Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search Strategy
2.2. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
2.3. Qualitative Data Selection and Analysis
2.4. Statistical and Meta-Analysis
2.5. Assessment of Certainty of Evidence
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection and Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of BRSV
3.2.1. Prevalence of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Detected by Antibody-Based Detection Methods
3.2.2. Prevalence of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Detected by Antigen Detection Methods
3.2.3. Prevalence of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Detected by Nucleic Acid-Based Detection Methods
Variable Name | Before Outlier Removal | After Outlier Removal |
---|---|---|
Number of studies | 10 | 8 * |
Number of observations | 3626 | 3159 |
Number of events | 329 | 79 |
Pooled prevalence | 0.09 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.23) | 0.03 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.06) |
Prediction interval | 0.00 to 0.67 | 0.00 to 0.15 |
Heterogeneity (I2) | 98.9% (tau2 = 0.07, H = 9.49) | 89.9% (tau2 = 0.01, H = 3.14) |
3.3. BRSV Detection Rate Among Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC) Cases
3.3.1. Detection Rate of BRSV Using Antibody Detection Methods in BRD Cases
3.3.2. Detection Rate of the Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Using Antigen Detection Methods in Cattle with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Cases
Variable Name | Before Outlier Removal | After Outlier Removal |
---|---|---|
Number of studies | 12 | 11 * |
Number of observations | 1050 | 978 |
Pooled detection rate | 0.23 (95% CI: 0.08 to 0.42) | 0.16 (95% CI: 0.08 to 0.28) |
Prediction interval | 0.00 to 0.88 | 0.00 to 0.56 |
Heterogeneity (I2) | 96.9% (tau = 0.30) | 91.5% (tau = 0.18) |
3.3.3. Detection Rate of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Using Nucleic Acid Detection Methods in Cattle with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Cases
3.4. Herd-Level Prevalence of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
3.5. Factors Influencing BRSV Prevalence
3.6. Assessment of Certainty of Evidence
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Criteria |
---|---|
Type of study (Inclusion) | Both cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies. |
Target population (Inclusion) | Studies focused on non-vaccinated cattle, including all production systems (e.g., beef, dairy). |
Outcome measures (Inclusion) | Studies that report the prevalence, incidence, or distribution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. |
Diagnostic method (Inclusion) | Studies that used laboratory-confirmed diagnostic methods for bovine respiratory syncytial virus detection. |
Sample size (Inclusion) | Studies with a sample size of at least 30 cattle and 2 farms or herds. |
Publication language (Inclusion) | Studies published in English or those available with English translations. |
Publication type (Inclusion) | Studies published in peer-reviewed journals. |
Data integrity (Inclusion) | Studies with original or reanalysing previously published data that have data collection date, sample size, or denominator for each reported prevalence or rate. |
Exclusion criteria | Non-cattle study populations. Vaccinated cattle. Sample sizes smaller than 30. Non-peer-reviewed publications, including conference proceedings and book chapters. Non-epidemiological studies. Studies lacking key details. |
Variable Name | Pre-Outlier Removal | Post-Outlier Removal |
---|---|---|
Number of studies | 36 * | 33 |
Number of observations | 18,594 | 15,071 |
Pooled prevalence | 0.63 (95% CI: 0.53 to 0.72) | 0.64 (95% CI: 0.54 to 0.73) |
Prediction interval | 0.13 to 0.99 | 0.23 to 0.95 |
Heterogeneity (I2) | 99.3% (tau2 = 0.07, H = 11.81) | 98.6% (tau2 = 0.04, H = 8.59) |
Variable Name | Before Outlier Removal | After Outlier Removal |
---|---|---|
Number of studies | 15 | 14 * |
Number of observations | 3926 | 3798 |
Pooled detection rate | 0.38 (95% CI: 0.19 to 0.60) | 0.34 (95% CI: 0.16 to 0.54) |
Prediction interval | 0.00 to 0.92 | 0.01 to 0.83 |
Heterogeneity (I2) | 98.5% (tau2 = 0.07, H = 8.23) | 98.0% (tau2 = 0.05, H = 7.14) |
Variable Name | Before Outlier Removal | After Outlier Removal |
---|---|---|
Number of studies | 24 | 22 * |
Number of observations | 6618 | 6495 |
Pooled detection rate | 0.18 (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.29) | 0.13 (95% CI: 0.07 to 0.20) |
Prediction interval | 0.00 to 0.55 | 0.00 to 0.41 |
Heterogeneity (I2) | 97.4% (tau2 = 0.04, H = 6.20) | 96.3% (tau2 = 0.02, H = 5.18) |
Thematic Area | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|
Age | Older cattle had higher odds of being seropositive | [14,16,17,18,21,46,76] |
Herd size | Large herds had higher odds of being BRSV positive. | [14,16,46,76,88,89,132,133,134] |
Respiratory signs | The presence of respiratory signs was associated with a higher prevalence of BRSV. | [14,21,135,136] |
History of respiratory disease | Cattle previously exposed to BRSV or recent disease occurrence had higher odds of being seropositive. | [16,21,134] |
Farm characteristics | Distance between farms or farm density of the area affected the prevalence of BRSV. | [15,19,65,132] |
Co-infection | BRSV was associated with coinfection to BHV1 *, BPI3V ¥, BVDV π, and BAV3 £ | [17,20,21] |
Geographic location | Geographic location, including farm altitude, affected BRSV prevalence | [15,76,132] |
Source of an animal | The purchase of animals or introduction of cattle to a herd from another herd increased the odds of being seropositive. | [14,76] |
Season of the year | Increased prevalence in winter (colder season), compared to summer season. | [21,76] |
Milk production | Cattle with higher milk production was associated with higher seroprevalence. | [134] |
Serotype/genotype | BRSV subgroups A and AB were associated with severe respiratory disease | [128] |
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Share and Cite
Werid, G.M.; Wubshet, A.K.; Araya, T.T.; Miller, D.; Hemmatzadeh, F.; Reichel, M.P.; Petrovski, K. Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ruminants 2024, 4, 491-514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants4040035
Werid GM, Wubshet AK, Araya TT, Miller D, Hemmatzadeh F, Reichel MP, Petrovski K. Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ruminants. 2024; 4(4):491-514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants4040035
Chicago/Turabian StyleWerid, Gebremeskel Mamu, Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet, Teshale Teklue Araya, Darren Miller, Farhid Hemmatzadeh, Michael P. Reichel, and Kiro Petrovski. 2024. "Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Ruminants 4, no. 4: 491-514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants4040035
APA StyleWerid, G. M., Wubshet, A. K., Araya, T. T., Miller, D., Hemmatzadeh, F., Reichel, M. P., & Petrovski, K. (2024). Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ruminants, 4(4), 491-514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants4040035