawa, Sulawesi, maluku, Papua | Malaria, anthelmintic, stomachache, | [24] |
6 | Telang | Flower | Clitoria ternatea L. | Papilonaceae | Sumatra, Jawa, Sulawesi, Maluku, Halmahera, Ternate | Blister, eye irritation | [25] |
7 | Sintrong | Whole plant (young) | Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore | Asteraceae | Sumatera, Jawa | Stomachache, headache, blister | [26,27] |
8 | Pakis | Whole plant (young) | Diplazium esculentum Swartz. | Polypodiaceae | Sumatra, Jawa, Bali, Sulawesi, Maluku, Ambon | Rub | [28] |
9 | Kecombrang | Flower | Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm. | Zingiberaceae | Jawa | Vitality | [29] |
10 | Kangkung | Whole plant (young) | Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. | Convolvulaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Maluku, Halmahera, Tidore, Buru | Sedative agent | [20] |
11 | Genjer | Whole plant (young) | Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch | Butomaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura | Food | [30] |
12 | Gambas | Young Fruit | Luffa acutangular (L.) Roxb. | Cucurbitaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura, Maluku, Ternate | Fever, nausea, stomachache, toothache | [29] |
13 | Semanggi | Whole plant (young) | Marsilea minuta L. | Marsilaceae | Jawa | diuretic agents | [28] |
14 | Kelor | Young Leaves Fruit, seeds | Moringa oleifera L. | Moringaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, Buru, Ternate, Tidore | Gum bleeding, period, headache, asthma, rheumatism, anti-emetic, spasm | [20] |
15 | Pisang | Stem | Musa paradisiaca L. | Musaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Ambon | Tonsil and gastro inflammation, anemia, trachoma inflammation, diarrhea, fever, food poisoning | [30] |
16 | Selada Air | Whole plant (young) | Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton | Sumatera | Excema | [31] | |
17 | Kolpo | Young Leaves | Nauclea pallida Reinw | Rubiaceae | Jawa | Diuretic | [30] |
18 | Mangkokan | Young Leaves | Nothopanax scutellarium Merr. | Araliaceae | Jawa, Sulawesi, Mena, Maluku, Ambon, Roti, Halmahera, Ternate | Hari tonic, anti-inflammation (edema), diuretic agents | [20] |
19 | Sembukan | Leaves | Paederia foetida L. | Rubiaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura, Maluku, Ternate | Sore | [32] |
20 | Beluntas | Young Leaves | Pluchea indica L. | Asteraceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura, Sulawesi, Nusa, Tenggara Timor | Fever, cough, body odor | [20] |
21 | Kareka | Young Leaves | Plumbago zeylanica L. | Plumbaginaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Bali, Timor | Rheumatism, headache | [24] |
22 | Krokot | Whole plant (young) | Portulaca oleracea L. | Portulaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura, Maluku, Ternate | Diarrhea, fever, stomachache | [20] |
23 | Kecipir | Fruit and seeds | Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C. | Fabaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Bali, Maluku, Ternate | Ear inflammation | [20] |
24 | Katuk | Young Leaves | Sauropus Androgynus (L.) Merr. | Euphorbiaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura | Breas milk stimulant, acne, fever, blister, eczema | [20] |
25 | Labu Siam | Fruit (young) | Sechium Edule (Jacq.) Sw. | Cucurbitaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura | Food | |
26 | Turi | Flower | Sesbania grandiflora Pers. | Leguminosae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura, Bali, Sulawesi, Nusa tenggara, Timor, Ternate, Tidore | Gastro-inflammation, mouth blister, scabies | [20] |
27 | Kenikir | Young leaves | Tagetes erecta L. | Compositae | Jawa | Insect repellant | [20] |
28 | Kacang panjang | Young Fruit | Vigna cylindrica (L.) Walp. | Fabaceae | Jawa | Diuretic | [28] |
29 | Bintaos | Young Leaves | Wrightia pubescens R.Br. | Apocynaceae | Sumatera, Jawa, Madura, Nusa Tenggara, Bali, Timor | Eye irritation | [30] |
No | Sample | Plant Parts | Inhibition Percentage (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH | SO | Hydroxyl | |||
1 | Carica papaya | Flos | 47.2 ± 0.2 | 60.3 ± 1.0 | 59.3 ± 0.1 |
2 | Clitoria ternatea | Flos | 87.5 ± 0.2 | 53.7 ± 1.8 | 73.2 ± 0.1 |
3 | Etlingera elatior | Flos | 66.2 ± 0.2 | 93.6 ± 1.2 | 80.4 ± 0.1 |
4 | Ipomoea aquatica | All parts | 92.6 ± 0.2 | 97.6 ± 1.0 | 80.2 ± 0.1 |
5 | Limnocharis Flava | All parts | 27.7 ± 0.3 | 83.4 ± 1.0 | 79.2 ± 0.1 |
6 | Luffa acutangular | Fructus | 12.6 ± 0.2 | 72.7 ± 1.0 | 80.2 ± 0.1 |
7 | Marsilea minuta | All parts | 72.2 ± 0.1 | 74.5 ± 2.7 | 86.0 ± 0.1 |
8 | Moringa Oleifera | All parts | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 66.8 ± 2.1 | 78.6 ± 0.2 |
9 | Moringa Oleifera | Flos | 24.4 ± 0.2 | 95.1 ± 0.8 | 73.9 ± 0.1 |
10 | Nasturtium officinale | All parts | 36.3 ± 0.2 | 88.1 ± 0.8 | 86.3 ± 0.1 |
11 | Nauclea pallida Reinw. | All parts | 89.1 ± 0.1 | 72.3 ± 2.2 | 86.1 ± 0.1 |
12 | Nothopanax scutellarium | All parts | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 79.7 ± 0.6 | 84.2 ± 0.1 |
13 | Paederia foetida | All parts | 90.3 ± 0.2 | 93.5 ± 2.1 | 85.7 ± 0.1 |
14 | Pluchea indica | All parts | 86.4 ± 0.2 | 95.3 ± 2.1 | 57.9 ± 0.1 |
15 | Plumbago zeylanica | All parts | 90.0 ± 0.6 | 84.6 ± 2.1 | 89.2 ± 0.1 |
16 | Psophocarpus tetragonolobus | Fructus | 83.8 ± 0.2 | 87.5 ± 1.8 | 90.0 ± 0.1 |
17 | Sauropus Androgynus | All parts | 20.3 ± 0.2 | 34.5 ± 1.9 | 91.1 ± 0.1 |
18 | Vigna cylindrica | All parts | 22.0 ± 0.2 | 82.2 ± 1.8 | 82.9 ± 0.1 |
19 | Wrightia pubescens | All parts | 72.8 ± 0.1 | 96.5 ± 0.5 | 90.0 ± 0.1 |
20 | Diplazium esculentum | All parts | 25.0 ± 0.2 | 77.5 ± 2.1 | 90.2 ± 0.1 |
21 | Vitamin C (standard) | - | 88.8 ± 0.1 | 79.9 ± 2.6 | 38.1 ± 0.5 |
Name of Structure | Affinity (kcal/mol) |
---|---|
Ipomoea aquatica | |
7-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-dihydroquercetin-3-O-α-D-glucopyranoside | −11.98 |
3,5-di-O-Caffeolyquinic acid | −10.75 |
Luteolin-7-glucoside | −10.31 |
4,5-Di-O-caffeolyquinic acid | −9.67 |
Quercetin-3,7-di-O-glucoside | −9.45 |
Astragalin | −9.06 |
Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside | −8.71 |
Rutin | −8.34 |
Isoquercetin | −8.24 |
Dihydroxybenzoic acid di-pentoside | −8.23 |
Nicotiflorin | −7.52 |
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside | −7.40 |
Nomilinic acid glucoside | −6.97 |
Quercetin-3-O-sophoroside | −6.93 |
Dihydroxybenzoic acid pentoside | −6.65 |
Paederia foetida | |
Stigmasterol | −10.18 |
(+)-α-Tocopherol | −9.94 |
γ-Sitosterol | −9.81 |
(−)-β-Sitosterol | −9.53 |
Asperuloside | −9.20 |
Benzbromarone | −8.88 |
Kaempferol 3-O -rutinoside | −8.68 |
Quercetin 3-glucoside | −8.63 |
Caffeic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | −8.50 |
Deacetylasperuloside | −8.48 |
Scandoside | −8.44 |
2-Anthraquinonecarboxylic acid | −8.39 |
Rutin | −8.35 |
2-Hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone | −8.12 |
Anthra [1,2-d]-1,3-dioxole-6,11-dione | −8.10 |
Rubiadin | −8.09 |
2-(Hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone | −8.00 |
Geniposide | −7.99 |
3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone | −7.98 |
2-Hydroxy-1,3,4-trimethoxy-9,10-anthracenedione | −7.96 |
1,4-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione | −7.88 |
N-(4-Methylphenyl) benzenepropanamide | −7.86 |
6α-Hydroxygeniposide | −7.80 |
1-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione | −7.79 |
2-(Ethoxymethyl)-3-hydroxy-1-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione | −7.71 |
1,3-Dihydroxy-2-methoxyanthraquinone | −7.69 |
Alizarin | −7.69 |
Capsaicin | −7.38 |
Friedelin | −7.01 |
Glutathione | −6.82 |
β-Carotene | −6.64 |
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol | −6.58 |
Fraxidin | −6.48 |
Ethyl (E)-4-methoxycinnamate | −6.45 |
(±)-Pentobarbital | −6.39 |
Plumbago zeylanica L. | |
Chitanone | −12.19 |
Zeylanone | −10.38 |
Isozeylanone | −10.38 |
Campesterol | −9.70 |
Plumbagoside D | −9.70 |
Stigmasterol | −9.50 |
Sitosterol | −9.42 |
Heneicosane | −9.41 |
Plumbagin C | −9.39 |
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,6-trihydroxychromen-4-one | −9.11 |
Droserone | −9.05 |
2-(2,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-3,6,8-trihydroxy-chromen-4-one | −8.54 |
Plumbagoside C | −8.13 |
Plumbagoside B | −7.95 |
3-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-propenone | −7.75 |
Plumbagin F | −7.68 |
Plumbagoside A | −7.51 |
Plumbagin D | −7.26 |
Plumbagin B | −7.16 |
Plumbagin G | −7.16 |
Plumbagin E | −7.11 |
2,5-Dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone | −6.98 |
Plumbagic acid | −6.84 |
Isoshinanolone | −6.75 |
Indole-3-carboxaldehyde | −5.83 |
Plumbagin A | −5.78 |
Vanilic acid | −5.78 |
trans-cinnamic acid | −5.76 |
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | −5.03 |
Acarbose (standard drug) | −7.80 |
No | Species | Local Name | Voucher Code |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Carica papaya | Bunga papaya | CP |
2 | Clitoria ternatea L. | Bunga telang | CT |
3 | Etlingera elatior | Bunga kecombrang | EE |
4 | Ipomoea aquatica | Kangkung | IA |
5 | Limnocharis Flava | Genjer | LF |
6 | Luffa acutangular | Buah gambas | LA |
7 | Marsilea minuta L. | Semanggi | MM |
8 | Moringa Oleifera | Daun kelor | MO |
9 | Nasturtium officinale | Selada air | NO |
10 | Nauclea pallida Reinw. | Daun kolpo | NP |
11 | Nothopanax scutellarium Merr. | Daun mangkokan | NS |
12 | Paederia foetida Linn | Daun sembukan | PF |
13 | Pluchea indica | Daun beluntas | PI |
14 | Plumbago zeylanica L. | Daun encok | PZ |
15 | Psophocarpus tetragonolobus | Kecipir | PT |
16 | Sauropus androgynus | Daun katuk | SA |
17 | Vigna cylindrica (L.) Skeels | Kacang panjang | VC |
18 | Wrightia pubescens R.Br | Daun dan tangkai Bintaos | WP |
19 | Diplazium esculentum | Pakis | DE |
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Rani, D.M.; Hanafi, N.; Sudarko; Rachmawati, D.; Siswoyo, T.A.; Christianty, F.M.; Dewi, I.P.; Nugraha, A.S. Indonesian Vegetables: Searching for Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Therapeutic Agents. Drugs Drug Candidates 2023, 2, 14-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc2010002
Rani DM, Hanafi N, Sudarko, Rachmawati D, Siswoyo TA, Christianty FM, Dewi IP, Nugraha AS. Indonesian Vegetables: Searching for Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Therapeutic Agents. Drugs and Drug Candidates. 2023; 2(1):14-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc2010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleRani, Dinar Mutia, Nur Hanafi, Sudarko, Dessy Rachmawati, Tri Agus Siswoyo, Fransiska Maria Christianty, Ika Puspita Dewi, and Ari Satia Nugraha. 2023. "Indonesian Vegetables: Searching for Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Therapeutic Agents" Drugs and Drug Candidates 2, no. 1: 14-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc2010002