Evaluation the Impact of Hormonal Fluctuations During the Menstrual Cycle on the Performance of Female Athletes—Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Selection
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
3. Results
3.1. Influence of the Menstrual Cycle
3.2. Impact of Menstrual Cycle on Game-Related Variables
3.3. Impact of the Menstrual Cycle on Muscle Strength
3.4. Impact of Menstrual Cycle on Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity
3.5. Impact of the Menstrual Cycle on Agility and Flexibility
3.6. Impact of Menstrual Cycle on Physiological Variables
3.7. Methodological Quality of the Studies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
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Variables Analyzed | |||||||||||
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Author, Year and Design of the Study | Study Design | Observation Time | Sport | Category | Sample No. | Average Age | CM Measurement | Phases Analyzed | Parameters and Performance Tests | Subjective Variables | Main Conclusions |
Shaktina et al., (2016) [18] | Observational | 2 months | Athletics (800 and 1500 m) | 13 | 17-24 | Basal body temperature | FF (FM), FOVU and FL (FPM) | PWC Test | FM, FOVU and FPM reduce endurance performance | ||
4 × 400 m | |||||||||||
Stefanovský et al., (2016) [19] | Randomized | 3 months | Judo | 8 | 18.44 | Notification from the first day of bleeding and calculation of the phases | FFF and FLM | Wingate | No significant differences were found in the tests performed | ||
SJFT | |||||||||||
Ross et al., (2017) [20] | Observational | 3 months | Soccer | 2nd German Division | 9 | 18.6 | App registrations and blood samples | FFT and FLM | CMJ | Negative impact of FLM on aerobic capacity | |
3 × 30 | RPE | ||||||||||
Tounsi et al., (2018) [21] | Observational | 1 month | Soccer | High level | 11 | 21.18 | Blood tests | FFT, FFF and FL | 5JT | Strength and endurance tests showed no interference from CM in sportswomen | |
RSA | |||||||||||
Romero-Moraleda et al., (2019) [22] | Randomized | 1 month | Triathlon | 13 | 31.1 | App registration and urine tests | FFT, FFF and FLM | 1RM half-squat | No differences in strength were found during the CM phases | ||
Nabo et al., (2021) [23] | Observational | 1 month | Indoor soccer | 1st National League | 14 | 24.1 | Registration by app | FF and FL | Balke maximal test | Greater maximum aerobic capacity during the luteal phase | |
Ross et al., (2021) [24] | Observational | 4 months | Soccer | 1st and 2nd German 15 Divisions | 15 | 23 | Records, blood tests and urine tests | FF and FL | Distance and intensity by zones measured by GPS in matches | Greater distances traveled at high intensity in FF | |
Campa et al., (2021) [25] | Observational | 50 days | Soccer | Italian 1st Division | 20 | 23.8 | Calendar records | FFT and FOVU | CMJ | A notable influence of CM on flexibility, with greater capacity during ovulation | |
20 m | |||||||||||
Sit and reach | |||||||||||
Graja et al., (2022) [26] | Randomized | 30 days | Handball | National League Tunisian | 10 | 22.5 | Blood tests, urine tests and records | FF, FL and FPM | MVC | Hooper Index | FPM reduces sprinting ability and strength, with increased muscle damage after the tests |
20 × 5 by bike | |||||||||||
Igoinin et al., (2022) [23] | Observational, longitudinal | 3 years | Soccer | French 2nd Division | 8 | 25.7 | Registration by app | FFT, FFF and FLM | Match statistics (Total distance and speeds reached) | Longer total distance traveled, and moderate and high speed in FL | |
Sánchez et al., (2022) [27] | Observational | 3 months | Soccer | Regional | 12 | 16.18 | Records by app | FFT, FFF and FL | 40 m | Hooper Index | Reduction in subjective well-being during FM and FL |
V-cut, | |||||||||||
Hop test (unipodal and bipodal) and SJ | |||||||||||
Gasperi et al., (2023) [28] | Descriptive, retrospective | 14 weeks | Basketball | 1st Lithuanian Division | 11 | 20.5 | Notification from the first day of bleeding and calculation of the phases | FF and FL | Match stats (PIR, REB, eFG%, TO, PL min) * and factors, game contexts | RPE and TQRpre | Better rebounds and shooting effectiveness during FF, with correlation of Subjective variables with shooting in matches |
Morenas-Aguilar et al., (2023) [29] | Observational | 4 months | Handball | Regional | 8 | 19.8 | Urine analysis and calendar | FFT, FFF and FLM | CMJ and pitching velocity | SAM scale | CM does not affect the performance variables of athletes |
VAS scale |
Authors | Sports | Principal Results of Performance Test | Principal Results of Psychological Variables |
---|---|---|---|
Ross et al., (2017) [20] | Soccer | ↔ CMJ ↔ 3 × 30 sprint ↓ Total distance covered in Yo-Yo IET on LF * ↑ FC pre Yo-Yo test in LF * ↑ 3-5′ lactate post Yo-Yo test in FF * | ↔ RPE in MC |
Tounsi et al., (2018) [21] | Soccer | ↔ 5JT y RSA between phases ↑ In the tests (5JT and RSA) when carried out in the afternoon * ↑ YYIRT1 | |
Nabo et al., (2021) [23] | Futsal | ↑ VO2Max in FL compared to FF in Balke Maximal Test * ↑ Duration in Balke Test in LF * | |
Ross et al., (2021) [24] | Soccer | ↑ Maintenance in zone 3 and high-intensity races in LF compared to FF * ↑ | |
Campa et al., (2021) [25] | Soccer | ↔ CMJ ↔ 20 m ↑ Flexibility in the FO compared to the FF in the Sit and Reach test * | |
Graja et al., (2022) [26] | Handball | ↔ % dec sprint in FF and FL in RSA * ↓ %dec in sprint in FF tan in FPM in RSA * ↓ PP in FPM tan in FF and FL in RSA * ↓ PP in two final sprints in RSA in FL than in FF * ↑ MVC in FF post RSA than in FPM and FF * ↓ NME in vastus lateralis and rectus femoris in FPM post RSE than in FF and FL * ↓ MDF in vastus lateralis and rectus femoris in FPM post RSE than in FF and FL * | ↔ During the three phases of CM in the Hooper Index (stress, sleep, pain, and fatigue) |
Igonin et al., (2022) [30] | Handball | ↓ Total distance in FF than in FL * ↓ Moderate speed in FF tan in FL * ↓ High speed in FF than in FL * ↑ Number sprints in FL * | |
Sánchez et al., (2022) [27] | Soccer | ↔ Hop test, SJ ↔ 40 m ↔ V-cut | ↓ Subjective well-being in FM and FL compared to FF in the Hooper Index * ↑ Fatigue in FM and LF compared to FF |
Gasperi et al., (2023) [28] | Basketball | ↑ EFG% in FF than in LF * ↑ REB in FF than in LF * | ↑ RPE and TQRpre are related to higher EFG% with better shooting in FF and LF * |
Morenas-Aguilar et al., (2023) [29] | Handball | ↔ CMJ ↔ Launch speed | ↔ Mood and perceived pain throughout the phases evaluated by the SAM and VAS scales |
Authors | Sports | Principal Results Of Performance Test | Principal Results of Psychological Variables |
---|---|---|---|
Shakhlina et al., (2016) [31] | Athletics | ↓ Performance in series of 4 × 400 m in FM and FPM * ↑ PWC170 in FL compared to FF and FOVU * ↑ Blood lactate post 4 × 400 m in FM, FPM, and FOVU * ↑ FM, FPM, and FOVU in the average HR post 4 × 400 * | Not include the analysis of subjective variables |
Štefanovský et al., (2016) [32] | Judo | ↔ Test wingate ↔ SJFT ↑ In the first 15 seconds of SJFT in FLM * | |
Romero-Moraleda et al., (2019) [22] | Triathlon | ↔ Estimates of 20, 40, 60, and 80% of 1RM in half squat in FF and FL ↔ Speed estimates 1RM half squat in FF and FL ↔ Power estimates 1RM half squat in FF and FL |
References | Shakhlina et al., (2016) [31] | Štefanovský et al., (2016) [32] | Ross et al., (2017) [20] | Tounsi et al., (2018) [21] | Romero-Moraleda et al., (2019) [22] | Nabo et al., (2021) [23] | Ross et al., (2021) [24] | Campa et al., (2021) [25] | Graja et al., (2022) [26] | Igonin et al., (2022) [30] | Sánchez et al., (2022) [27] | Gasperi et al., (2023) [28] | Morenas-Aguilar et al., (2023) [29] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | |
3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 | |
5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | |
6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |
I | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
T | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
M | 9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
S | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | |
12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | |
13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | |
14 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 | |
15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | |
16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | |
T | 11 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 14 |
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Elorduy-Terrado, A.; Torres-Luque, G.; Radesca, K.; Muñoz-Andradas, G.; Saenz-Bravo, M.; Domínguez-Balmaseda, D. Evaluation the Impact of Hormonal Fluctuations During the Menstrual Cycle on the Performance of Female Athletes—Systematic Review. Muscles 2025, 4, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4020015
Elorduy-Terrado A, Torres-Luque G, Radesca K, Muñoz-Andradas G, Saenz-Bravo M, Domínguez-Balmaseda D. Evaluation the Impact of Hormonal Fluctuations During the Menstrual Cycle on the Performance of Female Athletes—Systematic Review. Muscles. 2025; 4(2):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4020015
Chicago/Turabian StyleElorduy-Terrado, Ainize, Gema Torres-Luque, Krizia Radesca, Guillermo Muñoz-Andradas, Marisa Saenz-Bravo, and Diego Domínguez-Balmaseda. 2025. "Evaluation the Impact of Hormonal Fluctuations During the Menstrual Cycle on the Performance of Female Athletes—Systematic Review" Muscles 4, no. 2: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4020015
APA StyleElorduy-Terrado, A., Torres-Luque, G., Radesca, K., Muñoz-Andradas, G., Saenz-Bravo, M., & Domínguez-Balmaseda, D. (2025). Evaluation the Impact of Hormonal Fluctuations During the Menstrual Cycle on the Performance of Female Athletes—Systematic Review. Muscles, 4(2), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4020015