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Article

Biomass Production of Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris TISTR 8261 During Cultivation in Modified Food Industry Wastewater

by
Samart Taikhao
1,* and
Saranya Phunpruch
2,3
1
Biotechnology Innovation Program, Division of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
2
Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
3
Bioenergy Research Unit, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Phycology 2025, 5(4), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology5040056
Submission received: 19 August 2025 / Revised: 23 September 2025 / Accepted: 27 September 2025 / Published: 7 October 2025

Abstract

Industrial wastewater can serve as a low-cost nutritional source for sustainable microalgal biomass production. This study investigated the biomass of Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris TISTR 8261 grown in untreated wastewater collected from four food industry factories in Phra Nakhon Sri Ayutthaya Province, Thailand. Among them, wastewater from a processed food production plant (PFPP) supported the highest algal growth. Supplementation with 17.4 mM sodium acetate significantly improved algal biomass yield. Further optimization with 3.7 mM NH4Cl, 1.0 mM KH2PO4, 0.2 mM MgSO4, and a moderate concentration of trace minerals enhanced the specific growth rate and chlorophyll concentration. Scaled-up cultivation in 3.5 L culture bottles in optimized PFPP yielded a maximum biomass yield of 8.436 ± 0.378 g L−1, comparable to 6.498 ± 0.436 g L−1 in standard TAP medium. Biomass composition analysis after 15 days of cultivation revealed 42.70 ± 1.40% protein, 17.10 ± 1.60% carbohydrate, and 1.90 ± 0.10% lipid on a dry weight basis. These findings demonstrate that optimized PFPP wastewater can effectively support high-density cultivation of C. vulgaris var. vulgaris TISTR 8261, yielding nutritionally rich biomass, and offering a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable strategy for industrial-scale microalgal production.
Keywords: Chlorella; nutrient modulation; food industry wastewater; biomass production; culture bottle Chlorella; nutrient modulation; food industry wastewater; biomass production; culture bottle
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MDPI and ACS Style

Taikhao, S.; Phunpruch, S. Biomass Production of Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris TISTR 8261 During Cultivation in Modified Food Industry Wastewater. Phycology 2025, 5, 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology5040056

AMA Style

Taikhao S, Phunpruch S. Biomass Production of Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris TISTR 8261 During Cultivation in Modified Food Industry Wastewater. Phycology. 2025; 5(4):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology5040056

Chicago/Turabian Style

Taikhao, Samart, and Saranya Phunpruch. 2025. "Biomass Production of Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris TISTR 8261 During Cultivation in Modified Food Industry Wastewater" Phycology 5, no. 4: 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology5040056

APA Style

Taikhao, S., & Phunpruch, S. (2025). Biomass Production of Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris TISTR 8261 During Cultivation in Modified Food Industry Wastewater. Phycology, 5(4), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology5040056

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