Next Article in Journal
Seed Priming Enhances Seed Germination and Morphological Traits of Lactuca sativa L. under Salt Stress
Previous Article in Journal
Differential Seed Germination Responses of Tomato Landraces to Temperature under Climate Change Scenarios
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Seeds
Volume 1
Issue 1
10.3390/seeds1010006
seeds-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Coat Colour Grading of the Scots Pine Seeds Collected from Faraway Provenances Reveals a Different Germination Effect

by
Ivan V. Bacherikov
1,
Diana E. Raupova
2,
Anastasia S. Durova
2,
Vladislav D. Bragin
2,
Evgeniy P. Petrishchev
3,
Arthur I. Novikov
3,*,
Dmitry A. Danilov
2 and
Anatoly V. Zhigunov
2
1
Department of Technological Processes and Machines of Forest Complex, Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University Named after S.M. Kirov, 5, Institutskiy per., 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
2
Department of Forestry, Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University Named after S.M. Kirov, 5, Institutskiy per., 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
3
Automotive Faculty, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies Named after G.F. Morozov, 8, Timiryazeva, 394087 Voronezh, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Seeds 2022, 1(1), 49-73; https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds1010006
Submission received: 23 December 2021 / Revised: 3 March 2022 / Accepted: 11 March 2022 / Published: 15 March 2022
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The physiological quality of pine seeds is characterized by laboratory and field germination. The present paper is intended for technologists of seed plants and specialists of forest nurseries. It offers a solution to improve the seeding characteristics of small seeds by their pre-sowing preparation. The success of reforestation activities directly depends on the quality of the seeds. The influence of seed sorting by seed size and seed coat colour has been theoretically substantiated and repeatedly tested in practice. However, the response of seeds in germination can vary depending on the year and place of seed collection. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seeds were germinated under controlled conditions. Seedlings were obtained from seeds pre-sorted by seed coat colour into white, brown, and black groups, and further divided by size. The results of sorting by the colour of seed coat indicate a different effect of this pre-sowing treatment on the sowing qualities of seeds. Brown seed coat colour showed the highest percentage degree in the seedlots of all provenances. The seeds from the southern provenance with the brown seed coat colour shown the maximum germination. That said, the study raises new questions, indicating more comprehensive research in the future. Does the pattern of germination parameter distribution remain constant for seeds of other harvest years but of the same provenance? Does the variability of the germination factor the result of internal factors of the container location in the greenhouse? Is the genetic diversity of seedlings disturbed by sorting by size?

1. Introduction

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has a wide range of habitat [1] and is one of the primary sources of wood raw materials in boreal countries. The seeds of Scots pine as integral components of forest reproductive material (FRM) [2] are valuable products, moved by trade operations, as shown in [3], for significant distances, and to some extent determining the rate of forest landscape restoration technology (FLR technology) [4,5]. Thus, the leading importer of Scots pine seeds in Europe is Sweden (about 175 kg per year, the total amount for Europe is 272.76 kg), and the origin of these seeds belongs exclusively to Finland. Quality, defined by appropriate indicators, characterizes any product. Improvement of quality indicators and competitiveness of forest seeds is one of the promising directions of the development of forest seed production. This direction assumes the active interaction of private forest users with forest seed producers, which is consistent with the realities in the forest legislation and the basic provisions of Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology [6] for use in global reforestation initiatives [7,8,9].
One of the important quality indicators for the seeds of Scots pine is ground germination. Germination depends on the «year of stand formation, stratification substrate, and individual characteristics of mother trees» [10], temperature conditions [11] and seed viability [12]. The outdoor germination test carried out in a container nursery [12] differs sharply from the test values in the open ground only when the seed viability is low. Germination in the ground of conifer seeds is closely related to temperature conditions [11] and occurs more slowly and unstably [13] compared to seeds of agricultural crops, which leads to additional costs for greenhouse heating in nurseries.
The operation of conifer seed sorting [14] before sowing [15] to improve the quality of produced seedlings is laid by the world’s leading manufacturers of forest nursery equipment (for example, BCC AB, Sweden), setting the pace of development of forest reproductive material technology. Traditionally, seeds are consistently separated in such technology using a standard machine [16] according to geometrical and gravitational, i.e., quantitative, traits. However, the spectrometric properties [17,18,19,20,21,22] of seeds should not be neglected either, since their use provides non-invasive quality (seed viability) control [23].
The basis for the study was the relatively small amount of data on germination in containers of Scots pine seeds separated using optical graders [24,25] by the seed coat colour and quantitative traits. Novikov et al. [26], conducting theoretical studies of the single seed detection process of Scots pine, point out that «the seed spectrometric feature, both in the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) regions has a low identification error [27], and is best suited for automating seed grading processes [28]».
The seeds of Scots pine within the range are characterized by a large variety of seed coat colours [29,30]. The individuality of seed colour of Scots pine and its stability in the course of pine ontogenesis [31] has been noted in studies [32,33,34,35,36]. Seed colouration is a phenotypic marker in the taxonomy and ecological and geographical differentiation of this species. Therefore, this trait is used to characterize the genotypic composition of populations representing this polymorphic species and other morphophysiological traits. Currently, 50 variations of this trait have been identified in pine. It is also known that the colouration of mature, full-grown seeds is uniform within the crown of one tree and does not change in ontogeny, which allows effective use of this trait of the maternal individual, preserved in vegetative progeny.
Various explanations for seed polymorphism of Pinus sylvestris L. are known: protection of seeds from eating by birds [37], the influence of growing conditions [35], and the impact of environmental factors. Studies on the relationship between seed colouration and germination are heterogeneous and contradictory [38,39]. Several forms of Pinus sylvestris L. are distinguished [35]: black—Pinus sylvestris L. var. melanosperma Litv.; yellow—Pinus sylvestris L. var. leucosperma Litv.; brown—Pinus sylvestris L. var. phoeosperma Litv.; and mottled—Pinus sylvestris L. f. cinnamomeosperma mihi. In her dissertation, Pinaevskaya [40], according to the literature data, provides information on the forms of pine with mono- and polychromatic colour variants, noting that many authors establish at least three forms—black, brown, and light/yellow/white.
The idea of using seed colour polymorphism is to form a forest plantation of pine trees with one form (i.e., with seeds of the same colour), which will stabilize the seed quality in each lot. If there are differences in sowing qualities of seeds of different colours, using seed colour sorting devices can produce more productive plantations. If there are no differences in seed quality, sorting by colour makes sense for more complete control of the origin of the seed.
Thus, the study aims to determine the effect of seed coat colour, seed size, and seed provenance on the seed quality of Scots pine species.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Seed Sampling

In this study, the seeds of Pinus sylvestris L. species (hereinafter referred to as seeds) were used. Seeds were obtained using standard technology [14] from cones collected in 2017 and 2019 in the natural stand of the Lisinsky educational-and-experimental forestry farm (Leningrad region, Lisino-Korpus, Russia) [41], Sosnogorsk forestry (Komi Republic, Russia) and the Morshanskiy Leskhoz, Parlinskiy production area (Tambov region, Russia), respectively, Figure 1 and Table 1. The seeds were extracted from the cones, dewinged, dried to a moisture content of 8%, and prepared on a gravity separator [42]. Next, the seeds were stored in sealed glass jars at −5 °C and 6–8% humidity. Immediately before the experiment, seeds were removed from storage and held for at least 24 h at room temperature (t = 18 °C, humidity = 45%).

2.2. Lab Experiment

Experiments were carried out at the Department of Forest Cultures, St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University, from 1 October 2021 to 15 October 2021. Four samples of seeds were selected from the batch (Lisino, Tambov, Komi), and each sample was reduced to 25 g by quartering. Seeds were sorted on a 2.4/20 mm, 2.0/20 mm, 1.7/20 mm, 1.5/20 mm, 1.2/20 mm, and 1 mm diameter round hole sieve set for 5 min. Each fraction was weighed, then manually sorted into three colours (black, brown, and white) and weighed again on scales of the second accuracy class BCT-600/10; the received data were entered in Table 2, and Figure A2, Figure A3 and Figure A4 from Appendix A.
Further experiments were conducted on the germination of samples of 100 seeds each, samples with a number of seeds less than 100 were laid, but due to the statistical uncertainty of the results, they are not listed. Seeds were spread in 100 pieces of each fraction and each colour. Seeds were placed on a special bed for germination (Figure 2). It consisted of a flannel lining with a wick sewn to the centre and filter paper. One hundred seeds spread on the bed were covered with a glass cap disinfected with 60% ethanol. The spread seeds were transferred to germination apparatuses filled with water so that the wick and filter paper would not dry out. The water level in the apparatuses was filled to a height of 2–3 cm below the seed bed. According to GOST 13056.6-97 [43], the beginning of seed germination is the day following the day of seed placement. Recording the results of germination in apparatuses is carried out separately for each hundred. The number of germinated seeds, as well as obviously rotten seeds, which are removed from the bed with tweezers, is counted during the counting days for each hundred.

2.3. Field Experiment

Determination of soil germination in the experiment was carried out in two germination terms for seeds of Scots pine from Tambov and Komi. Seeds were not sorted by colour and fraction, only by region of origin. We took into account the appearance of hypocotyl on the surface and the unfolding of the needles.

2.3.1. First Planting Rotation

Sowing was performed on 8 May 2021, Gatchina District, Leningrad Region, Druzhnaya Gorka settlement. Each variant was sown into three Plantek 81F containers, the cells of which were filled with substrate based on milled upland peat diluted with dolomite flour to pH 5.5 and with the addition of N16 P16 K16, then pressed with a cassette from above. Seeds were sown with 2 seeds per cell, then the cells were filled with a mixture of granite chips and peat [44]. The sown cassettes were placed in a greenhouse. Once every two weeks, they were watered with a solution of 2% potassium permanganate—regular watering, one time per day. Shoots appeared on 29 May 2021 (Table A1, Table A2, Table A3, Table A4, Table A5, Table A6, Table A7, Table A8, Table A9, Table A10, Table A11, Table A12, Table A13, Table A14, Table A15, Table A16, Table A17 and Table A18).

2.3.2. Second Planting Rotation

Sowing was carried out on 26 June 2021, Gatchina District, Leningrad Region, Druzhnaya Gorka settlement. The Tambov variant was seeded into 1 cassette of 12 × 7 and 1 cassette of 6 × 7 cells, the Komi variant into 2 cassettes of 12 × 7 cells. The cells, as in the first rotation, were filled with a peat-based substrate, pressed with a cassette from above, seeds were sown 4 seeds per cell, then the cells were filled with a mixture of granite chips and peat. The finished cassettes were placed in a greenhouse. Once every two weeks, they were watered with a solution of 2% potassium permanganate—regular watering, one time a day. Shoots appeared on 14 July 2021 (Table A19, Table A20, Table A21, Table A22, Table A23, Table A24, Table A25 and Table A26).

3. Results

3.1. Lab Experiment

The distribution of Scots pine seeds (Table 2) from three faraway Lisino (Figure 3a), Tambov (Figure 3b), and Komi (Figure 3c) locations demonstrates a differentiated character.
The results for the studied locations are arranged in order of increasing seed size fractions: 1.2 (Table 3), 1.4 (Table 4 and Table 5), 1.7 (Table 6 and Table 7), 2.0 (Table 8 and Table 9). The different nature of the relationship between seed colour and laboratory germination was revealed. For the more northern region (Lisino), the highest germination was observed in seeds with black colouring for small seeds and with brown colouring for large seeds (Table 3, Table 4, Table 6 and Table 8). For the Tambov region, the highest germination was noted in seeds with brown colouring and larger sizes of the seeds themselves (Table 5, Table 6 and Table 9). There were no small fraction of seeds.

3.2. Field Experiment

To test the germination of seeds from different harvesting regions, sown without sorting by colour and size in cassettes and sprouted in a greenhouse, the results showed a difference both by region and by growing rotations (Table 10 and Table 11). For the Komi region, the highest germination is shown in the second rotation. For Tambov, the greatest germination is observed in the first rotation. The average and median dimensions of the height of seedlings for Tambov are also larger than for Komi (Table 12).

4. Discussion

Comparing the first and second rotation of Tambov seeds, we can conclude that the average ground germination is 25 ± 5%. The average ground germination of seeds from Komi is 15 ± 5%. It can be concluded that there is a difference between the sowing qualities of seeds from different regions, Table 13. However, is there a dependence on seed coat colour and seed size?
The results obtained on the soil germination of seeds showed that it is more expedient to use unsorted seeds from the Komi region for growing in the first rotation. Seeds from the Tambov region can be grown according to a two-rotation scheme for the growing season.
A laboratory experiment showed that the seed size distribution corresponds to the Gaussian distribution. The fraction of 1.7 to 2.0 mm (medium-sized seeds) prevails in all cases and colours in 30–40%, except white for each batch. The overall low germination efficiency of seeds was recorded in all the collected seed batches.
The laboratory germination of the Tambov’s seedlot is higher than the Lisino’s seedlot, and its soil germination is higher than the soil germination in the batch of seeds from Komi, which is explained by the more southern region of seed origin. Since the Tambov’s seedlot was stored for two years in the seed storage, and the Lisino’s seedlot for four years, it can be assumed that the decrease in germination is due to the duration of the storage period. However, at the same time, the germination of medium and large seeds of the brown fraction decreases slightly, due to a larger supply of nutrients in the endosperm.
The colour of pine seeds may well have a certain breeding value. Thus, in Estonia, there was less ground germination in light seeds and worse growth of seedlings from black seeds [45]. In Ukraine, 40-year-old crops planted from 12 groups of seeds by colour were studied, and only cultures from light seeds were preserved significantly worse [46]. In the study of pine seeds from 93 points [47], light seeds were characterized by reduced germination energy, which was 75% versus 81% for black and variegated seeds. In Belarus, in the Minsk region, there was less damage to the crops of shoots created from dark seeds of pine seedlings [48], and seedlings from dark seeds are also resistant to fusarium [49].
However, offspring from light seeds do not grow worse in all regions. In the north-west of Russia, seedlings from light seeds are equivalent and even surpass in height plants obtained from seeds of other colours [50].
Some researchers believe that the colour of the seeds is associated with the conditions of the place of growth and light tones are inherent in fresh and dry pine forests, and seeds with a predominance of dark shade are inherent in moist growing conditions [35]. In phenetic studies of pine, the study of the variability of the seed colour structures showed that they are determined by three layers and have a high degree of heritability, and the frequency of phenols of the third colour layer of seeds can serve as markers of pine populations [51]. In Rayevsky’s dissertation [52], on the basis of a system of methods for isolating and evaluating phenes of Vidyakin’s Scots pine, five phenotypes were isolated for the conditions of the Petrozavodsk forest seed plantation (Republic of Karelia, Russia) and it was found that clones with dark brown and brown seed colouration have the highest seed productivity.
Studies have shown that plantations with different proportions of dark and light-coloured seeds are represented within the boundaries of the area of Scots pine. At the same time, trees with dark-coloured seeds predominate in most plantings. A particularly large representation of pine trees with dark seeds is characteristic of rich and sufficiently moist ecotopes. Pine trees with light-coloured seeds are more common in the dry forests of the forest-steppe zone (southern regions), as well as in pessimal conditions characterized by a cold thermal regime and excessive moistening of plantings near the northern border of the range [51]. The productivity of such pine forests is usually estimated at no higher than the III class of yield. A significant proportion of trees with light seeds are characteristic of pine swamp habitats, while their number increases in “dystrophic areas” and decreases as the ecological situation improves in other areas of the ecotope. In a number of studies, the relationship between the colour of seeds and their weight has not been revealed [53]. However, most of the works devoted to the study of the variability of seed colouration emphasize the breeding significance of this trait and its connection with economically valuable forestry and breeding indicators of individual trees and plantings [54]. Thus, S. Kurdiani, when studying a pine plantation in the Kiev region, found various levels of damage mainly in trees producing light seeds [55].
In a some papers devoted to the study of the effect of seed colouration on the growth and stability of offspring, the advantage of seedlings grown from light seeds was noted [56,57]. Other authors, on the contrary, concluded that the best growth and stability are characteristic of seedlings grown from dark-coloured seeds. In the conditions of the Moscow region, there was an increased resistance to fusarium seedlings from black seeds [58].
Experiments to study the influence of the conditions of origin and cultivation on the growth and preservation of offspring from colour-seed forms of Scots pine were also conducted in the forest-steppe regions of Siberia. Thus, in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, ecological cultures representing the offspring of populations differentiated by seed colour were studied in arid conditions [35,59]. As a result of the research, differences were found in the survival rate and growth of offspring of populations with the advantage of different colour-seed groups-with black, brown, and light grey shades of the seed peel.
During the study by M.V. Rogozin, pine seeds were divided into gradations: black, dark, variegated, brown and light. In all gradations, different frequencies of the best families with intrafamily selection of phenotypically best individuals were observed, but a stable advantage was shown by variegated seeds, in which in eight experiments out of 11 the frequency was 129–227% of the norm. The most variable offspring were from light seeds with a frequency of the best families from 0 to 400%. Seeds with a dark colour germinated more slowly than variegated and brown ones, and the germination time of light seeds in different years varied from the longest (2.4 days) to the shortest (1.13 days). The author suggested that it is likely that trees with light seeds play the role of a mobile element in the gene pool and influence the adaptation of pine trees during its settlement to the south and north, which is confirmed by other studies [60].
Other researchers found that dark seeds germinate better than light ones [61,62,63], while others found no difference [64]. Baldwin [61] classified pine seeds (Pinus sylvestris L.) into four colour classes: light, brown, dark and variegated. A possible reason for the different colour of pine seeds used in forestry may be that they are subjected to abrasion during industrial extraction, the worn seeds are paler [65]. However, Steven et al. [62] noticed that pine seeds have a naturally variable colour. They estimated the percentage of different colour classes in all major local forests as 10.2% light, 49.1% brown, 36.7% dark and 4.0% variegated. Since colour variations are widespread, the question of how this affects germination remains important.
Mukassabi et al. did not find a significant relationship between the percentage of dark, full seeds and such characteristics as the length of the cone, the number of seeds per cone, the height of the tree [39]. However, it was found that the mass of dark seeds can be accurately predicted by the mass of random samples from 100 mixed seeds. Moreover, the number of dark seeds can be predicted by the average weight of 100 samples of dark seeds. These ratios are likely to be valid for other seed sources and are of direct practical importance for a rapid method of assessing seed germination. The study also shows that a large proportion of dark, viable seeds can be obtained from young trees.
In Russia, the following practice is legally fixed: in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 909 of 9 November 2020, zoned seeds harvested within the boundaries of the municipal district should be used for forest reproduction; in their absence, seeds of forest plants—the source of origin of which is located within the territory of the forestry—should be used. Forest-seeded areas are fixed by the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, dated 8 October 2015. All the seeds studied belong to different forest-seed areas; therefore, the justification for the use of Tambov seed material in the Leningrad region will require the creation of geographical crops and further research.
In the context of climate change, the tendency to move forest seeds from south to north and the revision of the concept of functional zoning [66] may be necessary in the future. In 2022, it is planned to lay field experiments with Lisino’s seeds and take into account seedlings from the provenances of Komi and Tambov based on the results of wintering under snow.
In future studies, it is planned to take into account the colour of the coating as an influence parameter when stored in containers, in a controlled substrate.

5. Conclusions

  • The composition of seeds in seedling sites from all sources by the colour of the seed coat according to P-P and Q-Q analysis is better described by the normal distribution, with a predominance of seeds with a brown colour of the seed coat. At the same time, the pine form with a predominance of black seeds is common for seeds in the northern regions taken within the framework of this study, and a form with a predominance of brown seeds is characteristic closer to the south.
  • Determination of germination energy and germination of Scots pine seeds by the colour of the covering scales seed colour according to the studied origins allows you to reduce the number of seeds of poor quality when sorting seeds. Thus, with mechanized seeding, you should reduce the consumption of seed material per one cell of the cassette, which allows you to optimize further care for seedlings and remove the operation of harvesting excess seedlings in manual mode.
  • Seed germination in laboratory conditions is higher in seeds with a dark colour of the seed coat.
  • Germination of seeds in containers within the framework of this study is higher for seeds from the southern provenance.
  • The determination of the colour of seeds with increased germination energy and germination at the level of the region of their collection allows us to further identify areas of plantings where seeds with colouring will prevail in pinecones.
  • Taking into account the colour of seeds during forest-seed zoning at the level of the normative legal framework in the field of reforestation, it will allow for the regulation of the growing of seedlings with a closed root system, taking into account the origin and colour of seeds, thereby avoiding unnecessary costs for the use of non-conditioned seed material.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, I.V.B. and A.I.N.; methodology, A.V.Z., D.A.D., I.V.B. and A.I.N.; software, I.V.B.; validation, D.A.D. and A.I.N.; formal analysis, I.V.B. and A.I.N.; investigation, I.V.B., D.E.R., A.S.D., V.D.B. and E.P.P.; resources, A.V.Z. and D.A.D.; data curation, I.V.B., D.E.R., A.S.D., V.D.B., E.P.P. and A.I.N.; writing—original draft preparation, I.V.B., A.V.Z., D.A.D. and A.I.N.; writing—review and editing, I.V.B., D.E.R., D.A.D., A.S.D., V.D.B., A.V.Z. and A.I.N.; visualization, I.V.B. and E.P.P.; supervision, A.V.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Pinus sylvestris L. seeds were used in this study. The cones were collected in the following provenances: the natural forest stand of Lisinsky educational-and-experimental forestry farm (30.70590° E 59.43476° N, 65 m a.s.l., Leningrad region, Lisino-Korpus, Russia) in the fall of 2017; the Sosnogorsk natural forest stand, (53.72314° E 63.51939° N, 118 m a.s.l. Komi Republic, Russia) in the fall of 2019; and the Parlinskiy production area (41.96639° E 53.56359° N, 119 m a.s.l. Morshanskiy Leskhoz, Tambov region, Russia) in the fall of 2019.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A

Below are the Table A1, Table A2, Table A3, Table A4, Table A5, Table A6, Table A7, Table A8, Table A9, Table A10, Table A11, Table A12, Table A13, Table A14, Table A15, Table A16, Table A17, Table A18, Table A19, Table A20, Table A21, Table A22, Table A23, Table A24, Table A25 and Table A26 for two planting rotations with the results of counting seedlings and hypocotyls. The number means the number of seedlings. The number with “h” means the number of hypocotyls.
The distributions for each sample by colour and fraction are displayed below in Figure A2, Figure A3 and Figure A4 and the legend for figures is described in Figure A1. On the left is the smallest fraction (1 mm), on the right the largest is 2.4/20 mm.
Table
Table A1. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 1—29 May 2021.
Table A1. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 1—29 May 2021.
№/№123456789
1111 h000000
20211 h1 h2211
301 h2 h0211 h11 h
4001 h1111 + 1 h2 h1 h
5011 + 1 h1 h21 + 2 h010
61 h10001 h1 h11
722 h221 h2011 h
80100101 h02
921 h211 + 1 h011 h0
Table
Table A2. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 1—6 June 2021.
Table A2. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 1—6 June 2021.
№/№123456789
1112010210
21 h12111211
3022021 + 1 h112
4000111121
5011110110
61100021 h10
7222212011
80000101 h02
921 h0122200
Table
Table A3. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 1—14 July 2021.
Table A3. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 1—14 July 2021.
№/№123456789
1012020221
2001111211
3010011101
4000101110
5000110110
6110000000
7211112011
8000010001
9200020200
Table
Table A4. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 2—29 May 2021.
Table A4. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 2—29 May 2021.
№/№123456789
11000012 h00
20000002 h10
320002 h1 h221 + 1 h
400000001 + 1 h2
5000000001
61101 + 1 h1 + 1 h2100
700001221 + 1 h1 + 1 h
82111 h1 h1 h000
9000000001 + 1 h
Table
Table A5. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 2—6 June 2021.
Table A5. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 2—6 June 2021.
№/№123456789
110001121 h1
2000000111
310002 h0221
4000000011 + 1h
5000010002
6100122100
7001002212
8220102000
9000101002
Table
Table A6. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 2—14 July 2021.
Table A6. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 2—14 July 2021.
№/№123456789
1000010100
2000000101
3200000211
4000000001
5000001002
6100111101
7001002202
8220102000
9000100001
Table
Table A7. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 3—29 May 2021.
Table A7. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 3—29 May 2021.
№/№123456789
102022 + 1 h0110
21120201 h20
311121 h101 h1
40100111 h00
5110102101 h
60101 h0011 h0
7001 h01 h0200
8201 h001 h101
901 + 1 h00002 h1 h0
Table
Table A8. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 3—6 June 2021.
Table A8. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 3—6 June 2021.
№/№123456789
102021 + 1 h0110
2011020010
3111101011 h
40100111 h00
5110102101
601000011 h0
7001110201
8200000101
901 + 1 h01011 h01
Table
Table A9. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 3—14 July 2021.
Table A9. First planting rotation—Tambov—Container 3—14 July 2021.
№/№123456789
101 + 1 h0200120
2011020010
3111101000
4010011000
5100101100
6000000100
7001110201
8200000101
9010000110
Table
Table A10. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 1—29 May 2021.
Table A10. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 1—29 May 2021.
№/№123456789
1001 h2 h21 h002 h
21 h001 h1031 h0
301 h02 h01 h1 h10
4000022120
5000022100
60022 h121 h1 h0
701 h11 h1 h111 h1 h
8001 + 1 h110220
90002 h1 h01 + 1 h20
Table
Table A11. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 1—6 June 2021.
Table A11. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 1—6 June 2021.
№/№123456789
1000000001 + 1 h
2000010100
3000000000
4000010211
500001 h1010
6011010011
7001002111
8001010222
9000000000
Table
Table A12. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 1—14 July 2021.
Table A12. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 1—14 July 2021.
№/№123456789
1000000001
2000011100
3000000000
4000010111
5000001010
6011010011
7001002110
8001010200
9000000000
Table
Table A13. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 2—29 May 2021.
Table A13. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 2—29 May 2021.
№/№123456789
10001 + 1 h2 h001 h0
21 h01 h21 h0001 h
301 h211 h2200
40011 h1 h1 h100
503021 + 1 h01 h20
602 h1 h10221 h1 h
701 h1 h01 + 1 h2120
800102 h1 h002
90000002 h1 h1 + 1 h
Table
Table A14. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 2—6 June 2021.
Table A14. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 2—6 June 2021.
№/№123456789
11 h00220000
2101210000
300201 h2200
4001000100
5000020010
6000101210
7000000120
8000000000
9000000001
Table
Table A15. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 2—14 July 2021.
Table A15. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 2—14 July 2021.
№/№123456789
1000000000
2001200000
3002012200
4001000100
5000200010
6000101100
7000000220
8000000000
9000000000
Table
Table A16. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 3—29 May 2021.
Table A16. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 3—29 May 2021.
№/№123456789
11 h00000100
200001 + 1 h01 h02 h
3000002201 h
4000001 h1 h1 + 1 h0
5000000112 h
600000001 + 1 h0
70001011 h10
800001 h0202 h
9001 h02 h0000
Table
Table A17. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 3—6 June 2021.
Table A17. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 3—6 June 2021.
№/№123456789
1000000100
2000010101
3000001100
4000000000
5000000010
6000001011
7000001110
8000000101
9000000001
Table
Table A18. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 3—14 July 2021.
Table A18. First planting rotation—Komi—Container 3—14 July 2021.
№/№123456789
1000000000
2000010001
3000001100
4000000000
5000000010
6000001011
7000001110
8000010101
9000000000
Table
Table A19. Second planting rotation—Komi—Container 1—14 July 2021.
Table A19. Second planting rotation—Komi—Container 1—14 July 2021.
№/№1234567
11321300
20102113
30020112
42224120
52000000
61310040
70202410
80111210
93011000
102200021
110001100
121111001
Table
Table A20. Second planting rotation—Komi—Container 1—18 September 2021.
Table A20. Second planting rotation—Komi—Container 1—18 September 2021.
№/№1234567
10311300
20101110
30020110
42224120
52000000
61310040
70200410
80001110
93010000
102200021
110001100
121110001
Table
Table A21. Second planting rotation—Komi—Container 2—14 July 2021.
Table A21. Second planting rotation—Komi—Container 2—14 July 2021.
№/№1234567
13100141 + 1 h
20111401
30130104
41101030
52302000
62101100
70000001
80133300
90000221
101010102
112120001
121112002
Table
Table A22. Second planting rotation—Komi—Container 2—18 September 2021.
Table A22. Second planting rotation—Komi—Container 2—18 September 2021.
№/№1234567
10000041
20110302
30103003
41100010
52110000
61101100
70000000
80133300
90000220
100010012
112020001
121012001
Table
Table A23. Second planting rotation—Tambov—Container 1—14 July 2021.
Table A23. Second planting rotation—Tambov—Container 1—14 July 2021.
№/№1234567
11 h331110
22200113
30210030
41100001
54111110
63000110
72100032
8121 h1000
91220210
104111 h002
111 + 1 h01011 + 1 h2
121010022
Table
Table A24. Second planting rotation—Tambov—Container 1—18 September 2021.
Table A24. Second planting rotation—Tambov—Container 1—18 September 2021.
№/№1234567
10331100
21200113
30210030
41100001
54111110
63000110
72100032
81200000
90030200
102111002
110010101
120010021
Table
Table A25. Second planting rotation—Tambov—Container 2—14 July 2021.
Table A25. Second planting rotation—Tambov—Container 2—14 July 2021.
№/№1234567
14330000
222 h05010
33300220
40123321
50002213
60000012
70000310
Table
Table A26. Second planting rotation—Tambov—Container 2—18 September 2021.
Table A26. Second planting rotation—Tambov—Container 2—18 September 2021.
№/№1234567
15330000
21005100
32200220
40123311
50002202
60001011
70000410
Seeds 01 00006 g0a1 550
Figure A1. Legend for Figure A2, Figure A3 and Figure A4.
Figure A1. Legend for Figure A2, Figure A3 and Figure A4.
Seeds 01 00006 g0a1
Seeds 01 00006 g0a2 550
Figure A2. Distribution of seeds of the Tambov batch by fractions and colours: (a) sample 1; (b) sample 2; (c) sample 3; (d) sample 4.
Figure A2. Distribution of seeds of the Tambov batch by fractions and colours: (a) sample 1; (b) sample 2; (c) sample 3; (d) sample 4.
Seeds 01 00006 g0a2
Seeds 01 00006 g0a3 550
Figure A3. Distribution of seeds of the Lisino batch by fractions and colours: (a) sample 1; (b) sample 2; (c) sample 3; (d) sample 4.
Figure A3. Distribution of seeds of the Lisino batch by fractions and colours: (a) sample 1; (b) sample 2; (c) sample 3; (d) sample 4.
Seeds 01 00006 g0a3
Seeds 01 00006 g0a4a 550Seeds 01 00006 g0a4b 550
Figure A4. Distribution of seeds of the Komi batch by fractions and colours: (a) sample 1; (b) sample 2; (c) sample 3; (d) sample 4.
Figure A4. Distribution of seeds of the Komi batch by fractions and colours: (a) sample 1; (b) sample 2; (c) sample 3; (d) sample 4.
Seeds 01 00006 g0a4aSeeds 01 00006 g0a4b

References

  1. Mikalajunas, M.; Pretzsch, H.; Mozgeris, G.; Linkevičius, E.; Augustaitiene, I.; Augustaitis, A. Scots pine’s capacity to adapt to climate change in hemi-boreal forests in relation to dominating tree increment and site condition. Iforest-Biogeosci. For. 2021, 14, 473–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Ivetić, V.; Novikov, A.I. The role of forest reproductive material quality in forest restoration. For. Eng. J. 2019, 9, 56–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Jansen, S.; Konrad, H.; Geburek, T. Crossing borders—European forest reproductive material moving in trade. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 233, 308–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Löf, M.; Madsen, P.; Metslaid, M.; Witzell, J.; Jacobs, D.F. Restoring forests: Regeneration and ecosystem function for the future. New For. 2019, 50, 139–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Novikova, T.P. The choice of a set of operations for forest landscape restoration technology. Inventions 2022, 7, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. McLain, R.; Lawry, S.; Guariguata, M.R.; Reed, J. Toward a tenure-responsive approach to forest landscape restoration: A proposed tenure diagnostic for assessing restoration opportunities. Land Use Policy 2018, 104, 103748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Dumroese, R.K.; Balloffet, N.; Crockett, J.W.; Stanturf, J.A.; Nave, L.E. A national approach to leverage the benefits of tree planting on public lands. New For. 2019, 50, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Stanturf, J.A.; Kleine, M.; Mansourian, S.; Parrotta, J.; Madsen, P.; Kant, P.; Burns, J.; Bolte, A. Implementing forest landscape restoration under the Bonn Challenge: A systematic approach. Ann. For. Sci. 2019, 76, 50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Stanturf, J.A.; Mansourian, S. Forest landscape restoration: State of play. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2020, 7, 201218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Volzhanina, E.M.; Lazareva, S.M. Sowing quality of Pinus koraiensis seeds. Lesn. Zhurnal Russ. For. J. 2002, 4, 54–58. [Google Scholar]
  11. Liu, Y.; El-Kassaby, Y.A. Timing of seed germination correlated with temperature-based environmental conditions during seed development in conifers. Seed Sci. Res. 2014, 25, 29–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Bradbeer, J.W. Seed Dormancy and Germination; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 1988; ISBN 978-0-216-91636-4. [Google Scholar]
  13. Downie, B.; Bergsten, U.; Wang, B.S.P.; Bewley, J.D. Conifer seed germination is faster after membrane tube invigoration than after prechilling or osmotic priming. Seed Sci. Res. 1993, 3, 259–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Novikov, A.I.; Ersson, B.T.; Malyshev, V.V.; Petrishchev, E.P.; Ilunina, A.A. Mechanization of coniferous seeds grading in Russia: A selected literature analysis. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2020, 595, 012060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Novikov, A.I.; Ersson, B.T. Aerial seeding of forests in Russia: A selected literature analysis. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 226, 012051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Sviridov, L.L.T.; Gomzyakov, N.N.D.; Novikov, A.A.I.; Tomilin, A.A.N. On new perspective technological complex of machines and equipment for forest seeds treatment. Lesn. J.-For. J. 2009, 5, 31–37. [Google Scholar]
  17. Tigabu, M.; Daneshvar, A.; Jingjing, R.; Wu, P.; Ma, X.; Odén, P.C. Multivariate discriminant analysis of single seed near infrared spectra for sorting dead-filled and viable seeds of three pine species: Does one model fit all species? Forests 2019, 10, 469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Tigabu, M.; Daneshvar, A.; Wu, P.; Ma, X.; Christer Odén, P. Rapid and non-destructive evaluation of seed quality of Chinese fir by near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate discriminant analysis. New For. 2020, 51, 395–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Ivetić, V.; Novikov, A.; Daneshvar, A.; Ahmadi-Afzadi, M. Correlation between the spectrometric parameters of coniferous seeds and the molecular indicators of seedlings: Is it possible to apply it in practice? Environ. Sci. Proc. 2020, 3, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Daneshvar, A.; Tigabu, M.; Karimidoost, A.; Oden, P. Single seed near infrared spectroscopy discriminates viable and non-viable seeds of Juniperus polycarpos. Silva Fenn. 2015, 49, 1334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Barboza da Silva, C.; Oliveira, N.M.; de Carvalho, M.E.A.; de Medeiros, A.D.; de Lima Nogueira, M.; dos Reis, A.R. Autofluorescence-spectral imaging as an innovative method for rapid, non-destructive and reliable assessing of soybean seed quality. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 17834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Novikov, A.I.; Drapalyuk, M.V.; Sokolov, S.V.; Ivetić, V. VIS-NIR wave spectrometric features of acorns (Quercus robur L.) for machine grading. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 392, 012009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Novikov, A.I.; Novikova, T.P. Non-destructive quality control of forest seeds in globalization: Problems and prospects of output innovative products. In Proceedings of the 18th International Scientific Conference Globalization and Its Socio-Economic Consequences, Rajecke Teplice, Slovak Rebublic, 10–11 October 2018; pp. 1260–1267. [Google Scholar]
  24. Sokolov, S.V.; Novikov, A.I. New optoelectronic systems for express analysis of seeds in forestry production. For. Eng. J. 2019, 9, 5–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Novikov, A.I.; Drapalyuk, M.V.; Dornyak, O.R.; Zelikov, V.A.; Ivetić, V. The effect of motion time of a Scots pine single seed on mobile optoelectronic grader efficiency: A mathematical patterning. Inventions 2019, 4, 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. Novikov, A.; Lisitsyn, V.; Tigabu, M.; Tylek, P.; Chuchupal, S. Detection of scots pine single seed in optoelectronic system of mobile grader: Mathematical modeling. Forests 2021, 12, 240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Novikov, A.I. Rapid Analysis of Forest Seeds: Biophysical Methods; VSUFT: Voronezh, Russia, 2018; ISBN 978-5-7994-0869-5. [Google Scholar]
  28. Novikov, A.I. Visible wave spectrometric features of scots pine seeds: The basis for designing a rapid analyzer. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 226, 012064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Novikov, A.I.; Ivetić, V.; Novikova, T.P.; Petrishchev, E.P. Scots pine seedlings growth dynamics data reveals properties for the future proof of seed coat color grading conjecture. Data 2019, 4, 106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Novikova, T.; Tylek, P.; Drapalyuk, M.V.; Novikov, A.; Kharin, S. The Root Collar Diameter Growth Reveals a Strong Relationship with the Height Growth of Juvenile Scots Pine Trees from Seeds Differentiated by Spectrometric Feature. Sustainability, 2022; under review. [Google Scholar]
  31. Novikov, A.I.; Ivetić, V. The effect of seed coat color grading on height of one-year-old container-grown Scots pine seedlings planted on post-fire site. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 226, 012043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Pravdin, L.F. Scots Pine: Variability, Intraspecific Systematics and Breeding; Nauka: Moscow, Russia, 1964. [Google Scholar]
  33. Novikov, A.I. Improvement of Technology for Obtaining High-Quality Forest Seed Material. Ph.D. Thesis, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies, Voronezh, Russia, 2021. [Google Scholar]
  34. Korshikov, I.I.; Velikoridko, T.I.; Tunda, S.N. The analysis of the covariation in seed coloration and allozymous polymorphism of plants in populations of Scots pine from the southeast Ukraine. Bull. Ukr. Soc. Genet. Breeders 2009, 7, 206–210. [Google Scholar]
  35. Cherepnin, V.L. Variability in the Seeds of Scots Pine; Nauka: Novosibirsk, Russia, 1980. [Google Scholar]
  36. Tikhonova, I.V.; Tarakanov, V.V.; Tikhonova, N.A.; Barenkov, A.P.; Eckart, A.K. Population variety of Scots pine indices of cones and seeds in South Siberia. Contemp. Probl. Ecol. 2014, 7, 79–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Myczko, Ł.; Skórka, P.; Dylewski, Ł.; Sparks, T.H.; Tryjanowski, P. Color mimicry of empty seeds influences the probability of predation by birds. Ecosphere 2015, 6, art177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Kaliniewicz, Z.; Tylek, P.; Markowski, P.; Anders, A.; Rawa, T.; Jóźwiak, K.; Fura, S. Correlations between the germination capacity and selected physical properties of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seeds. Balt. For. 2013, 19, 201–211. [Google Scholar]
  39. Mukassabi, T.A.; Polwart, A.; Coleshaw, T.; Thomas, P.A. Does Scots pine seed colour affect its germination? Seed Sci. Technol. 2012, 40, 155–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Pinaevskaya, E.A. Growth Patterns of Morphological Forms of Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Stressful Conditions of Northern Taiga (the Example of the Northern Dvina Basin); N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Arkhangelsk, Russia, 2018. [Google Scholar]
  41. Bacherikov, I.V.; Novikov, A.I.; Petrishchev, E.P. Discrete seed feeder designing for mobile apparatus: Early results for Pinus sylvestris L. species. Inventions 2021, 6, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Novikov, A.I.; Sokolov, S.V.; Drapalyuk, M.V.; Zelikov, V.A.; Ivetić, V. Performance of Scots pine seedlings from seeds graded by colour. Forests 2019, 10, 1064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  43. GOST 13056.6-97; Seeds of Trees and Shrubs. Method for Determination of Germination. IPK Standards Publishing House: Moscow, Russia, 1998.
  44. Zhigunov, A.V.; Saksa, T.; Sved, J.; Nerg, J. Fundamentals of Container Tree Seedling Production; St. Petersburg Forestry Research Institute: St. Petersburg, Russia; METLA: Suonenjoki, Finland, 2011. [Google Scholar]
  45. Pichelgas, E.I. Fundamentals of Selection of Scots Pine in the Estonian SSR. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, 1971. [Google Scholar]
  46. Patlai, I.N. On the breeding significance of pine seed color. For. Agrofor. 1979, 15–19. [Google Scholar]
  47. Prokazin, E.P.; Klyuchareva, L.N.; Kuzina, L.A. Weight of 1000 seeds and number of seedpods in seedlings as diagnostic attributes of Scots pine trees. Genet. Breed. Seed Prod. Introd. For. Species 1975, 243–251. [Google Scholar]
  48. Rostovtsev, S.A. Damageability by pine shoot moth of color-seeded forms of common pine. Lesn. Khozjajstvo 1979, 63–74. [Google Scholar]
  49. Gorshkov, L.K. Sorting pine seeds by color and resistance of seedlings to infectious lodging. For. Manag. For. 1966, 24–25. [Google Scholar]
  50. Dolgolikov, V.I.; Osminina, R.F. Pine offspring from seeds of different colors. Refor. Northwest RSFSR 1978, 191–199. [Google Scholar]
  51. Vidyakin, A.I. Isolation of coloration phenes in scots pine seeds. Russ. J. For. Sci. 2003, 69–73. [Google Scholar]
  52. Raevsky, B.V. Breeding and seed production of Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm in the North-West of the Russian Taiga. Ph.D. Thesis, Forest Research Institute of Karelian Research Centre, Petrozavodsk, Russia, 2015. [Google Scholar]
  53. Kapper, O.G. Conifers: Silvicultural Characteristics; Goslesbumizdat: Moscow, Russia, 1954. [Google Scholar]
  54. Chernodubov, A.I. Inheritance of Seed Paring Color by the Scots Pine Breed. Lesn. Zhurnal Russ. For. J. 2001, 134–137. [Google Scholar]
  55. Kurdiani, S.Z. Can the existence of flower-seeded races in the mountain pine be considered proven? Lesopromyshlennyj Vestn. 1916, 9, 45–48. [Google Scholar]
  56. Konovalov, N.A.; Pugach, E.A. Basics of Forest Breeding and Variety Seed Production; Forest Industry: Moscow, Russia, 1978. [Google Scholar]
  57. Tolsky, A.P. Individual Silviculture. Part 1. Forest Seed Science; Forestry, Forest Industry and Fuel: Moscow, Russia, 1927. [Google Scholar]
  58. Mamaev, S.A. Form diversity of pine by seeds and cones in the forests of the Meshchera Lowlands. Izv. Timiryazev Agric. Acad. 1959, 181–185. [Google Scholar]
  59. Novikova, T.N. Analysis of progeny of color-seeded forms of Scots pine. Russ. J. For. Sci. 2007, 36–41. [Google Scholar]
  60. Rogozin, M.V. Breeding of Scots Pine for Plantation Cultivation; Perm State National Research University: Perm, Russia, 2013; ISBN 9785794421484. [Google Scholar]
  61. Baldwin, H.I. Forest Tree Seed of the North Temperate Regions: With Special Reference to North America; Chronica Botanica Company: Waltham, MA, USA, 1942. [Google Scholar]
  62. Steven, H.M.; Carlisle, A. The Native Pinewoods of Scotland; Oliver & Boyd: Edinburgh, UK, 1959. [Google Scholar]
  63. Stone, E.C. The seed dormancy mechanism in pine. In Physiology of Forest Trees; Thimann, K.V., Ed.; Ronald Press: New York, NY, USA, 1958; pp. 611–628. [Google Scholar]
  64. Grzywacz, A.P.; Rosochacka, J. The colour of Pinus silvestris L. seed and their susceptibility to damping-off. For. Pathol. 1980, 10, 193–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Gordon, A.G.; Faulkner, R. Identification and assessment of cone and seed crops. In Seed Manual for Forest Trees; Gordon, A.G., Ed.; Forestry Commission: London, UK, 1992; Volume 83, pp. 71–79. [Google Scholar]
  66. Royer-Tardif, S.; Bauhus, J.; Doyon, F.; Nolet, P.; Thiffault, N.; Aubin, I. Revisiting the functional zoning concept under climate change to expand the portfolio of adaptation options. Forests 2021, 12, 273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Seeds 01 00006 g001 550
Figure 1. The provenance of Scots pine seeds used in study.
Figure 1. The provenance of Scots pine seeds used in study.
Seeds 01 00006 g001
Seeds 01 00006 g002 550
Figure 2. Germination bed–with glass cap (a) and without (b).
Figure 2. Germination bed–with glass cap (a) and without (b).
Seeds 01 00006 g002
Seeds 01 00006 g003a 550Seeds 01 00006 g003b 550
Figure 3. Scots pine seed samples distribution by size and seed coat colour collected at the Lisino (a), Tambov (b), Komi (c) locations. A plot’s group bounded by beige lines has a white seed fraction, brown–brown seed fraction and black lines–black seed fraction. In each colour group there are 6 subgroups graded by size (from left to right) by sieves of 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2.0 and 2.4 mm round hole diameters. The plots’ heights denote the average mean, and the whiskers ± SD.
Figure 3. Scots pine seed samples distribution by size and seed coat colour collected at the Lisino (a), Tambov (b), Komi (c) locations. A plot’s group bounded by beige lines has a white seed fraction, brown–brown seed fraction and black lines–black seed fraction. In each colour group there are 6 subgroups graded by size (from left to right) by sieves of 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2.0 and 2.4 mm round hole diameters. The plots’ heights denote the average mean, and the whiskers ± SD.
Seeds 01 00006 g003aSeeds 01 00006 g003b
Table
Table 1. Distances between provenance where Scots pine seeds were collected for the study, km.
Table 1. Distances between provenance where Scots pine seeds were collected for the study, km.
LisinoTambovKomi
Lisino, 30.70590° E 59.43476° N, 65 m a.s.l.—~1700~2700
Tambov, 41.96639° E 53.56359° N, 119 m a.s.l.~1700—~2500
Komi, 53.72314° E 63.51939° N, 118 m a.s.l.~2700~2500—
Table
Table 2. Distribution in percentage of seed samples of Scots pine by size and seed coat colour.
Table 2. Distribution in percentage of seed samples of Scots pine by size and seed coat colour.
Colour/SizeLisino’s SeedlotTambov’s SeedlotKomi’s Seedlot
Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 4Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 4Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 4
White19.548.248.488.5515.8715.9614.808.4811.4314.7911.0812.95
Brown18.9455.0558.7347.8665.3369.2476.2558.7338.4063.8838.6734.38
Black61.5236.7132.7943.5918.8014.808.9532.7950.1721.3350.2552.67
12.500.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
1.2/2041.900.040.040.080.370.080.040.040.210.250.380.24
1.5/2049.0938.0737.4238.5824.6923.4434.9537.4235.4136.3844.2743.72
1.7/206.2052.1551.3051.1045.6857.5054.1351.3049.7947.3944.4046.35
2.0/200.328.9410.629.3223.9517.8210.5010.6213.5214.7010.629.58
2.4/200.000.810.620.925.321.160.390.621.071.270.330.12
Table
Table 3. Germination results—Lisino.
Table 3. Germination results—Lisino.
ColourWhiteBrown
Size1.2/201.2/20
SampleSample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3
Number of germinated seeds, pieces08.10.2021141715161614
12.10.202117131710815
15.10.2021120500
Number of ungrown seeds, pieces08.10.2021868385848385
12.10.2021697053657570
15.10.2021686649607570
Number of rotted seeds, pieces08.10.2021000010
12.10.20210015800
15.10.2021024000
Germination energy, %14%17%15%16%16%14%
Average germination energy, %15%15%
Germination, %32%32%32%31%24%29%
Average germination, %32%28%
Table
Table 4. Germination results—Lisino.
Table 4. Germination results—Lisino.
ColourWhiteBrownBlack
Size1.5/201.5/201.5/20
SampleSample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3
Number of germinated seeds, pieces08.10.2021434845394049273525
12.10.20211066871315107
15.10.2021111345831
Number of ungrown seeds, pieces08.10.2021575155616051736575
12.10.2021474549535338512130
15.10.2021464248463824411729
Number of rotted seeds, pieces08.10.2021010000000
12.10.202100000073538
15.10.20210204119210
Germination energy, %43%48%45%39%40%49%27%35%25%
Average germination energy, %45%43%29%
Germination, %54%55%52%50%51%67%50%48%33%
Average germination, %54%56%44%
Table
Table 5. Germination results—Tambov.
Table 5. Germination results—Tambov.
ColourWhiteBrownBlack
Size1.5/201.5/201.5/20
SampleSample 1Sample 2Sample 1Sample 2Sample 1
Number of germinated seeds, pieces08.10.20215850576152
12.10.2021715625
15.10.202102020
Number of ungrown seeds, pieces08.10.20214349433948
12.10.20213141343443
15.10.20213134302840
Number of rotted seeds, pieces08.10.202101000
12.10.202153330
15.10.202105443
Germination energy, %57%50%57%61%52%
Average germination energy, %54%59%52%
Germination, %64%67%63%65%57%
Average germination, %66%64%57%
Table
Table 6. Germination results—Lisino.
Table 6. Germination results—Lisino.
ColourWhiteBrownBlack
Size1.7/201.7/201.7/20
SampleSample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 1Sample 2
Number of germinated seeds, pieces08.10.20213739536150562721
12.10.202181010819171213
15.10.202102010000
Number of ungrown seeds, pieces08.10.20216361463950427379
12.10.20215551313124256040
15.10.20215343293022246038
Number of rotted seeds, pieces08.10.202100100100
12.10.2021006020126
15.10.202126202102
Germination energy, %37%39%53%61%50%57%27%21%
Average germination energy, %43%56%24%
Germination, %45%51%63%70%69%74%39%34%
Average germination, %53%70%37%
Table
Table 7. Germination results—Tambov.
Table 7. Germination results—Tambov.
ColourWhiteBrownBlack
Size1.7/201.7/201.7/20
SampleSample 1Sample 2Sample 1Sample 2Sample 1
Number of germinated seeds, pieces08.10.20215768615840
12.10.2021451984
15.10.202110020
Number of ungrown seeds, pieces08.10.20214935394260
12.10.20213425193115
15.10.20213316162714
Number of rotted seeds, pieces08.10.202100000
12.10.20211151345
15.10.202109321
Germination energy, %54%68%61%58%40%
Average germination energy, %61%60%40%
Germination, %58%73%80%68%44%
Average germination, %66%74%44%
Table
Table 8. Germination results—Lisino.
Table 8. Germination results—Lisino.
ColourWhiteBrownBlack
Size2.0/202.0/202.0/20
SampleSample 1Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3
Number of germinated seeds, pieces08.10.202138766359232932
12.10.202159122281211
15.10.20214010012
Number of ungrown seeds, pieces08.10.202163243741777168
12.10.202153152519685957
15.10.202141132219685853
Number of rotted seeds, pieces08.10.20210000000
12.10.20215000100
15.10.20218220002
Germination energy, %38%76%63%59%23%29%32%
Average germination energy, %38%66%28%
Germination, %47%85%76%81%31%42%45%
Average germination, %47%81%39%
Table
Table 9. Germination results—Tambov.
Table 9. Germination results—Tambov.
ColourWhiteBrownBlack
Size2.0/202.0/202.0/20
SampleSample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 4Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3
Number of germinated seeds, pieces08.10.202153305756607174385945
12.10.202111581183821816
15.10.20211102000320
Number of ungrown seeds, pieces08.10.202141484340382926624249
12.10.2021273022811261324149
15.10.2021242922610261021119
Number of rotted seeds, pieces08.10.20210004300006
12.10.202131313211905172024
15.10.20212000103010
Germination energy, %56%38%57%56%59%71%74%38%58%45%
Average germination energy, %51%65%28%
Germination, %69%46%65%69%67%74%82%62%68%61%
Average germination, %60%73%39%
Table
Table 10. First planting rotation.
Table 10. First planting rotation.
ParametersTambovKomi
Container 1Container 2Container 3AverageContainer 1Container 2Container 3Average
Cells, pcs.8181818181818181
Seeds per cell, pcs.22222222
Total sown, pcs.162162162162162162162162
Seedlings, pcs.51363741.324221420
Germination, %312223261514912
Table
Table 11. Second planting rotation.
Table 11. Second planting rotation.
ParametersTambovKomi
Container 1Container 2AverageContainer 1Container 2Average
Cells, pcs.844966.5848484
Seeds per cell, pcs.444444
Total sown, pcs.336196162336336336
Seedlings, pcs.695160675862.5
Germination, %212623201719
Table
Table 12. Second planting rotation—seedling length, mm.
Table 12. Second planting rotation—seedling length, mm.
ParametersTambovKomi
Container 1Container 2BothContainer 1Container 2Both
Min272525151815
Max788484787578
Average53.6851.1952.646.5148.4047.4
Median5351.552444746
Mode424842434747
Variance141.03200.27168.01216.64179.96200.67
Deviation11.8814.1512.9614.7213.4114.17
Kurtosis−0.77-0.51−0.55−0.53−0.65−0.63
Skewness0.170.110.090.31−0.130.12
Table
Table 13. Ranking of Scots pine seeds with different coat colours according to germination.
Table 13. Ranking of Scots pine seeds with different coat colours according to germination.
SizeColourGerminationRank
LisinoTambovKomi
1.2/20WhiteLaboratory32%——
Field—*25%*15%
BrownLaboratory28%——
Field—*25%*15%
BlackLaboratory56%——
Field—*25%*15%
1.5/20WhiteLaboratory54%66%—
Field—*25%*15%
BrownLaboratory56%64%—
Field—*25%*15%
BlackLaboratory44%57%—
Field—*25%*15%
1.7/20WhiteLaboratory53%66%—
Field—*25%*15%
BrownLaboratory71%74%—
Field—*25%*15%
BlackLaboratory37%44%—
Field—*25%*15%
2.0/20WhiteLaboratory46%60%—
Field—*25%*15%
BrownLaboratory81%73%—
Field—*25%*15%
BlackLaboratory39%64%—
Field—*25%*15%
*—without sorting by colour and fraction, in a mixture.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Bacherikov, I.V.; Raupova, D.E.; Durova, A.S.; Bragin, V.D.; Petrishchev, E.P.; Novikov, A.I.; Danilov, D.A.; Zhigunov, A.V. Coat Colour Grading of the Scots Pine Seeds Collected from Faraway Provenances Reveals a Different Germination Effect. Seeds 2022, 1, 49-73. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds1010006

AMA Style

Bacherikov IV, Raupova DE, Durova AS, Bragin VD, Petrishchev EP, Novikov AI, Danilov DA, Zhigunov AV. Coat Colour Grading of the Scots Pine Seeds Collected from Faraway Provenances Reveals a Different Germination Effect. Seeds. 2022; 1(1):49-73. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds1010006

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bacherikov, Ivan V., Diana E. Raupova, Anastasia S. Durova, Vladislav D. Bragin, Evgeniy P. Petrishchev, Arthur I. Novikov, Dmitry A. Danilov, and Anatoly V. Zhigunov. 2022. "Coat Colour Grading of the Scots Pine Seeds Collected from Faraway Provenances Reveals a Different Germination Effect" Seeds 1, no. 1: 49-73. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds1010006

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop