Trichuriasis in Selected Deer (Cervidae) Species: A Geographical Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Trichuris in Deer Located in the Neo-Tropics
4. Trichuris in Deer Located in Europe
5. Trichuris in Deer Located in Canada
6. Trichuris in Deer Located in Asia and Australia
7. Modern Techniques Used in Identifying Trichuris spp. in Cervids
8. Conclusions
9. Summary
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host | Parasite | Method of Identification | Habitat | Prevalence% (x/y) | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed deer) | Trichuris ovis | Morphology of adult and faecal flotation | Free range | 3.3 (4/120) | [6] |
Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed deer) | Trichuris ovis | Morphology of adult and faecal flotation | Free range | 3.4 (4/117) | [7] |
Odocoileus virginainus (White-tailed deer) | Trichuris ovis | Morphology of adult | Free range | 16 (5/31) | [8] |
Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed deer) | Trichuris spp. | Morphology of adult | Free range | 9.1 (4/44) | [19] |
Mazama gouazoubira (Grey Brocket deer) | Trichuris ovis | Faecal flotation | Free range | 9.1 (1/11) | [23] |
Alces alces (Moose) | Trichuris spp. | Morphology of adult | Free range | 4.83 (3/62) | [35] |
Mazama amerciana (Red Brocket deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range | 31.3 (5/16) | [36] |
Fallow deer (Dama dama) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range | 1/68 (1.15) | [37] |
Odocoileus hemionus (Mule deer) | Trichuris discolor | Morphology of adult | Free range | 4 (1/25) | [30] |
Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range | 4 (7/28) | [29] |
Rusa unicolor (Samba deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range | 20 (2/10) | [38] |
Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range | 17 (1/6) | |
Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed deer) | Trichuris ovis | Faecal flotation | Free range | 6.49 (5/77) | [39] |
Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range | 5.26 (4/76) | [40] |
Morphology of adult | 1.32 (1/76) | ||||
Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed deer) | Trichuris ovis | Faecal flotation | Free range | 3.82 (26/681) | [41] |
Morphology of adult | 7.14 (1/14) |
Host | Parasite | Method of Identification | Habitat | Prevalence% (x/y) | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | Trichuris capreolus | Morphology of adult and faecal flotation | Free range (Czech) | 8.9% (10/112) | [42] |
Trichuris globulosa | 21.4% (24/112) | ||||
Rangifer tarandus (Reindeer) | Trichuris spp. | Morphology of adult and faecal flotation | Captive reared (Belgium) | 25% (1/4) | [47] |
Cervus elaphus (Red deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range (Northern Poland) | 1.8% (9/500) | [49] |
Dama dama (Fallow deer) | 3.6% (16/440) | ||||
Alces alces (Moose) | Trichuris ovis | Faecal flotation | Free range (Belarus) | 33.3% (6/18) | [48] |
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | 37.5% (6/16) | ||||
Cervus elaphus (Red deer) | 31.3% (5/16) | ||||
Dama dama (Fallow deer) | Trichuris capreoli | Faecal flotation | Farmed (Slovenia) | 2.3% (10/43) | [46] |
Trichuris ovis | 2.3% (10/43) | ||||
Cervus elaphus (Red deer) | Trichuris spp. | Morphology of adult and faecal flotation | Free range (Croatia) | 2.4% (10/41) | [51] |
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | 0% (0/25) | ||||
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | Trichuris ovis | Morphology of adult | Free range (Turkey) | 13.3% (2/15) | [50] |
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | Trichuris capreoli | Morphology of adult | Free range (Iberian Peninsula) | 53.1% (116/218) | [53] |
Trichuris ovis | 10.5% (23/218) | ||||
Dama dama | Trichuris globulosa | Morphology of adult | Free range (Austria) | 14.3% (1/7) | [52] |
Alces alces (Moose) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range (Norway) | 33% (8/24) | [56] |
Cervus elaphus (Red deer) | Trichuris globulosa | Morphology of adult and faecal flotation | 30.8% (4/13) | [55] | |
Alces alces (Moose) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | 2.2% (1/45) | [57] | |
Alces alces (Moose) | Trichuris spp. | Morphology of adult | Free range (Sweden) | Caecum [10% (10/50)] Rectum [2% (1/50)] | [58] |
Faecal flotation | 3.8% (2/50) | ||||
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | Trichuris globulosa | Morphology of adult | Free range (Russia) | 38.9% (7/18) | [60] |
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | Trichuris globulosa | Morphology of adult | Free range (Poland) | 9.43% (5/53) | [61] |
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) and Dama dama (Fallow deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range (Poland) | 10.48% (11/105) | [62] |
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range (German) | 7.8% (5/64) | [63] |
Trichuris globulosa | Morphology of adult | 67.2% (43/64) | |||
Trichuris ovis | Morphology of adult | 4.7% (3/64) | |||
Alces alces (Moose) | Tricuris spp. | Morphology of adult | Free range (Poland) | 83.3% (10/12) | [64] |
Faecal flotation | 68.9% (137/199) | ||||
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range (Southwest Poland) | 9.2% (12/131) | [65] |
Dama dama (Fallow deer) | Triichuris capreoli | Morphology of adult | Free range (German) | 20% (10/49) | [66] |
Trichuris ovis | 2% (1/49) | ||||
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | Trichuris spp. | Morphology of adult | Free range (Galacia, Spain) | 59.4% (111/187) male | [67] |
22.6% (7/31) female | |||||
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range (Galacia, Spain) | 47.2% (173/367) | [68] |
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range (North-western Spain) | 3% (4/128) | [69] |
4% (15/367) |
Host | Parasite | Method of Identification | Habitat | Prevalence% (x/y) | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alces alces (Moose) | Trichuris spp. | Morphology of adult | Free range | 34% (48/140) | [70] |
Cervus elaphus (Red deer) | 20% (37/186) | ||||
Alces alces (Moose) | Trichuris ovis | Morphology of adult | Free range | 13% (2/16) | [71] |
Trichuris discolor | 25% (4/16) | ||||
Rangifer tarandus (Reindeer) | Trichuris ovis | Morphology of adult and Faecal flotation | Free range | 40% (2/5) | [72] |
Rangifer tarandus caribou (Caribou) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range | 6% (2/32) | [73] |
Host | Parasite | Method of Identification | Habitat | Prevalence% (x/y) | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cervus axis (Spotted deer) | Trichuris spp. | Morphology of adult | Free range | 30 (3/10) | [75] |
Cervus axis (Spotted deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range | 8.5 (17/200) | [75] |
Moschus chrysogaster (Alpine musk deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range | 66.7 (6/9) | [77] |
Cervus unicolor (Sambar deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal sedimentation | Free range | 0 (0/15) | [78] |
Axis chrysobactin (Spotted deer) | 14.28 (1/7) | ||||
Moschus chrysogaster (Alpine musk deer) | Trichuris spp. | Faecal flotation | Free range | Spring 13.6 (6/44) Summer 24.5 (53/216) Winter 5.7 (4/70) | [79] |
Axis chrysobactin (Hog deer) | Trichuris globulosa | Faecal flotation | Captive reared | 74.4 (64/86) | [84] |
Cervus elaphus (Moral) | Trichuris skrjabini | Faecal flotation | Captive | 1.98 (10/505) | [85] |
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Jones, K.R. Trichuriasis in Selected Deer (Cervidae) Species: A Geographical Perspective. Ruminants 2021, 1, 178-190. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants1020013
Jones KR. Trichuriasis in Selected Deer (Cervidae) Species: A Geographical Perspective. Ruminants. 2021; 1(2):178-190. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants1020013
Chicago/Turabian StyleJones, Kegan Romelle. 2021. "Trichuriasis in Selected Deer (Cervidae) Species: A Geographical Perspective" Ruminants 1, no. 2: 178-190. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants1020013
APA StyleJones, K. R. (2021). Trichuriasis in Selected Deer (Cervidae) Species: A Geographical Perspective. Ruminants, 1(2), 178-190. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants1020013