Aroma Compounds of Carrier Oils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Almond Oil
4. Apricot Seed Oil
5. Argan Oil
6. Avocado Oil
7. Babassu Oil
8. Baobab Oil
9. Black Cumin Oil
10. Brazil Nut Oil
11. Camelina Oil
12. Castor Oil
13. Chia Seed Oil
14. Coconut Oil
15. Cranberry Seed Oil
16. Grapeseed Oil
17. Hazelnut Oil
18. Hemp Seed Oil
19. Jojoba Oil
20. Kukui Nut Oil
21. Macadamia Oil
22. Marula Oil
23. Moringa Oil
24. Neem Seed Oil
25. Olive Oil
26. Palm Kernel Oil
27. Passionfruit Seed Oil
28. Pomegranate Seed Oil
29. Evening Primrose Oil
30. Pumpkin Oil
31. Raspberry Seed Oil
32. Rosehip Oil
33. Sacha Inchi Oil
34. Safflower Oil
35. Sea Buckthorn Oil
36. Sesame Seed Oil
37. Shea Butter
38. Soybean Oil
39. Sunflower Oil
40. Tamanu Oil
41. Volatile Composition
42. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Carrier Oil | VOC Extraction Method | Origin | Volatile Organic Compounds | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bitter Almond Oil (Cold pressed) | Purge and Trap Extraction | Iran | hexanal, nonanal, benzaldehyde, (E)-decenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, benzyl alcohol, octadecanol, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, benzoic acid, 2-pentylfuran, α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene, δ-3-carene, limonene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, 4-terpineol | [18] |
Sweet Almond Oil (Cold pressed) | Purge and Trap Extraction | Iran | hexanal, octanal, nonanal, furfural, benzaldehyde, (E,E)-nonadienal, 2-undecenal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 3-pentel-2-ol, octanol, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, benzyl alcohol, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, 2-octanone, 4-nonanone, methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, methylethylpyrazine, 2-ethylpyrazine, δ-3-carene, limonene, p-cymene | [18] |
Ferragnes Almonds (Soxhlet Solvent Extraction Using n-Hexane) | Solid Phase Microextraction | France | butanal, toluene, butyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 4-methyl-6-hepten-3-one, ethylbenzene, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexanone, butanol, 3-heptanone, 3-methylbutanol, 2-hexanol, 4-octanone, 3-octanone, butyl valerate, pinacol, 1-hexanol, 2-nonanone, 2-methylpentanal, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, γ-decalactone, γ-undecalactone, diethyl phthalate | [230] |
Ferraduel Almonds (Soxhlet Solvent Extraction Using n-Hexane) | Solid Phase Microextraction | France | butanal, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, toluene, butyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, isoamyl acetate, ethylbenzene, 2.5-dimethyl-3-hexanone, butyl isobutyrate, butanol, 3-heptanone, butyl butyrate, 4-octanone, 3-octanone, m-cymene, butyl valerate, 2-nonanone, 2-methylpentanal, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, γ-undecalactone, diethyl phthalate | [230] |
Marta Almonds (Soxhlet Solvent Extraction Using n-Hexane) | Solid Phase Microextraction | France | 3-methyl-2-pentanone, toluene, butyl acetate, hexanal, isoamyl acetate, ethylbenzene, butanol, limonene, 2-hexanol, 4-octanone, 2-heptenal, pinacol, 2-nonanone, 2-methylpentanal, benzaldehyde, γ-butyrolactone, 2-decenal, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, γ-decalactone, diethyl phthalate | [230] |
Lauranne Almonds (Soxhlet Solvent Extraction Using n-Hexane) | Solid Phase Microextraction | France | butanal, toluene, butyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, ethylbenzene, butyl isobutyrate, butanol, 3-heptanone, 3-methyl-butanol, butyl butyrate, butyl butyrate, 4-octanone, m-cymene, pinacol, 2-nonanone, 2-methylpentanal, benzaldehyde, isobutyric acid, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, γ-undecalactone | [230] |
Texas Almonds (Soxhlet Solvent Extraction Using n-Hexane) | Solid Phase Microextraction | United States | 2-methylbutanal, ethanol, α-pinene, toluene, butyl acetate, hexanal, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 4-methyl-6-hepten-3-one, 2.5-dimethyl-3-hexanone, butanol, 2-heptanone, 3-methyl-butanol, 2-hexanol, 4-octanone, 3-octanone, m-cymene, pinacol, 1-hexanol, 2-nonanone, 2-methylpentanal, benzaldehyde, 2-decenal, valeric acid, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, γ-undecalactone | [230] |
Nonpareil Almonds (Soxhlet Solvent Extraction Using n-Hexane) | Solid Phase Microextraction | United States | 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, ethanol, α-pinene, toluene, butyl acetate, hexanal, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexanone, butanol, limonene, 4-octanone, 2-heptenal, pinacol, 2-nonanone, 2-methylpentanal, benzaldehyde, 2-decenal, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, diethyl phthalate | [230] |
Guara Almonds (Soxhlet Solvent Extraction Using n-Hexane) | Solid Phase Microextraction | Spain | butanal, α-pinene, toluene, butyl acetate, hexanal, ethylbenzene, butanol, 3-heptanone, limonene, 2-hexanol, 4-octanone, 3-octanone, 2-heptenal, pinacol, 2-nonanone, 2-methylpentanal, benzaldehyde, 2-decenal, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, γ-decalactone | [230] |
Yaltinskii Almonds (Soxhlet Solvent Extraction Using n-Hexane) | Solid Phase Microextraction | Russia | butanal, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, α-pinene, toluene, butyl acetate, 4-methyl-6-hepten-3-one, ethylbenzene, butanol, 2-heptanone, 3-methyl-butanol, 2-hexanol, 4-octanone, m-cymene, butyl valerate, pinacol, 1-hexanol, 2-methylpentanal, benzaldehyde, 2-decenal, valeric acid, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, γ-undecalactone | [230] |
Nurlu Almonds (Soxhlet Solvent Extraction Using n-Hexane) | Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | butanal, 3-methylbutanal, ethanol, α-pinene, toluene, butyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, ethylbenzene, 2.5-dimethyl-3-hexanone, butyl isobutyrate, butanol, 2-heptanone, limonene, 2-hexanol, 4-octanone, 2-heptenal, pinacol, 2-nonanone, 2-methylpentanal, γ-butyrolactone, valeric acid, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, γ-decalactone, diethyl phthalate | [230] |
Acıbadem Almonds (Soxhlet Solvent Extraction Using n-Hexane) | Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | butanal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, toluene, butyl acetate, hexanal, 4-methyl-6-hepten-3-one, ethylbenzene, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexanone, butanol, 3-heptanone, 2-hexanol, 4-octanone, 2-heptenal, pinacol, 2-nonanone, 2-methylpentanal, benzaldehyde, 2-decenal, valeric acid, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, γ-decalactone, diethyl phthalate | [230] |
Apricot Fruit | Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, hexanal, 4-pentenal, heptanal, (E)-2-hexenal, nonanal, 2-octenal, benzaldehyde, 2,3-butandione, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, β-ionone, γ-decalactone, ethyl acetate, methyl propaonate, methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, butyl acetate, butyl butanoate, hexyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenylacetate, (E)-2-hexenylacetate, ethanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 2-hexen-1-ol, linalool, α-pinene, sabinene, β-myrcene, limonene, β-phellandrene, 2-methylpropanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, decane, toluene, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tert-butyl-benzene | [231] |
Apricot Kernel Oil | Unknown | Korea | benzaldehyde, mandelonitrile, benzoic acid | [26] |
Apricot Kernel Oil (Hydrodistillation) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Greece | toluene, 2,3-butanediol, ethylbenzene, 2-methyl-propanal, 1,3-dimethyl-benzene, nonane, benzaldehyde, 1,2,4-trimethyl-benzene, 1,2,3-trimethyl-benzene, decane, benzyl alcohol, butyl-cyclohexane, 1,2-diethylbenzene, 1-methyl-3-propylbenzene, 1-methyl-2-propylbenzene, 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, 2-ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene, o-cymene, 2-ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene, decahydro-2-methylnaphthalene, 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene, undecane, 2,3-dihydro-4-methyl-1H-indene, 1-phenyl-1-butene, 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-5-methylene-1,3-cyclopentadiene, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione, benzyl acetate, azulene, ethyl benzoate, 2,4-diethyl-1-methyl-benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylpropyl)-benzene, 6-methylundecane, 2-methylundecane, benzoin, dodecane, 2,6-dimethyl-undecane, tridecane | [30] |
Argan Oil (cold pressed) | Purge and Trap Extraction | Morocco | 2-methyl-2-butanol, 3-penten-2-ol, isoamyl alcohol, pentanol, 2-hexanol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,2-propanediol, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, methyl pyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, ethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine, 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine, acetic acid, propanoic acid, isobutanoic acid, butanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, hexanoic acid, furfuryl alcohol, 5-methylfurfuryl alcohol, 1-methyl-1H-pyrrole, 2-formylpyrrole, γ-valerolactone, γ-butyrolactone, phenol, p-cresol, 2-octanone, nonanal | [36] |
Avocado Fruit | Likens-Nickerson Extraction | Cuba | acetaldehyde, ethanol, acetic acid, diacetyl, 3-penten-2-one, pyridine, pentanol, toluene, hexanal, 2-furfural, (Z)-3-hexenol, hexanol, methional, α-pinene, (E)-2-heptenal, benzaldehyde, β-pinene, 2-pentylfuran, p-cymene, limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene, cyclohexyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, (E)-2-octenal, p-methylbenzaldehyde, perillene, (E)-2-nonenal, (Z)-4-decenal, (Z)-7-decenol, decanal, benzothiazole, (E)-anethole, (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, 10-undecenal, 4-vinylguaiacol, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, cyclosativene, α-copaene, β-elemene, (Z)-jasmone, β-caryophyllene, trans-α-bergamotene, α-humulene, allo-aromadendrene, 9-epi-β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, δ-cadinene, β-sesquiphellandrene, (Z)-nerolidol, caryophyllene oxide, guaiol, tetradecanal, α-cadinol, bulnesol, α-bisabolol, mintsulfide, tetradecanoic acid, (E)-β-santalol, (E,E)-farnesyl acetate, methyl hexadecanoate, hexadecanoic acid | [45] |
Avocado Seed Oil (cold pressed) | Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | d-limonene, α-cubebene, β-caryophyllene, pulegone, β-curcumene, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, (Z)-5-tridecene, 2-heptanone, 2-octanone, 2-decanone, durene, isodurene, biphenyl, undecane, dodecane, tridecane | [232] |
Black Cumin Seed | DBWAX Column GC-MS | China | β-thujene, β-pinene, α-terpinolene, d-limonene, γ-terpinene, o-cymene, cis-4-methoxy thujane, p-mentha-1,5,8-triene, p-cymenene, acetic acid, (E)-longipinene, ylangene, trans-2-caren-4-ol, 1,3,4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, verbenone, longifolene, butanoic acid, estragole, carvone, thymoquinone, anethole, p-cymen-8-ol, isolongifolyl acetate, (Z)-18-octadec-9-enolide, 9(E),11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid, nonanoic acid, phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)phenol, 6-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-5-hepten-3-yn-2-ol, p-cymene-2,5-diol, (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 3,6-dimethylbenzo[b]thiophene | [66] |
Black Cumin Seed Extract | Purge and Trap Extraction | Turkey | acetic acid, propanoic acid, isobutanoic acid, butanoic acid, propenoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, (E)-3-hexenoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 2-methyl-3-butanol, 3-penten-2-ol, (Z)-2-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, furfuryl alcohol, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, guaiacol, phenol, eugenol, limonene, benzyl acetate, ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate, acetoin, hydroxyacetone, furfural, butyrolactone, m-xylene, styrene | [18] |
Black Cumin Oil (cold pressed) | Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | hexanal, α-thujene, α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, 2-heptenal, α-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, (E)-2-octenal, nonanal, 4-terpineol, thymoquinone, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, α-longipinene, isolongifolene | [233] |
Brazil Nut | GCO with both Carbowax 20M and SE30 Columns | Brazil | hexanal, heptanal, 2,4-nonadienal, 2,4-decadienal, ethanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 2-nonanol, phenol, cresol, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, 2-decanone, 2-undecanone, 2-dodecanone, benzaldehyde, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane, n-tridecane, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, n-butylbenzene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzenene, 1,3,5- trimethylbenzenene, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, limonene, ethyl acetate, benzofuran, methylbenzofuran, cyanobenzene, chloroform | [75] |
Brazil Nut Oil (cold pressed) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Brazil | hexanal, (E)-2-heptenal, (E)-2-octenal, nonanal, 3-octen-2-one, 2-nonanone, 1-heptanol, 1-octen-3-ol | [234] |
Chia Seed Oil | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | The United States | hexanal, 2-pentenal, (2Z)-heptanal, nonanal, 2-octanal, (2E,4E)-heptadienal, 3-octen-2-one, (3E,5E)- octadien-2-one, 1-penten-3-ol, 2-methyl-3-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, 2-ethylfuran, 2-pentylfuran, α-Pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, o-xylene, β-myrcene, limonene, p-cymene, phenol | [235] |
Coconut Oil (expeller) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Philippines | acetic acid, hexanal, 2-heptanone, limonene, nonanal, δ-octalactone, δ-decalactone, dodecanoic acid | [104] |
Coconut Oil (centrifuge) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Philippines | hexanal, 2-heptanone, octanoic acid, δ-octalactone, dodecanoic acid | [104] |
Coconut Oil (fermentation without heat) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Philippines | ethyl acetate, acetic acid, hexanal, 2-heptanone, limonene, nonanal, octanoic acid, ethyl octanoate, δ-octalactone, δ-decalactone, dodecanoic acid | [104] |
Coconut Oil (fermentation without heat) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Philippines | acetic acid, 2-pentanone, hexanal, nonanal, octanoic acid, δ-octalactone, dodecanoic acid | [104] |
Cranberry Seeds (sonication) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Poland | 1,2-dimethyl cyclopropane, 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene, 1-penten-3-one, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E)-2-butenal, (Z)-2-heptenal, 2-hexenal, (E)-2-Penten-1-ol, 2-pentenal, (E)-2-pentene, (Z)-4-heptenal, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, 2-ethylfuran, furfural, hexanal, hexane, (S)-methyloxirane, pentanal, trimethylene oxide | [109] |
Grape Seeds | Turkey | ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, and hexyl hexadecanoate | [116] | |
Cabernet Grapeseeds | Turkey | isoamyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl heptanoate, hexyl acetate, octanal, nonanal, ethyl octanoate, 1-octen-3-ol, heptyl alcohol, n-decanal, nonanol, ethyl laurate, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, phenylethyl acetate, hexanoic acid, phenylethyl alcohol, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid | [116] | |
Gamay Grapeseeds | Turkey | isoamyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl heptanoate, hexyl acetate, octanal, 2-nonanone, nonanal, ethyl octanoate, 1-octen-3-ol, heptyl alcohol, n-decanal, 2,3-butanediol diacetate, benzaldehyde, nonanol, ethyl laurate, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, phenylethyl acetate, hexanoic acid, phenylethyl alcohol, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, β-caryophyllene, myrcene, valencene, benzyl acetate | [116] | |
Kalecik Karasi Grapeseeds | Turkey | isoamyl acetate, ethyl heptanoate, hexyl acetate, octanal, nonanal, ethyl octanoate, 1-octen-3-ol, heptyl alcohol, 2,3-butanediol diacetate, benzaldehyde, nonanol, ethyl laurate, isovaleric acid, benzyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, hexanoic acid, phenylethyl alcohol, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid | [116] | |
Okuzgozu Grapeseeds | Turkey | isoamyl acetate, ethyl heptanoate, hexyl acetate, octanal, nonanal, ethyl octanoate, 1-octen-3-ol, heptyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, nonanol, ethyl laurate, phenylethyl alcohol, octanoic acid | [116] | |
Senso Grapeseeds | Turkey | isoamyl acetate, ethyl heptanoate, hexyl acetate, octanal, nonanal, ethyl octanoate, 1-octen-3-ol, heptyl alcohol, n-decanal, benzaldehyde, nonanol, ethyl laurate, isovaleric acid, phenyl-ethyl acetate, hexanoic acid, phenyl-ethyl alcohol, octanoic acid | [116] | |
Magliocco Canino Grape Seed Oil (solvent-assissted extraction) | Purge and Trap Extraction | Italy | 3-penten-2-ol, 3-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 1-methyl cyclopentanol, 3-methyl-cyclopentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, phenylethyl alcohol, isoamyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, phenylethyl acetate, ethyl dodecanoate, hexanal, nonanal, 2-nonanone, 4-ethoxybenzoic acid, 2-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 2-butoxyethanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 2,3-butanediol, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenoxyethanol, ethyl decanoate, (E,E)-2,4 heptadienal, acetophenone, 2-dodecanone, β-cubebene, germacrene, phenol, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, γ-butyrolactone | [236] |
Dimrit Grape Seed Oil (solvent-assissted extraction) | Purge and Trap Extraction | Turkey | 3-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, 2-phenoxyethanol, isoamyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, hexanal, (E)-2-heptanal, nonanal, (E)-2-nonenal, benzene, acetaldehyde, acetophenone, isocumene, phenol, 3,5-xylenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, carvacrol, 3,4-dimethylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol, hexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, octanoic acid, 2-pentylfuran, γ-butyrolactone, dihydroxymaltol, 2-butoxyethanol | [236] |
Hazelnut Oil (cold pressed) | Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | 2-heptenal, nonanal, (E,E) 2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-decenal, (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-tridecenal, heptanal, hexanal | [233] |
Hemp Flowers and Leaves | Dynamic Head Space Collection | Canada, France, Finland | (Z)-3-hexen1-yl acetate, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (Z)-β-caryophyllene, α-humulene | [128] |
Hemp (Hydrodistillation) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Italy | α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineol, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene, α-humulene, caryophyllene oxide, β-eudesmol, β-bisabolol, α-bisabolol | [237] |
Hemp (Supercritical Fluid CO2) Extract | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Italy | α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineol, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene, α-humulene, caryophyllene oxide, β-eudesmol, β-bisabolol, α-bisabolol | [237] |
Macadamia Nut | Likens-Nickerson Extraction | Cuba | hexanal, ethyl butyrate, butyl acetate, 2-furfural, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, hexanol, isoamyl acetate, o-xylene, 2-heptanone, heptanal, cumene, benzaldehyde, propylbenzene, β-pinene, 6-methy-5-hepten-2-ol, ethyl hexanoate, octanal, p-cymene, limonene, cyclohexyl acetate, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, acetophenone, trans-linalool oxide (furanoid), p-tolualdehyde, terpinoiene, p-cymenene, 2-nonanone, methyl benzoate, ethyl heptanoate, nonanal, p-mentha-1,3,8-triene, isophorone, 1-phenyl-2-propanone, cis-limonene oxide, trans-limonene oxide, camphor, (Z)-3-hexenyl isobutyrate, citronellal, ethyl benzoate, ethyl octanoate, α-terpineol, methylthymol, neral, cuminaldehyde, carvone, ethyl 2-phenylacetate, edulan I, (E)-2-decenal, geranial, ethyl salicylate, perillaldehyde, (E)-anethole, isobornyl acetate, safrole, edulan II, benzyl butyrate, α-terpinyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, eugenol, γ-nonalactone, neryl acetate, benzyl isothiocyanate, α-ylangene, biphenyl, geranyl acetate, hexyl hexanoate, β-cubebene, β-elemene, ethyl decanoate, methyl eugenol, α-cedrene, cis-α-bergamotene, β-caryophyllene, (E)-α-ionone, trans-α-bergamotene, 2-phenylethyl butyrate, benzyl valerate, α-humulene, geranyl acetone, geranyl propionate, ar-curcumene, valencene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene, α-calacorene, (E)-nerolidol, γ-undecalactone, dodecanoic acid, ethyl dodecanoate, hexadecane, methyl tridecanoate, dill apiol, 7-dodecalactone, heptadecane, 8-dodecalactone, methyl tetradecanoate, tetradecanoic acid, ethyl tetradecanoate, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, isopropyl hexadecanoate, methyl octadecanoate, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, ethyl octadecanoate | [142] |
Marula Intact Fruits | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | South Africa | ethyl isovalerate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, isoamyl hexanoate, ethyl (E)-4-octenoate, pentadecane, cyclopentadecane, β-caryophyllene, hexadecene, isoamyl octanoate, α-humulene, ethyl (E)-4-decenoate, heptadecane, (Z)-3-decenyl acetate, heptadecene, benzyl acetate, (Z)-3-decen-1-ol, 1-octen-3-yl butyrate, benzyl butyrate, nonadecane, 6-dodecen-1-ol, cyclodecene, benzyl methacrylate, benzyl 4-methylpentanoate, benzyl tiglate, hexadecanal, 11-hexadecenal, ethyl 9-hexadecenoate, benzyl octanoate, (Z)-13-octadecenal | [148] |
Marula Fruit Pulp | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | South Africa | germacrene D, α-humulene, β-caryophyllene | [148] |
Moringa Leaves | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Rwanda | (E)-2-pentenal, 2-hexenal, (Z)-2-heptenal, nonanal, (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, benzaldehyde, (E)-2-nonenal, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, γ-nonalactone, 1-pentanol, (Z)-2-pentenol, hexanol, (Z)-3-octenol, octanol, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexanol, (E)-2,6-dimethyl-3,5,7-octatriene-2-ol, 1-pentadecanol, 1-nonanol, 1-undecanol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, methylheptenone, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, methyl heptadienone, 2-hexen-4-olide, 2-acetylpyrrole, 3-ethyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, dihydroactinidolide, tridecane, pentadecane, 1-tridecyne, heptadecane, methyl hexanoate, dibutyl phthalate, α-himachalene, (E)-geranyl acetone, (E)-β-ionone, β-ionone epoxide, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, (E,E)-farnesyl acetone, acetic acid, dimethylpropanedioic acid, pentanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, 4-hexenoic acid, 2-hexenoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, (E)-9-octadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, phenylacetonitrile | [238] |
Moringa Leaves | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | China | (E)-2-butenal, hexanal, 2,4-pentadienal, (E)-2-pentenal, 2-hexenal, (Z)-2-heptenal, (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal, 2-methylfuran, 2-ethylcyclobutanol, (Z)-2-pentenol, (E)-2-ethyl-2-hexen-1-ol, 2,4-dimethylcyclohexanol, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, 1-dodecanol, methylheptenone, 1-(furan-2-yl)ethanone, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, γ-butyrolactone, 4-isopropyl-2-cyclohexenone, 2-hexen-4-olide, 2-acetylpyrrole, 7-octen-2-one, 3-ethyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, dihydroactinidolide, tridecane, 2-methyltridecane, pentadecane, 2-methyltetradecane, 2-methyl-1-tetradecene, 3-methylpentadecane, [R,R-(E)]-4,5-dimethyl-2-undecene, (Z)-hexyl oleate, methyl acetate, hexyl 3-methylbutanoate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl valerate, propyl 3-methylbutanoate, octyl 2-methyl butyrate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, o-cymene, α-himachalene, longifolene, carvone, citronellyl valerate, (E)-geranyl acetone, (E)-β-ionone, β-ionone epoxide, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, (E)-9-octadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, toluene, 2,4-lutidine, dimethylsulfoxide | [238] |
Neem Seed (hydrodistillation) | GC-MS with PDMS coated column | India | 1,3-propanedithiol, allyl mercaptan, 1-dodecene, 4,6-dimethyl-[1,2,3]trithiane, 1,3-propanedithiol, 3,5-diethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane, 1-hexadecanol, 2-epi-α-funebrene, cis-α-bergamotene, γ-muurolene, β-acoradiene, 5,6-dihydro-2,4,6-triethyl-4H-1,3,5-dithiazine, cycloisolongifolene, valencene, α-bisabolene, di-tert-butylphenol, (E)-nerolidol, 1-hexadecanol, juniper camphor, (E)-15-heptadecenal, oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one, (8Z)-cycloeicosane, 4,6-diethyl-1,2,3,5-tetrathiolane, 1-Tetracosanol, 9-hexacosene | [156] |
Olive Oil, Cailletier Variety | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | France | ethanol, propan-2-one, pent-2-ene, acetic acid, pentan-2-one, pentan-3-one, heptane, 3-methylbutanol, pent-2-enal, (Z)-pent-2-enol, toluene, hex-3-enal, hexanal, octane, (E)-hex-2-enal, (Z)-hex-3-enol, (E)-hex-2-enol, hexanol, p-xylene, hexa-2,4-dienal, o-xylene, 3,4-diethylhexa-1,5-diene, benzaldehyde, α-pinene, 3-ethylocta-1,5-diene, octanal, (Z)-hex-3-enyl acetate, deca-3,7-diene, δ-3-carene, α-terpinene, limonene, β-Ocimene, γ-terpinene, nonanal, (Z)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, farnesene | [239] |
Olive Oil, Blanquettier Variety | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | France | ethanol, pent-2-ene, acetic acid, pentan-2-one, pentan-3-one, 3-methylbutanol, toluene, hexanal, octane, (E)-hex-2-enal, (Z)-hex-3-enol, (E)-hex-2-enol, hexanol, p-xylene, hexa-2,4-dienal, benzaldehyde, α-pinene, 3-ethylocta-1,5-diene, (Z)-hex-3-enyl acetate, deca-3,7-diene, β-ocimene, nonanal, (Z)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, farnesene | [239] |
Olive Oil, Arbequines Variety | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Spain | ethanol, pent-2-ene, qcetic acid, pentan-2-one, pentan-3-one, 3-methylbutanol, pent-2-enal, toluene, hexanal, octane, (E)-hex-2-enal, (Z)-hex-3-enol, (E)-hex-2-enol, hexanol, p-xylene, α-pinene, 3-ethylocta-1,5-diene, (Z)-hex-3-enyl acetate, hexyl acetate, β-ocimene, nonanal, (Z)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, farnesene | [239] |
Passionfruit Fruit Pulp | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Brazil | methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl butanoate, methyl (E)-2-butenoate, ethy butanoate, ethyl (E)-2-butenoate, methyl-2-pentenoate, methyl 3-hydroxybutanoate, propyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, methyl 2-hexenoate, butyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl-2-hexenoate, methyl benzoate, hexyl butanoate, octyl acetate, hexyl (2E) butenoate, ethyl (E)-2-octenoate, methyl geranate, benzyl butanoate, methyl (E)-cinnamate, hexyl hexanoate, octyl butanoate, hexyl octanoate, methyl dihydrojasmonate, δ-3-carene, p-cymene, limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, α-terpinolene, 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, allo-ocimene, neo-allo-ocimene, bornylene, β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, 1-hexanol, 6,10-dimethyl-2-undecanone | [240] |
Passionfruit Seed Oil (expeller extraction) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Brazil | ethyl 2-butenoate, methyl 2-butenoate, ethyl acetate, ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate, methyl 3-butenoate, methyl butyrate, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, acetaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, hexanal, isobutanal, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, phenylethyl alcohol, 2-(3H)dihydrofuranone, (E)-β-ocimene, dodecane | [171] |
Pomegranate Seed Oil (cold pressed) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2,3-butanediol, phenylethyl alcohol, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-hydroxy-propanoate, pentyl acetate, 1-butanyl 2-methylacetate, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, diethyl butanedioate | [241] |
Pomegranate Seed Oil (cold pressed) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Israel | 2,3-butanediol, phenylethyl alcohol, 1-pentanol, 2,4-nonadienal, 2-hexenal, (Z)-2-heptenal, hexanal, 5-decanone, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, limonene | [241] |
Prickly Pear Seed Oil (hexane extract) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Greece | (2Z)-heptenal, hexanal, (2E)-octenal, 2-pentylfuran, (2E,4E)-decadienal, nonanal | [242] |
Evening Primrose Oil | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | China | (E)-2-octen-ol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-propanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-methyl-1-pentanol, 1-butanol, (E)-2-heptenal, nonanal, hexanal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-dodecadienal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-octenal, octanal, (Z)-9,17-octadecadienal, dodecanal, pentanal, heptanal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E)-2-decenal, (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, 2-tridecanone, 3-octen-2-one, 1-nonen-3-one, 2-hexenoic acid, 2-octynoic acid, acetic acid, heptanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, docosyl docosanoate, methyl (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoate, methyl hexadecanoate, (Z)-9-octadecenyl octadecanoate, 4,6-dimethyldodecane, 2,6,10-trimethyltridecane, (E)-3-octadecene, 3,7-dimethyldecane, dodecane, heptadecane, octadecane, pentane, 5-methyl-tetradecane, tridecane, undecane | [183] |
Pumpkin Seeds | Hydro-distillation | Ethiopia | 2-phenylbut-2-enal, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, nonanal, decanal, (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal, hexadecanal, 1-nonanol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, eicosane, hexacosane, (E)-undec-3-ene, hexadecane, 9-methylnonadecane, heptadecane, heneicosane, 5-butylhexadecane, [2,2,4-trimethyl-3-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)pentyl] 2-methylpropanoate, (3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) 2-methylpropanoate, methyl hexadecanoate, methyl 9-octadecenoate, Methyl octadecanoate, 1,8-cineole, δ-3-carene, (E)-geranyl acetone, 5,6-dihydro 2,4,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3,5-dithiazine, 1,3-benzothiazole, 2-hexylthiophene | [189] |
Pumpkin Seed Oil | Purge and Trap Extraction | Italy, Slovenia | methanol, scetaldehyde, methanethiol, methylformate, ethanol, acetone, pentane, ethyl formate, dimethylsulfide, methylacetate, carbon disulfide, dimethylsulfone, isobutanal, 2-butenal (crotonal), 2,3-butanedione, butanal, 2-butanone, hexane, ethyl acetate, isobutanol, 3-methylbutanal, 2-pentanone, butyl formate, 2-methylbutanal, 1-penten-3-ol, pentanal, heptane, 2-methyl-2-butenal, dimethyldisulfide, 1-pentanol, 2-hexanone, hexanal, 4-octene, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one, 2-methylpyrazine, furfural, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-hexenal, 2-heptanone, heptanal, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, α-pinene, 2-heptenal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2-octanone, dimethyltrisulfide, 2-pentylfuran, octanal, 5-methyl-2-ethylpyrazine, limonene, nonanal, fenchone | [186]. |
Raspberry Seeds (sonication) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Poland | (E,E)-3,5-heptatriene, 1,6-heptadien-4-ol, 3-methyl-1 butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, (E)-2-hexenal, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, methyl acetate, benzene, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexanal, 2,2-dimethylpropanal, propylene oxide, p-xylene | [109]. |
Rosehip R. dumalis fruit | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | acetic acid, butanoic acid, 3-eethylpentanoic acid, oxalic acid, 2(3H)-furanone, 2-heptanone, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, hexanal, 2-hexenal, acetaldehyde, nonanal, furfural, decanal, benzaldehyde, dodecanal, isoamyl isovalerate, butyl hexanoate, hexyl hexanoate, 1,2-propanediol, 1-penten-3-ol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-nonen-1-ol, 4-hexen-1-ol, 2-furanmethanol, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, dodecanol, α-terpineol, 1-butanol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol, phenol, m-xylene | [198] |
Rosehip R. canina fruit | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | formic acid, acetic acid, ionone, 3-methylbutanoic acid, butanoic acid, 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, 2(3H)-furanone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, hexanal, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, hexyl hexanoate, 1,2-propanediol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 4-methyl-1-heptanol, 2-furanmethanol, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, α-terpineol, phenylethyl alcohol, 1-hexadecanol, α-humulene, naphthalene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, phenol, m-xylene | [198] |
Rosehip R. pimpinellifolia fruit | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | 2,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, sinapic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, ionone, 3-methylbutanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, benzoic acid, dodecanoic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, Aacetone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, 2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione, furfural, 3-caren-10-al, 2-nonen-1-ol, 2-furanmethanol, naphthalene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, phenol | [198] |
R. villosa | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | formic acid, acetic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, butanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, benzoic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, pentadecanoic acid, 2(3H)-furanone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, furfural, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-furanmethanol, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, α-terpineol, α-humulene, naphthalene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, phenol | [198] |
Rosehip Oil | Superheated Water Extraction | NA | benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, 2,6,11-trimethyl dodecane and eicosane | [243] |
Dincer Safflower Seed Oil (cold pressed) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | acetoin, toluene, pentanal, 2,3-butanediol, hexanal, 2-hexenal, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, heptanal, γ-butyrolactone, α-pinene, p-cymene, limonene, benzyl alcohol, 1,5-octadien-3-ol, benzene acetaldehyde, 2-octenal, heptadecanoic acid, thiazolidine, 2-hepten-1-ol, nonanal, phenylethyl alcohol, 2-nonenal, 2,4-nonadienal, octanoic acid, 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, naphthalene, decanal, (E,E),-2,4-nonadienal, γ-octalactone, 3-dodecen-1-al, 6-dodecanone, thymol, 2,4-decadienal, undecanal, (E,E)2,4-decadienal, 5-pentyl-2(5H)-furanone, 2-dodecenal, 2-cyclohexen-1-one, 4-heptenal, 5-tetradecene, 1-tetradecene, 5,5-dimethyl-4(3-oxo-butyl)-2(3H)-furanone, methyl eugenol, dodecanal, β-caryophyllene, (Z)-geranyl acetone, tetradecanal, 2,4-dodecadienal, nonylbenzene, 17-octadecenal, isopropyl myristate, γ-dodecalactone, methyl 9-octadecenoate | [244] |
Microwaved Dincer Safflower Seed Oil (cold pressed) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | 2-methyl-1-butanol, pentanal, acetoin, pyrazine, 1-pentanal, 2,3-butanediol, hexanal, methylpyrazine, furfural, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, heptanone, heptanal, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, methyl hexanoate, 2-ethylpyrazine, α-pinene, p-cymene, limonene, 1,5-octadien-3-ol, benzene acetaldehyde, 1-ethyl-2-formylpyrrol, 2-octenal, thiazolidine, 3,5-dimethyl-2-ethylpyrazine, 1-propylpentyl butyrate, nonanal, phenylethyl alcohol, 2-acetyl-6-methylpyrazine, (E)-3-nonene-2-one, 2-nonenal, 2,4-nonadienal, octanoic acid, naphthalene, 2-methyl-5H-6,7-dihydrocyclopentapyrazine, decanal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, γ-octalactone, 3-dodecen-1-al, γ-nonalactone, 2,4-decadienal, undecanal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 5-pentyl-2(5H)-furanone, 2-dodecenal, 2-cyclohexen-1-one, 4-heptenal, 5-tetradecene, 1-tetradecene, 5,5-dimethyl-4(3-oxo-butyl)-2(3H)-furanone, methyl eugenol, dodecanal, 2,4-undecadienal, β-caryophyllene, (Z)-geranyl acetone, tetradecanal, 2,4-dodecadienal, lauric acid, nonylbenzene, myristic acid, 17-octadecenal, isopropyl myristate, γ-dodecalactone, methyl 9-octadecanoate | [244] |
Roasted Dincer Safflower Seed Oil (cold pressed) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | Turkey | isoamyl alcohol, toluene, 2,3-butanediol, hexanal, 2-hexenal, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, heptanal, γ-butyrolactone, α-pinene, α-phellandrene, p-cymene, limonene, 1,5-octadien-3-ol, 2-octenal, isophytol, nonanal, phenylethyl alcohol, 2-nonenal, 2,4-nonadienal, octanoic acid, naphthalene, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, 3-dodecen-1-al, γ-nonalactone, 6-dodecanone, 2,4-decadienal, 2-n-heptylfuran, undecanal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2-dodecenal, 2-cyclohexen-1-one, 5-tetradecene, 1-tetradecene, 5,5-dimethyl-4(3-oxo-butyl)-2(3H)-furanone, methyl eugenol, 2,4-undecadienal, β-caryophyllene, tetradecanal, 2,4-dodecadienal, lauric acid, nonylbenzene, 17-octadecenal, γ-dodecalactone, methyl 9-octadecanoate | [244] |
Sesame Seed Oil (Screw-Press Extraction) | Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | China | pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, benzaldehyde, octanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, (E)−2-octenal, nonanal, decanal, 2-heptanone, 6-methyl−5-hepten−2-one, 3-octanone, 3-methyl−1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, acetic acid, pyridine, ethyl-pyrazine, trimethyl-pyrazine, methyl-pyrazine, 3-ethyl−2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, 2-methoxy−3-(2-methylpropyl)-pyrazine, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dimethylsulfoxide, 2,4-dimethylthiazole, butyrolactone | [245] |
Roasted Sesame Seed Oil | GC-FID with Carbowax coated column | Korea | 1-octen-3-ol, 3-methyl-2-butanone, furfuryl alcohol, guaiacol, 2-methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, pyrazine, 2-ethylpyrazine, 2-acety1pyrazine, 2-acetyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, pyrrole, 2-acetylpyrrole, 2-pyrrolecarbaldehyde | [246] |
Shea Butter (cold pressed) | Purge and Trap Extraction | Ivory Coast | 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, (Z)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-heptenal, (Z)-6-nonenal, benzaldehyde, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 1-penten-3-ol, 3-hexanol, 1-hexanol, 2-methyl-2-butenol, 2-heptanol, (E)-2-hexenol, 3-octanol, 2,3-butanediol, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, 3-methoxy-2-butanol, 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, acetophenone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, nonanoic acid, 2-methylfuran, gurfural, 2-scetylfuran, 2-hydroxymethylfuran, α-pinene, sabinene, α-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, β-myrcene, phenol, p-cresol, o-xylene, styrene, γ-butyrolactone, 2-acetylpyrrole, 2-ethylpyrazine, 2-acetyl-3-methylpyrazine | [247] |
Shea Butter (Solvent extraction) | Purge and Trap Extraction | Ivory Coast | 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, (Z)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-heptenal, (Z)-6-nonenal, benzaldehyde, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 1-penten-3-ol, 3-hexanol, 1-hexanol, 2-methyl-2-butenol, 2-heptanol, (E)-2-hexenol, 3-octanol, 2,3-butanediol, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, 3-methoxy-2-butanol, 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, acetophenone, pheny lacetate, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, nonanoic acid, furfural, α-pinene, sabinene, α-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, β-myrcene, phenol, o-xylene, styrene, γ-valerolactone, γ-butyrolactone, 2-acetylpyrrole, 2-ethylpyrazine, 2-acetyl-3-methylpyrazine | [247] |
Shea Butter | Purge and Trap Extraction | Ivory Coast | 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, (E)-2-heptenal, benzaldehyde, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, 1-penten-3-ol, 3-hexanol, 1-hexanol, 2-methyl-2-butenol, 2-heptanol, 3-cctanol, 2,3-butanediol, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, phenyl acetate, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, nonanoic acid, 2-methylfuran, furfural, 2-acetylfuran, 2-hydroxymethylfuran, α-pinene, sabinene, α-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, guaiacol, phenol, p-cresol, o-xylene, styrene, γ-valerolactone, γ-butyrolactone, 2-acetylpyrrole, 2-ethylpyrazine, 2-acetyl-3-methylpyrazine | [247] |
Soy Bean Oil (expeller extraction) | Vacuum-Assisted Head Space Solid Phase Microextraction | China | hexanal, (Z)-2-heptenal, nonanal, decanal, (E)-2-hepten-1-ol, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, styrene, butyl butanoate | [248] |
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Marshall, T.; Dosoky, N.S.; Satyal, P.; Setzer, W.N. Aroma Compounds of Carrier Oils. AppliedChem 2023, 3, 546-580. https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedchem3040034
Marshall T, Dosoky NS, Satyal P, Setzer WN. Aroma Compounds of Carrier Oils. AppliedChem. 2023; 3(4):546-580. https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedchem3040034
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarshall, Tyler, Noura S. Dosoky, Prabodh Satyal, and William N. Setzer. 2023. "Aroma Compounds of Carrier Oils" AppliedChem 3, no. 4: 546-580. https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedchem3040034