Design-Led Innovation for Sustainable Green Indoor Environmental Quality Management in Residential Buildings

Abstract

This study aims to explore and enhance sustainable design practices for improving indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in residential buildings in Jordan, particularly within government institutions. It focuses on integrating design capabilities, core technologies, and human-centered values to develop a context-specific framework for green IEQ management. A mixed-method approach is employed, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The study includes a comprehensive literature review, expert interviews, and focus group discussions, followed by a structured survey with 100 residential building occupants. Three key pillars—core technologies and competences, business models, and human values—are identified and analyzed to guide the development of an innovative IEQ framework. The proposed framework is validated by domain experts to ensure alignment with Jordan’s socio-economic and environmental conditions. The findings reveal that integrating technological innovation, adaptable business models, and occupant well-being significantly enhances the implementation of sustainable IEQ strategies. This research offers a novel design-led framework tailored to the Jordanian context, addressing the underexplored intersection between human-centered design and sustainable IEQ practices. Unlike traditional approaches focused primarily on energy efficiency, this study incorporates social and institutional dimensions to enable more holistic and implementable solutions.

1. Introduction

There is an increasing demand to reduce global energy consumption and CO₂ emissions owing to significant environmental issues such as climate change, ozone layer depletion, and global warming [1,2,3,4]. The building sector is considered as a major contributor to these problems, as it generates large amounts of pollution and consumes substantial energy resources [5,6,7,8,9]. Buildings are responsible for nearly 50% of pollutant gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide [10], and account for approximately 40% of global energy consumption [11]. In the Middle East, the residential sector alone contributes to 55% of total energy consumption, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable solutions [5].

In contrast to the majority of Middle Eastern nations, Jordan suffers from severe resource shortages and inefficient energy use [12]. The country’s energy demand has grown steadily over the past two decades, exacerbated by increasing lifestyle demands and technological advancements [13]. The building sector in Jordan also produces significant waste and pollutants, further intensifying environmental concerns [14,15,16]. Despite these challenges, awareness and implementation of sustainable design practices remain low, particularly within governmental institutions [17,18,19]. Green building practices offer a viable solution to mitigate these environmental impacts, enhance occupant health, and foster socio-economic development [20,21,22].

Sustainable building design approaches aim to meet societal, environmental, and economic needs simultaneously, ensuring long-term sustainability for both users and stakeholders [23,24]. Sustainability fundamentally considers environmental needs to preserve resources for future generations. By definition, sustainable building design provides higher quality for all building components, including indoor environmental quality (IEQ) [10], which is an essential element of green buildings and sustainable interiors [25]. IEQ encompasses the quality of indoor conditions and the provision of adequate spaces for occupants. Moreover, high IEQ ensures greater durability and reduced maintenance for interior components. Sustainable design strategies focus on improving IEQ through energy conservation, material efficiency, and enhanced occupant comfort [26,27,28,29]. Achieving high IEQ involves integrating elements such as thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting, and acoustic conditions, which significantly influence occupant well-being and satisfaction [30,31]. The mutual relationship between indoor environments and occupants plays a crucial role in determining overall building performance and sustainability outcomes.

The most fundamental requirements of high-IEQ indoor spaces align with architecture’s original purpose: protecting occupants from external environmental conditions such as snow, rain, undesirable winds, glare, and extreme heat in summer, and cold in winter. Buildings function as protective barriers against external hazards, while sustainability aims to minimize their negative impacts on the environment and maximize positive contributions to occupant comfort and long-term usability [32]. A structured approach to achieving high IEQ involves energy conservation, resource efficiency, and material optimization while ensuring occupant health and comfort [33,34,35,36]. Addressing these aspects appropriately leads to more comfortable and livable indoor environments, meeting sustainability criteria and enhancing occupant productivity, health, visual and lighting comfort, and overall well-being.

Numerous studies on sustainable building design have primarily focused on functional aspects such as orientation, windows, and shading devices [37,38,39,40,41,42], while others have examined sustainability through material selection [43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56]. Considerable attention has been given to the indoor environment from an occupant comfort perspective [57,58,59,60,61,62,63], as indoor quality directly impacts occupants’ well-being and overall satisfaction. However, existing research largely emphasizes the technical and functional dimensions of sustainable building design, with limited focus on the holistic integration of IEQ design strategies that align with occupant needs and local conditions [64]. Therefore, this study adopts a design-led approach to innovation, synthesizing global sustainable design principles with local requirements to develop a framework that is both theoretically grounded and practically applicable. The study employs a multi-method research approach, incorporating qualitative and quantitative methods to examine the current state of sustainable design and IEQ in Jordan. The methodology includes a comprehensive literature review, expert interviews, focus group discussions with government architects, and a questionnaire survey targeting residential occupants. The data collected through these methods were analyzed thematically to identify key challenges, gaps, and opportunities for sustainable IEQ enhancement. The proposed framework was further validated by experts to ensure its applicability within Jordan’s socio-economic and environmental context. Ultimately, this research contributes to the development of a practical, context-specific strategy for achieving improved IEQ in residential buildings while promoting sustainable design practices.

2. Research Significance and Novelty

This research addresses critical gaps in sustainable design practices for enhancing indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in Jordan’s residential buildings, particularly within government institutions. While global best practices for sustainable design and IEQ have been extensively studied, their applicability to Jordan remains underexplored, despite the unique environmental, cultural, and socio-economic challenges the country faces. Existing research primarily focuses on technical and functional aspects, such as materials, energy systems, and structural components, with limited emphasis on the holistic integration of IEQ strategies that align with occupant needs and local conditions.

A key contribution of this study is its design-led approach, which integrates global sustainable design principles with local requirements to develop a framework that is both conceptually robust and practically viable. This study uses a human-centered, co-design approach that stresses occupant well-being in addition to sustainability goals, in contrast to traditional approaches that place a higher priority on energy efficiency and environmental impact. The suggested methodology improves IEQ while overcoming socioeconomic and policy-related implementation constraints in Jordan by integrating ecological design principles and encouraging strategic collaboration among stakeholders.

This study also emphasizes how crucial internal and external cooperation is to attaining long-term results. In order to promote the adoption of sustainable IEQ practices, it emphasizes the necessity of increased awareness, policy alignment, and institutional engagement. The study offers a methodical road map for the business sector and the Jordanian government to adopt design-led sustainability solutions, guaranteeing sustained enhancements in occupant well-being and environmental performance. This study advances an integrated design strategy and offers an adaptable model that is in line with international standards and tailored to Jordan’s unique context.

3. Methodology

This chapter presents the methodological framework adopted to investigate sustainable design practices and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in Jordanian residential buildings. The research design combined multiple qualitative and quantitative approaches to capture diverse perspectives and ensure analytical rigor. Data were collected through expert interviews, a focus group, and a structured questionnaire, while thematic analysis was employed to identify patterns and generate insights that informed the development of the proposed framework. Figure 1 illustrates the overall research design process.

3.1. Expert Interviews

To obtain in-depth insights into sustainable design practices and their applicability to the Jordanian context, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key experts in the field. As shown in

Table 1. Details of experts who participated in the interviews.

Participant	Role	Years of Experience	Sector
E1	Design Director, Hanna Salameh Design	15	Private
E2	Head, Green Building Architectural Committee	20	Professional Association
E3	Senior Sustainable Design Consultant	12	Private/Consulting

. The selection criteria for experts included: (i) at least 10 years of professional experience in sustainable architecture or building design, (ii) active involvement in sustainable or green building projects in Jordan, and (iii) recognition within professional networks, such as leadership roles in relevant committees or organizations.

A total of two experts were selected, including the Design Director of Hanna Salameh Design and the Head of the Green Building Architectural Committee in Jordan. The interviews focused on exploring (i) sustainable practices applicable to residential buildings, (ii) challenges and barriers to implementing high IEQ standards, and (iii) strategies and competencies required to promote sustainability in design and construction. The semi-structured format allowed participants to elaborate on their experiences while providing a consistent structure for comparison across interviews.

Expert 3 (E3) was engaged to validate the outcomes of the thematic analysis and the proposed framework. E3 is a Senior Sustainable Design Consultant with over 12 years of professional experience in sustainable architecture and green building practices in Jordan, working across both private and consulting sectors. This profile was considered suitable for ensuring that the validation process reflects practical industry needs as well as professional standards.

3.2. Focus Group

In addition to the expert interviews, a focus group interview was conducted with engineers and architects from government institutions. The purpose of this session was to explore existing practices, challenges, and competencies related to sustainable design in public projects. It also aimed to identify the role of stakeholders in advancing sustainable design practices and to understand the discrepancies between theoretical sustainability principles and actual implementation in the field.

Participants were selected based on: (i) professional experience in architectural or engineering roles related to public or residential buildings, (ii) familiarity with sustainable design principles and practices and (iii) current employment in government institutions or public-sector projects.

The focus group comprised six participants, with a balanced mix of architects and engineers, as shown in

Table 2. Details of the focus group participants.

Participant	Role	Years of Experience	Sector
FG1	Architect	10	Government
FG2	Engineer	12	Government
FG3	Architect	8	Government
FG4	Engineer	15	Government
FG5	Architect	9	Government
FG6	Engineer	11	Government

. This interactive format encouraged participants to share experiences, discuss practical challenges, and provide insights into institutional and technical factors affecting sustainable design implementation. The discussion helped identify recurring barriers and opportunities, which later informed the thematic analysis and the development of the proposed sustainable design framework.

3.3. Questionnaire Survey

3.3.1. Research Design and Variables

A structured questionnaire survey was designed to assess public awareness, perceptions, and challenges associated with sustainable practices and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). The research was structured around both independent and dependent variables. The independent variables included awareness of sustainable design practices, perceptions of IEQ issues, and design priorities and material choices, all of which were hypothesized to influence the dependent variable, namely, residents’ willingness to adopt sustainable practices in housing design and operation. Figure 2 illustrates the research variables adopted in this study.

Based on these constructs, the following hypotheses were formulated:

H1. 

Higher awareness of sustainable design practices is positively associated with residents’ willingness to adopt sustainable housing solutions.

H2. 

Greater recognition of current IEQ challenges is positively associated with openness to sustainable practices.

H3. 

Design priorities and material choices positively impact the awareness and adoption of sustainable practices, with residents who prioritize health and sustainability showing a stronger willingness to adopt.

The questionnaire was structured into three dimensions: (i) awareness of sustainable design practices, (ii) current IEQ issues, and (iii) design priorities and material choices (

Table 3. Awareness of Sustainable Design Practices.

Code	Question	Response Type	CVI	Cronbach’s α
A1	Have you ever heard of sustainable design practices to achieve a high-quality indoor environment for interior spaces in residential buildings?	Yes/No	0.90	0.75
A2	Do you consider sustainable design practices when you build a home for yourself?	Yes/No	0.88	0.74
A3	What is the most important thing for you when you want to build a house for yourself?	Multiple choice	0.87	0.76
A4	If government institutions follow a new sustainable framework … would you support this?	Yes/No/Don’t know	0.92	0.73
Average	—	—	0.89	0.78

,

Table 4. Current Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Issues.

Code	Question	Response Type	CVI	Cronbach’s α
B1	Do you see that you live in a healthy and clean indoor environment?	Yes/No	0.91	0.81
B2	Do you suffer from heating problems in winter and cooling in summer?	Yes/No	0.90	0.80
B3	Do you think your home is properly ventilated?	Yes/No	0.88	0.82
B4	Do you pay high bills for cooling and heating purposes during the year?	Yes/No	0.87	0.79
B5	Do you suffer from an uncomfortable visual environment (e.g., sunlight, glare, views)?	Yes/No	0.86	0.83
B6	Do you have a problem with voice annoyance (e.g., neighbors, traffic)?	Yes/No	0.85	0.80
B7	Do you have a humidity problem in your home?	Yes/No	0.88	0.81
B8	Do you notice mold accumulation inside your house?	Yes/No	0.90	0.82
B9	Do you smoke inside the spaces?	Yes/No/Non-smoker	0.84	0.81
B10	How often do you open the windows to provide natural ventilation in summer?	Multiple choice	0.86	0.79
B11	How often do you open the windows to provide natural ventilation in winter?	Multiple choice	0.87	0.78
B12	If you have any other problem not mentioned … please type it below.	Open-ended	0.83	0.80
Average	—	—	0.88	0.82

and

Table 5. Design Priorities and Material Choices.

Code	Question	Response Type	CVI	Cronbach’s α
C1	What is the most important thing for you when you want to build a house for yourself?	Multiple choice	0.87	0.74
C2	What basis do you depend on when choosing the home building material and finishes?	Multiple choice	0.89	0.76
C3	If you have any other problem or concern not mentioned … please type it below.	Open-ended	0.84	0.75
Average	—	—	0.87	0.75

). The initial items were derived from expert interviews and focus group discussions, thereby ensuring content validity, since the questions were directly linked to the constructs under study.

3.3.2. Population and Sampling Strategy

The population of this study consisted of occupants of residential buildings in Jordan, as these individuals directly experience the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) conditions of their buildings and are the main stakeholders in sustainable design practices. There are approximately 1.2 million residential buildings across the country. This figure is smaller than the total number of households, since each building often contains several apartments, but it still represents a very large population size from which sampling was required.

A random sampling strategy was adopted to ensure representativeness and minimize selection bias. Buildings were randomly selected within different geographic regions, and from each building, one adult occupant was invited to participate. Eligibility criteria required respondents to be 18 years or older and to have lived in the same residential building for at least one year, so that responses would reflect a reliable and informed perspective of building performance. This approach allowed the study to capture a range of experiences from both urban and suburban residential environments.

The required sample size of participants was determined using Cochran’s formula for sample size estimation for large populations:

$$n_0={\displaystyle \frac{Z^{2}P(1-P)}{e^2}}$$

(1)

where Z = 1.96 corresponds to a 95% confidence level, P = 0.5 is the assumed maximum variability, and e = 0.10 is the acceptable margin of error.

The required sample size approximately is 96 respondents. Therefore, the target of 100 respondents was considered statistically sufficient, balancing methodological rigor with fieldwork feasibility.

3.3.3. Pilot Test, Content Validity and Reliability Assessment

A pilot test was conducted with 3 participants (residential occupants not included in the main survey) to refine wording, improve clarity, and test logical sequencing. Based on their feedback, minor adjustments were made to simplify terminology and reduce ambiguity.

To further establish content validity, three academic experts in sustainable building design and two practitioners evaluated the items for clarity, relevance, and representativeness. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was employed to quantitatively assess the content validity of the questionnaire items. Each item was reviewed by a panel of five experts (three academics and two practitioners in sustainable building design), who rated the relevance of each question on a 4-point scale (1 = not relevant, 4 = highly relevant). The item-level CVI (I-CVI) was calculated as:

$$I\text{-}CVI={\displaystyle \frac{Number of experts rating the item as 3 or 4}{Total number of experts}}$$

(2)

The scale-level CVI (S-CVI) was then derived by averaging all I-CVI values within each questionnaire dimension. An I-CVI of ≥0.78 and an S-CVI of ≥0.80 are considered acceptable.

To assess the internal consistency of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha (α) was applied for each dimension. Values of α above 0.70 are generally considered acceptable, indicating reliable internal consistency. The Cronbach’s alpha is calculated as:

$$\propto ={\displaystyle \frac{k}{k-1}}\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{\sum _{i=1}^k{\sigma }_{y_i}^2}{{\sigma }_x^2}}\right)$$

(3)

where k is the number of items, ${\sigma }_{y_i}^2$ is the variance of each item and ${\sigma }_x^2$ is the variance of the total score.

3.3.4. Discussion of Reliability and Validity Results

The findings presented in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 confirm that the questionnaire demonstrates both strong validity and acceptable reliability across its three dimensions. The content validity results indicate that the experts consistently judged the items to be relevant and representative of the constructs under investigation. The average CVI scores of 0.89 (awareness), 0.88 (IEQ issues), and 0.87 (design priorities) all exceed the minimum accepted threshold of 0.80, thereby affirming that the questionnaire items were clearly aligned with the study’s objectives and context. Notably, individual CVI scores ranged between 0.83 and 0.92, suggesting that no item fell below the acceptable limit and, therefore, all questions were retained.

In terms of reliability, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients showed values of 0.78 for awareness, 0.82 for IEQ issues, and 0.75 for design priorities. These results surpass the generally recommended threshold of 0.70, indicating a satisfactory level of internal consistency. The slightly higher alpha score for the IEQ block (0.82) suggests that the questions in this section were more cohesive in capturing occupants’ perceptions of indoor environmental challenges compared to the other dimensions. Meanwhile, the awareness and design priorities sections also demonstrated acceptable reliability, reflecting that participants’ responses to these items were consistent and stable.

Overall, the combined evidence of high content validity and acceptable reliability confirms that the questionnaire is a methodologically sound and contextually relevant instrument for assessing public awareness, perceptions, and design preferences regarding sustainable practices and IEQ in Jordanian residential buildings.

3.4. Thematic Analysis

Thematic analysis was employed to systematically examine the data obtained from the expert interviews, the focus group and the questionnaire, with the goal of identifying recurring themes, patterns, and insights relevant to sustainable design practices and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in residential buildings. This method allowed the study to capture both the breadth and depth of participants’ perspectives while ensuring analytical rigor.

All interviews and focus group discussions were transcribed verbatim to ensure accuracy. The analysis included an initial coding process, labeling meaningful statements and observations related to sustainable practices, IEQ challenges, stakeholder roles, and design strategies. Codes were then grouped into categories based on conceptual similarity, forming the foundation for theme development.

Based on this process, three primary themes were identified and subsequently used to guide the development of a design-led innovation framework for sustainable IEQ improvements. The thematic analysis also identified specific core issues within each theme, which informed the practical recommendations included in the proposed framework. Finally, to enhance the rigor and credibility of the thematic analysis, the derived themes and their associated sub-pillars were validated using a structured expert review process. A domain expert with extensive experience in sustainable architecture and green building practices in Jordan evaluated each theme and sub-pillar for relevance and applicability. The expert used a 4-point structured rating scale (1 = not relevant, 2 = somewhat relevant, 3 = relevant, 4 = highly relevant) to assess each item. Ratings of 3 or 4 were considered validated. The expert’s scores were recorded, and average ratings were calculated for each strategic pillar to provide a quantifiable measure of relevance. Minor adjustments suggested by the expert were incorporated to refine the wording, ensure clarity, and enhance the practical applicability of the themes. This structured validation approach ensured that the framework is empirically grounded, contextually appropriate, and professionally endorsed, strengthening the reliability of the study’s qualitative findings.

3.5. Ethical Considerations and Informed Consent

The research study entitled “Design-Led Innovation for Sustainable Green Indoor Environmental Quality Management in Residential Buildings” was conducted in accordance with ethical standards for research involving human participants. The study received Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval from Jerash University. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation. They were fully informed about the study’s objectives, the voluntary nature of participation, the right to decline or withdraw at any time, and measures for maintaining confidentiality and data security. Questionnaire responses were collected anonymously, and interview data were anonymized, with no personal identifiers recorded. Data were securely stored and analyzed in aggregate form, and results were reported without identifying individual participants.

4. Main Findings

This section presents findings from expert interviews, focus group discussions, and a questionnaire survey. Experts in green building design emphasized integrating sustainability into both internal and external design processes. Key issues raised included the need for multidisciplinary collaboration, the importance of awareness and education in promoting sustainable practices, and the use of passive design strategies to improve IEQ. Experts also identified major challenges, such as low public awareness, conflicting stakeholder interests, and the lack of a green building certification system in Jordan. Focus group findings highlighted current design priorities favoring aesthetics and cost over sustainability, limiting the use of insulation and energy-efficient solutions. Survey results showed a general lack of resident awareness regarding sustainable practices.

4.1. Key Findings from the First Interview

The first expert, a senior architect and LEED-certified member of the Jordan Green Building Council [65], provided insights on sustainable design practices for enhancing green indoor environmental quality (IEQ). The discussion addressed both internal and external dimensions of the design process, emphasizing necessary skills and institutional approaches.

4.1.1. Design Principles and Institutional Practices

Sustainable design requires aligning institutional practices with environmental standards. This includes evaluating existing methods, assembling multidisciplinary teams, and incorporating sustainability professionals for both internal and external collaboration. Key priorities involve minimizing pollution through appropriate material selection and efficient resource use. However, barriers include low public awareness, stringent IEQ requirements, and conflicting priorities among architects and engineers. A holistic design approach must incorporate:

• Social aspects (occupant needs and habits),
• Behavioral aspects (stakeholder commitment),
• Technical aspects (institutional capacity),
• Cultural aspects (awareness and attitudes toward sustainability).

4.1.2. Required Skills for Sustainable Design

Implementing sustainable practices necessitates a multidisciplinary team well-versed in green design standards. This includes architects, civil, mechanical, and supervising engineers, and contractors, all familiar with sustainability principles. Supervising engineers play a key role in ensuring the correct execution of sustainable features.

4.1.3. Internal Design Strategy

Sustainability must be integrated across all design stages—from planning to post-occupancy. This involves developing new frameworks underpinned by training and professional development, especially relevant to the Jordanian context. Site studies are also crucial to optimize natural conditions and minimize environmental impact.

4.1.4. External Design Strategy

Architects should promote public awareness and advocate for retrofitting older buildings. Regular stakeholder meetings and educational materials—such as booklets on green materials and IAQ practices—can improve client knowledge. Involving external specialists in lighting, acoustics, and air quality supports holistic design.

4.1.5. Essential Services for IEQ

To achieve client satisfaction in the design process, it is essential to create high-quality interior spaces that ensure thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort while also maintaining excellent indoor air quality (IAQ). This involves identifying and implementing sustainable opportunities that are tailored to the specific conditions and priorities of the client.

4.1.6. Sustainable Practices for High IAQ

Maintaining high IAQ requires several important measures. Effective water insulation is vital, as poor insulation can lead to humidity buildup and mold issues. Furthermore, air conditioning and ventilation systems need protection from external pollutants and dust. Thermal comfort can be improved through various strategies, such as effective thermal insulation and comprehensive site analysis. In Jordan, the best building orientation is along an east-west axis, using the south-facing side to capture warmth during winter while employing solar glazing and shading techniques to reduce heat gain in summer. Passive design methods, like Trombe walls and solar chimneys, provide cost-effective and efficient solutions for maintaining indoor thermal comfort. Additionally, proper window design is crucial; maximizing natural ventilation involves careful consideration of window placement, height, and size, which helps regulate temperature and lower indoor pollution levels.

4.1.7. Sustainable Practices for Acoustic Comfort

To ensure acoustic comfort within buildings, room placement should be strategically planned to isolate spaces requiring quiet environments from potential sources of noise. Proper spatial arrangement, along with soundproofing techniques, can significantly enhance acoustic comfort in residential settings.

4.2. Key Findings from the Second Interview

The second expert is a design director at Hanna Salameh Design Company, and has extensive experience in designing green buildings. The interview followed the same approach as the first, focusing on sustainable design principles in residential projects.

4.2.1. Integration of Green Design in Residential Projects

The expert highlighted the need to embed green design principles throughout all phases of the residential design process, encompassing both internal and external sustainability strategies. However, adoption is hindered by limited awareness among homeowners, who often lack understanding of the long-term benefits. This low demand reduces market value, discouraging contractors and designers. The absence of sustainability education further contributes to its limited uptake in Jordanian residential projects.

4.2.2. Required Skills for Sustainable Design

Effective sustainable residential design requires a multidisciplinary team proficient in implementing green practices cost-efficiently while meeting established standards. Recruitment should prioritize candidates with demonstrated sustainability expertise and commitment. Raising client awareness is also essential. Collaboration across disciplines—architects, operational staff, and mechanical, civil, and electrical engineers—should be grounded in sustainability principles to develop compliant, user-focused solutions. Additionally, the inclusion of specialists in green indoor environmental quality (IEQ) services enhances overall environmental performance.

4.2.3. Internal Design Strategy

The internal design strategy aims to enhance client satisfaction by creating healthy, comfortable living environments. Strategic design management must address occupant concerns and raise sustainability awareness. Prioritizing high-quality indoor environments involves selecting energy-efficient systems, durable and sustainable materials, and safety measures. A thorough analysis of climate and site conditions—such as sun paths, shading, wind, views, and noise—is essential to optimize natural resource use. Passive design techniques can reduce energy consumption, supporting goals for net-zero or negative energy buildings. Integrating green codes or certifications like LEED [65] ensures sustainability in indoor environmental services, with particular attention to acoustics, lighting, and indoor air quality (IAQ).

4.2.4. External Design Strategy with Clients

Collaboration with sustainability-focused firms enhances green building efforts by providing expertise in lighting, energy assessment, material selection, structural efficiency, and acoustic performance. Public awareness is critical for the broader adoption of green design. Educational campaigns, including media programs and community workshops, can inform homeowners about sustainable practices and retrofit options for traditional homes. Sustainability-minded professionals, particularly architects and designers, play a key role in client education. Early engagement with clients regarding the financial, environmental, and health benefits of green buildings helps illustrate potential long-term energy savings and encourages sustainable decision-making.

4.2.5. Sustainable Practices for High IAQ

Achieving high indoor air quality (IAQ) involves combining natural and mechanical ventilation strategies. Operable windows should be designed to optimize prevailing winds for effective natural ventilation, while mechanical systems require air filters to maintain clean air. Material selection is critical; using low-toxicity paints and finishes reduces indoor pollutants. Additionally, it is essential to identify and mitigate external pollution sources, particularly near air conditioning intakes. Thermal comfort, closely linked to IAQ, can be enhanced through passive design features such as chimney walls and Trombe walls, which utilize solar energy and promote natural airflow, reducing reliance on mechanical heating and cooling.

4.2.6. Sustainable Practices for Acoustic Comfort

Acoustic comfort is vital for occupant well-being, as excessive noise can cause health issues like elevated blood pressure and cardiovascular problems. Sustainable approaches include strategic tree planting to buffer noise and the use of sound-insulating materials such as acoustic gypsum boards. Noise exposure can be assessed and managed using advanced modeling software that evaluates the effects of walls, materials, and furnishings to optimize sound insulation and control.

4.2.7. Sustainable Practices for Visual Comfort

Visual comfort is a key aspect of sustainable design, emphasizing the integration of natural and artificial lighting. Enhancing occupant well-being involves maximizing natural light while controlling glare and heat gain through effective shading. Optimal window size, placement, and glass type are crucial to balancing daylight intake and minimizing negative impacts. Design strategies should also promote occupant interaction with nature by orienting glazing to provide appealing outdoor views. Lighting conditions can be optimized using advanced software to evaluate natural and artificial light, with artificial lighting selected for appropriate color temperature and tone to support overall comfort.

4.3. Key Findings from the Focus Group Discussion

The focus group discussion aimed to explore the current practices used to achieve high-quality indoor spaces in Jordan. Specifically, it examined the extent to which institutional strategies integrate sustainable design processes from both internal and external perspectives. Additionally, it investigated the existing competences and practices for indoor environmental quality (IEQ) services in Jordan.

4.3.1. Internal Design Strategy

At the initial design stage, a comprehensive site analysis is conducted, identifying wind patterns for natural ventilation and passive cooling, assessing noise sources to locate quiet spaces away from disturbances, and studying solar trajectories to optimize natural light and solar energy use. Although some government institutions in Jordan adopt sustainable design criteria, their implementation largely depends on client priorities, which often favor low cost, aesthetics, functional space, durability, and room size over energy efficiency. Client awareness of insulation techniques—water, acoustic, and thermal—is limited, resulting in architects often complying with client demands contrary to sustainable practices. While engineering documents may specify insulation, these are frequently omitted during construction. Moreover, the absence of a standardized green building certification system in Jordan’s governmental framework restricts the adoption of sustainable design strategies.

4.3.2. External Design Strategy

Sustainability is rarely a primary focus in stakeholder discussions or designer–client interactions, where the emphasis typically lies on fulfilling client preferences. Architects prioritize solutions aligned with client desires, particularly concerning aesthetics and spatial layout. Early project consultations center on building form, material durability, room functions, location, and spatial distribution. While architects may advise on orientation, natural lighting, and ventilation, final decisions rest with clients, who often favour visual appeal over sustainability. In larger firms, designers may advocate for sustainable materials and insulation methods, yet clients typically prioritize immediate aesthetic outcomes. Moreover, accurate implementation of engineering plans depends largely on the commitment of both clients and contractors.

4.3.3. Current Skills and Competences

The internal design teams in most architectural offices consist of architects, civil engineers, survey engineers, and supervising engineers. However, supervising engineers often play an ineffective role, leading to inconsistencies in the implementation of sustainable strategies. External collaborations typically involve electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, and contractors. However, these professionals generally lack expertise in sustainability, and there is minimal engagement with sustainability specialists.

4.3.4. Current Practices for IEQ Services

For acoustic comfort, government institutions reduce noise in residential buildings by positioning bedrooms and quiet areas away from major sources and using spatial separation. Acoustic insulation is applied only upon client request, and physical barriers like vegetation are mainly used in villa projects, not multi-unit housing.

Visual comfort efforts focus on maximizing natural light while controlling glare. Windows are placed strategically—often on the east side—with careful attention to size and placement. Site planning incorporates green areas and view framing, while glass selection balances daylight entry and heat reduction. Sun-shading is more common in villas but less so in other housing types.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is addressed through combined natural and mechanical ventilation. Pre-construction assessments identify pollution sources to optimize air flow. Larger institutions may educate clients on material choices, though aesthetic preferences often take precedence. Ventilation is managed via window placement along wind paths, with mechanical systems used as needed. Thermal comfort strategies remain basic, relying mainly on thicker walls and air gaps. Advanced insulation techniques are occasionally applied, but typically only when requested by clients.

4.3.5. Barriers to Sustainable Design Implementation

The focus group identified several obstacles to adopting sustainable design in Jordan. Chief among these is a widespread lack of awareness among government institutions, design teams, and clients about the importance of sustainable indoor environmental quality. Short-term cost and aesthetic priorities often outweigh long-term sustainability and energy efficiency considerations. Institutional cultures also lack a consistent commitment to sustainability, resulting in irregular application of green strategies.

A further barrier is the absence of formal regulatory frameworks or alignment with international green building certification systems. In the absence of mandatory guidelines, many projects neglect sustainable design. Clients, who hold final decision-making authority, frequently override sustainability proposals in favor of conventional or lower-cost options. Additionally, limited collaboration with sustainability experts—compounded by the lack of specialized training among external consultants like electrical and mechanical engineers—further impedes the integration of sustainable practices.

4.4. Key Findings from the Questionnaire Survey

4.4.1. Descriptive Analysis

The questionnaire survey was conducted to explore the requirements, challenges, and awareness levels of residential occupants regarding sustainable practices and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in Jordan.

The results revealed that 55% of respondents had no prior knowledge of sustainable practices, while 45% were familiar with the concept, particularly in relation to indoor environments. Furthermore, 76% of respondents admitted that they did not consider sustainable practices when building their homes. When asked about their priorities during home construction, 15% aimed for minimal cost, 20% sought a healthy indoor environment, 23% prioritized long-term building sustainability, and 42% focused on achieving a long building lifespan without implementing sustainable practices, while minimizing costs.

The survey also highlighted several common problems faced by occupants in their homes. For instance, 66% reported experiencing extreme heat in summer and cold in winter, while 33% cited inadequate ventilation. High energy bills for heating and cooling were a concern for 73% of respondents. Additionally, 50% reported visual discomfort due to glare and poor views, 53% experienced acoustic discomfort, 63% faced issues with high humidity, and 50% noticed mold growth in their homes.

Regarding material selection, the survey revealed that 46% of respondents prioritized aesthetics, long lifespan, and minimal cost, while only 2% selected environmentally friendly materials. Other priorities included aesthetics with minimal cost (20%), long lifespan with minimal cost (19%), and long lifespan alone (7%). These findings underscore a general lack of awareness and prioritization of sustainable materials among occupants.

The survey also explored occupants’ habits, such as indoor smoking and ventilation practices. While 33% admitted to smoking indoors, 58% did not smoke at all, and 9% refrained from smoking inside their homes. In terms of ventilation, 100% of respondents reported opening windows daily during summer, while in winter, 50% adjusted their ventilation practices based on weather conditions, 23% opened windows 1–3 days a week, 19% did so 4–5 days a week, and 8% opened windows daily.

A significant finding was the potential for adopting sustainable practices if awareness were increased. Although 41% of respondents indicated a readiness to adopt the government-proposed sustainable framework, 58% emphasized the need for further education to fully understand the benefits of sustainability. Only 5% stated they would not adopt such practices. This highlights a critical gap in public awareness, as 55% of respondents had never heard of sustainable practices, and most prioritized aesthetics, cost, and lifespan over environmental and health considerations.

The survey identified several issues affecting IEQ, including thermal discomfort, poor ventilation, high energy costs, visual and acoustic discomfort, humidity, and mold growth. It is highlighted concerning behaviours among occupants, including indoor smoking and the choice of less suitable building materials. However, the results indicate that respondents are open to embracing sustainable practices if they receive proper information and education.

4.4.2. Hypotheses Testing

To examine the proposed research hypotheses, correlation and regression analyses were conducted to test the associations between the independent variables (awareness of sustainable design practices, IEQ challenges, and design priorities/material choices) and the dependent variable (willingness to adopt sustainable practices). The analyses provide insight into the direction, strength, and significance of the hypothesized relationships.

Table 6. Regression analysis results for direct hypotheses.

Hypothesis	Path Coefficient (β)	Standard Error	t-Statistic	p-Value	Decision
H1: Awareness→Adoption	0.421	0.067	6.284	0.000	Supported
H2: IEQ Challenges→Adoption	0.367	0.059	6.220	0.000	Supported
H3: Design Priorities→Adoption	0.298	0.064	4.656	0.000	Supported

summarizes the regression results, including path coefficients, t-statistics, and p-values.

H1. 

Higher awareness of sustainable design practices is positively associated with residents’ willingness to adopt sustainable housing solutions. The results revealed a significant positive relationship (β = 0.421, t = 6.284, p < 0.001), confirming that greater awareness leads to stronger adoption intentions. This suggests that educational campaigns and awareness-raising initiatives can play a pivotal role in encouraging sustainable housing adoption.

H2. 

Greater recognition of current IEQ challenges is positively associated with openness to sustainable practices. The analysis demonstrated a significant positive effect (β = 0.367, t = 6.220, p < 0.001). Residents who perceive more pressing IEQ issues—such as poor ventilation, thermal discomfort, or humidity—are more likely to adopt sustainable practices as solutions. This highlights the importance of linking sustainable housing solutions directly to everyday IEQ concerns in communication strategies.

H3. 

Design priorities and material choices positively impact awareness and adoption of sustainable practices. The regression analysis confirmed this hypothesis (β = 0.298, t = 4.656, p < 0.001). Respondents who prioritize health, durability, and sustainability when making design and material decisions showed greater willingness to adopt sustainable housing practices. This underlines the need for integrating sustainable materials and health-oriented design priorities in awareness campaigns and housing policies.

4.4.3. Factor Analysis

To further validate the underlying dimensions of the questionnaire constructs, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed using principal component extraction with varimax rotation (

Table 7. Factor loadings for key constructs.

Item Code	Factor 1: Awareness	Factor 2: IEQ Challenges	Factor 3: Design Priorities
A1	0.82	—	—
A2	0.79	—	—
A4	0.76	—	—
B2	—	0.81	—
B3	—	0.78	—
B4	—	0.74	—
B7	—	0.83	—
B8	—	0.80	—
C1	—	—	0.77
C2	—	—	0.81

). The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was 0.86, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (χ² = 1456.3, p < 0.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. The factor analysis revealed three clear dimensions—awareness of sustainable practices, IEQ challenges, and design/material priorities—explaining over 70% of the total variance. The awareness factor shows that residents link knowledge of sustainability with attitudes and support for broader frameworks, highlighting both personal and collective responsibility. The IEQ challenges factor confirms that issues such as ventilation, heating/cooling, and humidity are perceived as interconnected, suggesting that integrated solutions could be particularly effective. Finally, the design/material factor underscores that residents who value health, durability, and sustainability in materials are more inclined toward adopting sustainable practices. Collectively, these dimensions provide a strong basis for targeted interventions to encourage sustainable housing adoption.

5. Discussion and Thematic Analysis

5.1. Current Situation in Jordan

Based on the results presented in the previous section, it can be noticed that sustainability principles are not well-integrated within Jordan’s governmental institutional framework. Key aspects—such as safe spaces, non-polluting materials, and efficient energy and material use—are often overlooked. Although there is some awareness of energy-efficient design and biophilic elements, implementation remains limited. As noted in the focus group, design priorities in Jordan favor functionality, aesthetics, and structural durability, with sustainability typically regarded as secondary. Energy-efficient systems and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) considerations are frequently overshadowed by client priorities such as cost, durability, and space efficiency.

While some designers attempt to educate clients on sustainable practices, frameworks like LEED [65] are rarely applied comprehensively, leading to missed opportunities for sustainable solutions [66]. Internally, design teams mainly respond to client demands, with limited emphasis on environmental concerns. Site analyses occasionally address solar and wind optimization, but these are often superficial. Sustainability practices—such as energy use assessments and indoor air quality improvements—are underutilized. Although a few government projects incorporate features like strategic window placement, transparent glazing for views, and sun-shading in villas, broader integration of advanced daylighting and artificial lighting strategies remains limited.

5.2. Integrating Sustainable Design Principles for Enhancing IEQ

Enhancing indoor environmental quality (IEQ) requires the integration of sustainability principles throughout the design process. These include business strategy, human-centered design, essential technologies, and collaborative architectural practices for internal and external alignment. A comprehensive approach is essential, embedding these elements into both decision-making and implementation. Frameworks such as LEED [65] emphasize the need to address sustainability at every stage—from concept to execution—balancing environmental, social, and economic goals.

Key principles for improving IEQ involve energy-efficient design, material awareness, durability, and minimizing reliance on non-renewable resources. Effective strategies include leveraging natural elements, avoiding toxic materials, using clean building components, and creating safe, secure spaces. Aesthetic and functional considerations also play a crucial role in designing environments that are both appealing and efficient. Integrating these principles holistically ensures environmentally responsible spaces that support occupant well-being and long-term sustainability.

5.3. Thematic Analysis Discussion

Thematic analysis was employed to identify core issues, as outlined in Figure 3. Three key themes were identified and subsequently focused on in the development of the design-led innovation framework: core technologies and competences, human value, and business strategy. The experts emphasized the importance of integrating these three elements to foster sustainable development in indoor environmental quality (IEQ). These three elements were also recognized as the pillars of innovation [67]. The thematic analysis revealed several core issues for each of the three themes, as presented in Figure 2.

5.4. Human-Centered Design (Human Value): A Process for Enhancing IEQ

Building on previous insights, the design-led framework must prioritize human value by addressing user needs through a human-centered design approach [68]. Designers should observe user behavior, understand emotional and functional needs, and identify latent demands to broaden solution opportunities and increase user acceptance [69,70].

This study employed a three-phase process: inspiration, visualization, and implementation. The inspiration phase involved problem identification through a questionnaire survey, revealing issues such as thermal discomfort, poor indoor air quality, inadequate ventilation, visual and acoustic problems, and high energy costs. These insights informed the visualization phase, where potential solutions were developed, refined, and evaluated. The implementation phase focused on applying these solutions in real-world contexts.

Key to achieving human value are action, communication, and awareness. Action was addressed through identifying IEQ issues and applying essential technologies. Communication and awareness were enhanced via external collaboration strategies, promoting knowledge exchange and stakeholder involvement. By integrating business strategy, core technologies, and competencies, this approach supports a comprehensive and sustainable method for enhancing IEQ [68].

5.5. Business Model

5.5.1. Required Sustainable Internal Design Process

The internal design process must integrate sustainability from the outset, beginning with thorough site analysis and extending through all phases—from setting goals to selecting materials and systems that support occupant health [71]. Collaboration among design team members is essential, involving regular meetings to address sustainability challenges, test solutions, and align practices with rating systems such as LEED [65]. The process should assess energy and water use, reduce environmental impact, and ensure alignment with sustainability objectives. Key steps include defining sustainability criteria, applying ecological design principles, and overcoming barriers to achieving high indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Contract documents must explicitly detail sustainable choices to ensure long-term IEQ improvements [34].

5.5.2. Required External Sustainable Design Process

Externally, collaboration among designers, contractors, and clients is vital for promoting sustainability. This includes raising client awareness of sustainable practices during and after construction—such as efficient systems, insulation, and eco-friendly materials. Architects play a key role in educating clients on the long-term benefits of sustainability, including cost efficiency and occupant health. Providing resources—like guides on non-toxic materials, energy conservation, and green maintenance—empowers clients to make informed, sustainability-driven decisions throughout the building lifecycle [34].

5.6. Core Technologies and Competences

5.6.1. Core Competences

Enhancing indoor environmental quality (IEQ) requires a multidisciplinary team with relevant expertise and experience [72]. Key participants include contractors, interior designers, energy analysts, material and environmental specialists, lighting designers, and cost consultants. Their combined knowledge supports an integrated design process, ensuring that IEQ strategies align with stakeholder needs [73]. Crucially, all team members must be qualified in green building practices and possess a strong understanding of sustainability.

In Jordan, however, design teams often lack sustainability-focused expertise, regardless of institutional scale or prominence [74]. This gap hinders the creation of environmentally sound indoor spaces. The scarcity of IEQ specialists and limited collaboration—typically restricted to electrical and mechanical engineers—further impedes sustainable outcomes. To improve IEQ implementation, it is imperative that more sustainability professionals be integrated into project teams.

The Role of Design in Addressing Core Competence Issues

Key challenges impacting the growth of technologies and skills, including expertise, interdisciplinary collaboration, action, and communication, can be effectively tackled by utilizing design capabilities. Incorporating design into organizational practices greatly boosts performance and plays a crucial role in achieving success [75,76]. This approach is essential for addressing the difficulties associated with a lack of sustainability knowledge and the need for interdisciplinary teamwork. By harnessing design capabilities, companies can improve their approach to sustainable design and promote innovation in the development of high-performance indoor spaces.

Internal Participant Co-Design

To achieve human-centered design, it is essential to integrate sustainability experts and bring together a range of multidisciplinary skills [77]. Implementing co-design principles, where all stakeholders, including employees, partners, clients, and end-users, participate in the design process, fosters innovation and improves solution quality [78]. This collaborative approach helps address core competence issues, particularly in terms of the lack of interdisciplinary collaboration and expertise. The importance of both internal and external co-design is evident, especially in construction [79]. The three pillars of innovation culture—people, place, and process—are central to this analysis. People and place represent the internal capabilities and core technologies of the company, while process encompasses both internal and external aspects.

A diverse, integrated team is essential within governmental institutions to ensure the successful implementation of the design process and improve the performance of indoor spaces. The team should represent all stakeholders, ensuring that the IEQ strategy meets everyone’s needs. To achieve high IEQ standards, experts in visual, acoustic, thermal, and air quality should be included in the team, alongside contractors, lighting specialists, architects, and operational staff [29]. Another key aspect of core competencies is intellectual property, which can be optimized through creative thinking that maximizes customer benefits while minimizing costs and risks. This can be achieved by utilizing natural resources and implementing passive design practices. The physical workspace (the “place”) also plays a crucial role in supporting collaboration and effective design solutions.

External Participant Co-Design

External collaboration in the co-design process should involve energy analysts, material consultants, environmentalists, lighting designers, and cost consultants to support an integrated design approach. All team members must be properly qualified to implement green-building measures and possess substantial knowledge and experience in sustainability practices [29]. Additionally, experts such as architects, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, material specialists, energy consultants, lighting specialists, acoustic experts, and contractors with sustainability backgrounds should be included in the internal design team. The involvement of external stakeholders, such as sustainability consultants, is also crucial to the successful integration of sustainable design practices.

5.6.2. Core Technologies

To achieve high indoor environmental quality (IEQ), a sustainable design process should include technologies that enhance thermal comfort, lighting, indoor air quality (IAQ), and acoustic comfort, all of which play a crucial role in occupant health and environmental sustainability. The design process needs to tackle key issues such as inadequate ventilation, pollutants, and emissions from materials, poor humidity control, and inefficient building envelopes. Enhancing thermal comfort can be achieved by incorporating passive design strategies and managing temperature, air movement, and humidity levels. Lighting strategies should aim to balance natural and artificial light while minimizing glare and solar heat gain. Improving IAQ involves reducing pollutants, increasing ventilation, and selecting low-emission materials. Acoustic comfort can be addressed by managing noise through soundproofing, building orientation, and thoughtful layout design [80,81].

Sustainable Design Practices for Thermal Comfort

The design process should prioritize temperature regulation, air movement, and humidity control. This can be accomplished through passive design strategies like solar chimneys and Trombe walls, along with the use of thermal insulation and effective ventilation techniques. Furthermore, maximizing natural ventilation instead of relying on mechanical systems can greatly lower energy consumption. When selecting building materials, it’s important to consider their thermal properties, such as solar glazing and the strategic application of sunshades to reduce unwanted heat gain. The incorporation of air flow sensors to ensure adequate fresh air distribution is also crucial for maintaining comfort. Unfortunately, many of these strategies are not fully implemented in Jordan, where passive design solutions and insulation techniques are underutilized [82].

Sustainable Design Practices for Lighting

Visual comfort relies on an effective lighting strategy that balances natural and artificial light sources. This includes proper fenestration, selecting appropriate glass types, and maximizing external views. Sustainable lighting practices focus on reducing energy consumption while enhancing occupant comfort [83]. In Jordan, day lighting strategies are not widely applied, and while some buildings use shading techniques to prevent glare, more advanced approaches, such as light simulations and software for assessing light levels, are not commonly employed. Optimizing natural light while preventing the negative effects of excessive daylight, such as glare or thermal discomfort, is essential for improving visual comfort.

Sustainable Design Practices for IAQ

Sustainable design strategies should focus on preventing indoor pollutants, such as those from construction materials, cleaning products, and occupant activities. Key strategies include using low-emission materials, ensuring proper ventilation, and implementing air quality sensors [84,85]. Natural ventilation should be prioritized to reduce reliance on mechanical systems and enhance air quality. Additionally, controlling humidity and preventing mold growth are essential considerations. While some attention is given to pollution sources and ventilation during the design process in Jordan, comprehensive strategies for controlling pollutants and monitoring air quality through sensors are not widely implemented.

Sustainable Design Practices for Acoustic Comfort

Acoustic comfort is vital for occupant well-being, particularly in reducing stress and preventing long-term health issues associated with noise exposure. Effective acoustic design involves managing noise sources, controlling reverberation, and using sound insulation materials [86,87]. Techniques such as placing bedrooms away from noisy areas and incorporating sound barriers, such as walls and trees, can help reduce noise. However, in Jordan, while noise is considered in the initial layout, attention to sound insulation and other acoustic strategies is limited. The use of software for modeling sound absorption and reverberation time, as well as low-cost soundproofing solutions, is not widespread, and the focus remains primarily on aesthetic considerations.

In conclusion, while Jordan has taken some positive steps toward improving IEQ, there is significant room for improvement in fully integrating sustainable design practices across thermal, lighting, IAQ, and acoustic comfort. The implementation of advanced technologies and comprehensive strategies remains essential for enhancing occupant health and environmental sustainability.

5.7. Summary of the Design Role in the IEQ Innovation Framework

Design capabilities are integrated throughout the innovation process, with design thinking guiding each stage (Figure 4). Human-centered design effectively addresses user needs, linking design thinking with business strategy, core technologies, and competencies to deliver sustainable indoor environmental quality (IEQ) solutions.

The design process supports business strategy by facilitating clear communication and aligning internal and external collaboration to overcome action-related challenges. Sustainable and ecological design principles address fundamental sustainability issues, ensuring successful and enduring internal and external processes. Employing co-design, design thinking, and sustainable practices helps resolve challenges related to core technologies and competencies.

Implementing sustainable design trends provides a comprehensive, environmentally responsible approach to IEQ services. Furthermore, participatory design fosters interdisciplinary expertise within institutions, promoting green IEQ and embedding sustainable practices into organizational culture and professional standards.

5.8. Expert Validation of the Proposed Design-Led Innovative Framework

The proposed framework, developed from the thematic analysis of expert interviews and the focus group, was validated by an experienced domain expert to ensure relevance, feasibility, and alignment with Jordan’s socio-economic and environmental context. The expert was selected based on the criteria discussed in the methodology section.

The validation process followed a structured approach. The domain expert (E3), whose background is detailed in Section 3.1, evaluated each theme, sub-pillar, and strategic pillar using a 4-point relevance scale (1 = not relevant to 4 = highly relevant). This systematic procedure allowed for a transparent and quantifiable assessment of the framework’s applicability. The expert’s feedback indicated that all pillars achieved ratings of 3 or 4, with an overall average score of 3.7. Minor refinements suggested during this process, such as improving the clarity of wording, were incorporated into the final framework. The results of the assessment are summarized below in

Table 8. Expert validation of the proposed design framework.

Strategic Pillar (Key Model)	Sub-Pillars/Categories	Expert Relevance Rating (1–4)	Validated?
Core Technologies and Competences	Expertise & Skills	4	Yes
	Interdisciplinary Collaboration	4	Yes
	Action-Oriented Approaches	3	Yes
Human Value	Action Awareness	4	Yes
	Communication	4	Yes
Business Strategy	Communication	4	Yes
	Underpinning Principles	3	Yes
Average Rating	—	3.71	—

.

The average relevance score across all pillars was 3.7, indicating unanimous agreement by the expert on the importance and applicability of each element in the framework. Minor refinements suggested by the expert were incorporated to enhance clarity, specificity, and practical implementation. The following subsections include the descriptive assessment of the proposed design-led innovative framework.

5.8.1. Core Technologies and Competences Validation

The integration of multidisciplinary expertise is essential for achieving sustainable indoor environmental quality (IEQ). A well-rounded team should include professionals such as architects, interior designers, lighting specialists, energy modelers, materials specialists, and acoustics experts. These specialists contribute to effective design practices that enhance the performance of indoor spaces, particularly through the use of passive design strategies, natural ventilation, and appropriate material selection. The use of sustainable technologies, such as energy-efficient systems, passive design techniques, and eco-friendly materials, is vital for addressing key IEQ services, including thermal comfort, lighting, indoor air quality, and acoustic comfort. Additionally, it is important for all team members to be knowledgeable about sustainability practices to ensure that green building measures are effectively implemented.

5.8.2. Human Value Validation

The design process should take into account various factors such as visual, thermal, acoustic, and air quality, while also being mindful of the specific needs and preferences of the occupants. Effective design strategies might involve strategically placing windows to maximize natural light, incorporating soundproofing methods, and utilizing energy-efficient solutions to boost both comfort and sustainability. Furthermore, creating a connection between the interior and the outside environment can have a positive effect on occupant health. Involving occupants in the design process, raising their awareness of sustainable practices, and incorporating their feedback helps ensure that the final design meets their needs and enhances their overall experience in the space.

5.8.3. Business Strategy Validation

Successfully implementing sustainable design requires a cohesive business strategy that brings together both internal and external stakeholders. This involves encouraging collaboration among internal teams and outside experts, such as energy consultants, sustainability specialists, and contractors. Consistent communication and regular meetings are essential for defining design criteria, setting sustainability priorities, and assessing potential green practices. Moreover, integrating sustainability principles throughout every phase of the design process is key to creating a business model that is environmentally responsible and competitive. Achieving green certifications and following sustainability guidelines further enhances the effectiveness of the business strategy, ensuring that the design process not only complies with indoor environmental quality (IEQ) standards but also aligns with the organization’s long-term objectives.

6. Limitations

This study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. First, the proposed framework remains conceptual and has not yet been empirically tested in real-world construction projects. While it provides a structured interdisciplinary foundation that integrates human-centric design, business models, and digital tools, it is intended primarily as a preliminary contribution to guide future empirical investigations rather than as a finalized solution.

Second, the validation process was based on feedback from a single expert. Although this provided valuable insights for refining the framework, it limits the robustness and generalizability of the conclusions. Broader validation through multiple experts and stakeholders, as well as case-based applications, will be necessary to enhance the reliability of the findings.

Finally, further empirical development is required to assess the framework’s feasibility in practice. Future research should focus on pilot studies and stakeholder engagement to test its applicability in real projects, evaluate its practical effectiveness, and refine the integration of human-centric and digital approaches in construction health monitoring.

7. Conclusions

The research findings emphasize three crucial areas that require attention to enhance indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in government institutions: core technologies and competencies, business models, and human value. Utilizing design capabilities such as human-centered design, design thinking, and a structured design process has proven effective in tackling these important issues. By prioritizing human value through these design methods, the needs and well-being of occupants were placed at the forefront of the design process. Additionally, the incorporation of co-design, sustainable design principles, and design thinking has contributed to the advancement of core technologies and competencies, promoting a holistic approach to sustainable practices.

Regarding the business model, sustainable design, ecological design, and the integration of design thinking and processes were essential in developing a model that aligns with long-term sustainability objectives. The research suggests that government institutions in Jordan should cultivate an innovation culture by embedding innovation capabilities throughout the design process. This strategy should be rooted in the foundational elements of human value, business strategy, and core technologies, all in harmony with sustainability criteria.

In conclusion, this research contributes to broadening the application of design capabilities within the residential sector, fostering green IEQ, and enhancing the use of innovation frameworks in sustainable development. By integrating these approaches, government institutions can adopt more sustainable practices, leading to both environmental and organizational success.