Pain and Psychotic-like Experiences in Young People Using Cannabis †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants and Design
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PLEs, Childhood Trauma and Mental Health as Predictors of Pain
3.2. PLEs as a Moderator between Childhood Trauma and Pain
3.3. PLEs as a Moderator between Mental Health and Pain
3.4. Theoretical and Practical Implications
3.5. Strengths and Limitations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. National Drug Strategy Household Survey. 2016. Available online: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/15db8c15-7062-4cde-bfa4-3c2079f30af3/21028a.pdf.aspx?inline=true (accessed on 9 June 2020).
- Di Forti, M.; Quattrone, D.; Freeman, T.P.; Tripoli, G.; Gayer-Anderson, C.; Quigley, H.; Rodriguez, V.; Jongsma, H.E.; Ferraro, L.; La Cascia, C.; et al. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): A multicentre case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry 2019, 6, 427–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kuepper, R.; van Os, J.; Lieb, R.; Wittchen, H.U.; Höfler, M.; Henquet, C. Continued cannabis use and risk of incidence and persistence of psychotic symptoms: 10 year follow-up cohort study. BMJ 2011, 342, d738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Marconi, A.; Di Forti, M.; Lewis, C.M.; Murray, R.M.; Vassos, E. Meta-analysis of the Association Between the Level of Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychosis. Schizophr. Bull. 2016, 42, 1262–1269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fonseca-Pedrero, E.; Lemos, S.; Paino, M.; Sierra-Baigrie, S. Psychotic-like Experiences in Nonclinical Adolescents. In Hallucinations: Types, Stages and Treatments; Payne, M.S., Ed.; Nova Science Publishers: Hauppage, NY, USA, 2011; pp. 131–146. [Google Scholar]
- Bachhuber, M.; Arnsten, J.H.; Wurm, G. Use of Cannabis to Relieve Pain and Promote Sleep by Customers at an Adult Use Dispensary. J. Psychoact. Drugs 2019, 51, 400–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bridgeman, M.B.; Abazia, D.T. Medicinal Cannabis: History, Pharmacology, And Implications for the Acute Care Setting. Pharm. Ther. 2017, 42, 180–188. [Google Scholar]
- De Vita, M.J.; Moskal, D.; Maisto, S.A.; Ansell, E.B. Association of Cannabinoid Administration With Experimental Pain in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2018, 75, 1118–1127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ware, M.A.; Wang, T.; Shapiro, S.; Robinson, A.; Ducruet, T.; Huynh, T.; Gamsa, A.; Bennett, G.J.; Collet, J.-P. Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled trial. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2010, 182, E694–E701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sakson-Obada, O. Pain perception in people diagnosed with schizophrenia: Where we are and where we are going. (Psychos.) Psychol. Soc. Integr. Approaches 2017, 9, 358–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lautenbacher, S.; Krieg, J.-C. Pain perception in psychiatric disorders: A review of the literature. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1994, 28, 109–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engels, G.; Francke, A.L.; van Meijel, B.; Douma, J.G.; de Kam, H.; Wesselink, W.; Houtjes, W.; Scherder, E.J.A. Clinical Pain in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. J. Pain 2014, 15, 457–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stubbs, B.; Mitchell, A.J.; De Hert, M.; Correll, C.U.; Soundy, A.; Stroobants, M.; Vancampfort, D. The prevalence and moderators of clinical pain in people with schizophrenia: A systematic review and large scale meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 2014, 160, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guieu, R.; Samuélian, J.C.; Coulouvrat, H. Objective Evaluation of Pain Perception in Patients with Schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 1994, 164, 253–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, L.; Bi, Y.; Liang, M.; Kong, Y.; Tu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Song, Y.; Du, X.; Tan, S.; Hu, L. A modality-specific dysfunction of pain processing in schizophrenia. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2020, 41, 1738–1753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dworkin, R.H.; Clark, W.C.; Lipsitz, J.D.; Amador, X.F.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Opler, L.A.; White, S.R.; Gorman, J.M. Affective deficits and pain insensitivity in schizophrenia. Motiv. Emot. 1993, 17, 245–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lévesque, M.; Potvin, S.; Marchand, S.; Stip, E.; Grignon, S.; Pierre, L.; Lipp, O.; Goffaux, P. Pain perception in schizophrenia: Evidence of a specific pain response profile. Pain Med. 2012, 13, 1571–1579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Felitti, V.J.; Anda, R.F.; Nordenberg, D.; Williamson, D.F.; Spitz, A.M.; Edwards, V.; Koss, M.P.; Marks, J.S. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am. J. Prev. Med. 1998, 14, 245–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carliner, H.; Keyes, K.M.; McLaughlin, K.A.; Meyers, J.L.; Dunn, E.C.; Martins, S.S. Childhood Trauma and Illicit Drug Use in Adolescence: A Population-Based National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement Study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2016, 55, 701–708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sansone, R.A.; Watts, D.A.; Wiederman, M.W. Childhood trauma and pain and pain catastrophizing in adulthood: A cross-sectional survey study. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2013, 15, PCC.13m01506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pieritz, K.; Rief, W.; Euteneuer, F. Childhood adversities and laboratory pain perception. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat 2015, 11, 2109–2116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bayram, K.; Erol, A. Childhood Traumatic Experiences, Anxiety, and Depression Levels in Fibromyalgia and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Noro Psikiyatr. Ars. 2014, 51, 344–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, C.; Gayer-Anderson, C. Childhood adversities and psychosis: Evidence, challenges, implications. World Psychiatry Off. J. World Psychiatr. Assoc. 2016, 15, 93–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pan, P.M.; Gadelha, A.; Argolo, F.C.; Hoffmann, M.S.; Arcadepani, F.B.; Miguel, E.C.; Rohde, L.A.; McGuire, P.; Salum, G.A.; Bressan, R.A. Childhood trauma and adolescent psychotic experiences in a community-based cohort: The potential role of positive attributes as a protective factor. Schizophr. Res. 2019, 205, 23–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Danielsson, A.K.; Lundin, A.; Agardh, E.; Allebeck, P.; Forsell, Y. Cannabis use, depression and anxiety: A 3-year prospective population-based study. J. Affect. Disord. 2016, 193, 103–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Michaelides, A.; Zis, P. Depression, anxiety and acute pain: Links and management challenges. Postgrad. Med. J. 2019, 131, 438–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woo, A.K. Depression and Anxiety in Pain. Rev. Pain 2010, 4, 8–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Varghese, D.; Scott, J.; Welham, J.; Bor, W.; Najman, J.; O’Callaghan, M.; Williams, G.; McGrath, J. Psychotic-like experiences in major depression and anxiety disorders: A population-based survey in young adults. Schizophr. Bull. 2011, 37, 389–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hides, L.; Baker, A.; Norberg, M.; Copeland, J.; Quinn, C.; Walter, Z.; Leung, J.; Stoyanov, S.R.; Kavanagh, D. A Web-Based Program for Cannabis Use and Psychotic Experiences in Young People (Keep It Real): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res. Protoc. 2020, 9, e15803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organisation. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): Manual for Use in Primary Care; World Health Organisation: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Capra, C.; Kavanagh, D.J.; Hides, L.; Scott, J.G. Current CAPE-15: A measure of recent psychotic-like experiences and associated distress. Early Interv. Psychiatry 2017, 11, 411–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herdman, M.; Gudex, C.; Lloyd, A.; Janssen, M.; Kind, P.; Parkin, D.; Bonsel, G.; Badia, X. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Qual. Life Res. 2011, 20, 1727–1736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bernstein, D.P.; Stein, J.A.; Newcomb, M.D.; Walker, E.; Pogge, D.; Ahluvalia, T.; Stokes, J.; Handelsman, L.; Medrano, M.; Desmond, D.; et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abus. Negl. 2003, 27, 169–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Press, S.J.; Wilson, S. Choosing between Logistic Regression and Discriminant Analysis. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1978, 73, 699–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pek, J.; Wong, O.; Wong, A.C.M. How to Address Non-normality: A Taxonomy of Approaches, Reviewed, and Illustrated. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 2104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Farrington, D.P.; Loeber, R. Some benefits of dichotomization in psychiatric and criminological research. Crim. Behav. Ment. Health 2000, 10, 100–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crippa, J.A.; Guimarães, F.S.; Campos, A.C.; Zuardi, A.W. Translational Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a New Age. Front. Immunol. 2018, 9, 2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wilson, J.; Constable, T.; Mason, K.; Ferris, L.; Quinn, C.; Hides, L.; Leung, J.; Carlyle, M. Pain and Psychotic-like Experiences in Young People Using Cannabis. Med. Sci. Forum 2021, 4, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECERPH-3-09056
Wilson J, Constable T, Mason K, Ferris L, Quinn C, Hides L, Leung J, Carlyle M. Pain and Psychotic-like Experiences in Young People Using Cannabis. Medical Sciences Forum. 2021; 4(1):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECERPH-3-09056
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilson, Joanna, Toby Constable, Katherine Mason, Laura Ferris, Catherine Quinn, Leanne Hides, Janni Leung, and Molly Carlyle. 2021. "Pain and Psychotic-like Experiences in Young People Using Cannabis" Medical Sciences Forum 4, no. 1: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECERPH-3-09056