Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the oral health status in psychotropic-medicated outpatients of the Lisbon Psychiatric Hospital Centre (CHPL). Sixty outpatients of the General Psychiatry consultation consented to participate in this study. An oral examination and a structured questionnaire were conducted. Among the 60 subjects, 61.70% were males and the mean age was 51.53 ± 11.15 years. The prevalence of dental caries was 98.3%, and the decayed, missing, filled index (DMFT) mean score was 18.03 ± 9.39. Considering the tooth brushing frequency, 30% and 40% brushed their teeth once and twice daily, respectively.
1. Introduction
In Portugal, 22.9% of the total population have experienced a mental health disorder at some stage in their life [1]. There is evidence that people with a serious mental illness experience worse oral health outcomes than the general population [2]. Oral health is an important aspect of general health and well-being because of its effects on pain, eating, speech and quality of life [3]. People who have experienced a mental health disorder are a heterogeneous group, who commonly exhibit many factors which may contribute to poor oral health, including xerostomia caused by psychiatric medication, lack of motivation for self-care, poor oral hygiene and difficulties to access dental care [4]. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of dental caries and self-care behaviour in psychotropic-medicated outpatients of the Lisbon Psychiatric Hospital Centre (CHPL).
2. Materials and Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 4 months (March–June 2022) at the outpatients department of the General Psychiatry and Non-Medical Nursing consultation (injectable) at the CHPL. The inclusion criteria for the patients were as follows: (1) had a psychiatric diagnosis according the International Classification of Diseases-10 [5]; (2) have had the psychiatric condition for at least 1 year; (3) have taken antipsychotic medication for at least 1 year; (4) being treated as an outpatient; and (5) over 18 years old. A sample of 60 outpatients was selected randomly from the psychiatry department of CHPL of both genders, aged between 27 and 72 years who consented to participate in this study. Approved by the Ethics Committee of the Lisbon Psychiatric Hospital Centre and the Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz. The prevalence of dental caries was assessed using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT). Subsequently, a questionnaire was applied regarding sociodemographic variables, psychiatric pathology, and oral hygiene habits. Data were submitted to descriptive analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics®v.28 software.
3. Results
Amongst 60 outpatients, 61.70% (37) were males and the mean age of the study population was 51.53 ± 11.15. The majority of the population, 53.34% (32), had primary or less education level; 46.7% (28) had less than 1 monthly family income of minimum wages, and 46.7% (28) were retired (Table 1). The frequency distribution of psychiatric patients was 66.70% (40) schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders, 31.70% (19) epilepsy, and 1.7% (1) neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorder (Table 2). The prevalence of dental caries was 98.3% and the DMFT score was 18.03 ± 9.39 among our population. Overall DMFT scores ranged from 0 to 32, whereas the mean of decayed (D) score was 3.63 ± 3.9, the mean of missing (M) score was 12.81 ± 11.03, and the mean of filled(F) score was 1.56 ± 2.95 (Table 3). According the tooth brushing frequency, 40.0% of the population brushed the teeth twice daily (Table 4). The results demonstrate a statistically significant correlation between the prevalence of dental caries and subjects who never brush their teeth (p = 0.018) (Table 5). A total of 63.30% of the population had their last dental visit over a year ago (Table 6).
Table 1.
Distribution of participants according to sociodemographic characteristics.
Table 2.
Distribution of participants according to their psychiatric diagnosis.
Table 3.
Distribution of mean scores of DMFT.
Table 4.
Distribution of tooth brushing frequency.
Table 5.
Distribution of DMFT mean scores among tooth brushing frequency.
Table 6.
Frequency of last dental visit.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
The DMFT index is classified in five levels: 0.0–4.9 very low, 5.0–8.9 low, 9.0–13.9 moderate, 14.0–17.9 high, and more than 18 very high [6]. The most recent study of the prevalence of caries in the general population is from the World Health Organization from the year 2000. The prevalence of caries in permanent teeth is between 25% and 50% [7], lower than for the data obtained in our study. Goud et al. (2021) determined that dental caries was prevalent in 87.3% of psychiatric outpatients in India, the mean of DMFT scores was 4.06, and the mean of decayed (D) score was 3.4 [8]. Deepali et al. (2021) conducted a study on oral health in patients of schizophrenia in Haryana, and 72% and 3% of the subjects brushed their teeth once and twice daily, respectively [9]. An epidemiological study conducted by Nielsen J et al. (2011) indicated that 43% of participants had visited the dentist within one year. Despite the prevalence of suboptimal oral health among mental health disorder patients compared with the general population, dental services are often underutilized by this heterogeneous group due to the stigma, helplessness, low self-esteem, and low income [10,11]. The poor oral health of people with psychological disorders remains a largely forgotten problem. The findings of this study suggest that the oral health concerns of this heterogeneous group are unrecognized, especially with regard to dental caries, and they lack the responsibility to take care of their oral health. The increased focus on the physical health of people with psychiatric illness should include consideration of oral health, and a closer collaboration between dental and mental health professionals is also important.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, C.R. and C.M.; methodology, C.R. and C.M.; validation, C.R.; formal analysis, C.R. and C.M.; investigation, C.R.; resources, C.R.; data curation, L.P.; writing—original draft preparation, C.R.; writing—review and editing, C.R. and C.M.; supervision, C.R. and C.M.; project administration, C.R. and C.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was financed by national funds through the FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under the project UIDB/04585/2020.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Egas Moniz School of Health and Science (protocol code 1013, approved in 27 January 2022).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available, as they are part of an ongoing study.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the outpatients who participated in the study. We are indebted to the occupational therapy and nursing staff at the CHPL.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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