Impact of Solar Shading on Façades’ Surface Temperatures under Summer and Winter Conditions by IR Thermography
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Thermography Campaign
2.2. Thermal Flow
- he is the surface film thermal coefficient that the EN 13789:2017 [87] defines as 25 W/(m2.K) as general assumptions.
- I is the global irradiation over the wall (direct and diffuse) that, in the case of Zaragoza, was at 90° (façade). Data were extracted from PVSYST 7.2 [88].
- IL is the irradiation on the long wavelength emitted by a blackbody at an ambient temperature, which is supposed to be null due to the urban context.
- ε is the emittance of the finishing which experimentally was equal to 0.95.
- Tair is the outdoor air temperature. In this case, it was considered the temperature from the database [89] and it was compared to the real data measurement in situ during the experimental campaign.
- α is the absorptance of the finishing, estimated as 0.35 [90].
- Type 1. The most common construction system up until 1950.
- Type 2. Commonly used construction system between 1950 and 1980, before the approval of the NBE-CT-79 standard [15].
- Type 3. Construction system used from entry in force of the NBE-CT-79 standard up until 2006 [16]. The type 3 construction system represented an improvement from type 2. It is the construction system of the case study analyzed in the current paper.
- Type 4. Construction system compliant with the standard CTE DB-HE 2006 [16].
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Experimental Thermography Campaign
3.1.1. Summertime
3.1.2. Wintertime
3.2. Thermal Flow
3.2.1. Summertime
3.2.2. Wintertime
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Day | T Med (°C) | T Max (°C) | T Min (°C) | HR. Med (%) | Rain-Total (mm) | Average Visibility (Km) | Air Speed (m/s) | ΔT (°C) | Dir. Irr. 90° (kW/m2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan. | 26 | 6.7 | 11.4 | 4 | 62 | 0 | 11.3 | 10.92 | 7.4 | 6.24 |
27 | 8.7 | 14.6 | 6 | 68 | 0 | 11.3 | 12.08 | 8.6 | 5.87 | |
28 | 8.6 | 12.8 | 6 | 66 | 0 | 10.8 | 8.81 | 6.80 | 4.77 | |
29 | 11.1 | 16.7 | 5 | 62 | 0 | 10.6 | 8.17 | 11.7 | 5.71 | |
30 | 9.2 | 14.2 | 6 | 82 | 0.25 | 10 | 4.72 | 8.2 | 0.99 | |
31 | 6.4 | 10.8 | 2 | 77 | 8.38 | 9.5 | 7.14 | 8.8 | 0.37 | |
Day | T average (°C) | T maximum (°C) | T minimum (°C) | HR. average (%) | Rain-total (mm) | Average Visibility (Km) | Air Speed (m/s) | ΔT (°C) | Dir. Irr. 90° (kW/m2) | |
June | 27 | 26.7 | 36.6 | 20 | 44 | 0 | - | 5.36 | 16.6 | 1.32 |
28 | 28.7 | 39.2 | 22 | 36 | 0 | - | 4.33 | 17.2 | 1.45 | |
29 | 27.7 | 37.6 | 19 | 41 | 0 | - | 4.53 | 18.6 | 1.36 | |
30 | 29.9 | 39.6 | 22 | 35 | 0 | 10.8 | 4.89 | 17.6 | 1.51 | |
July | 1 | 29.6 | 38.2 | 23 | 35 | 0 | 10.8 | 7.50 | 15.2 | 1.42 |
2 | 27.8 | 34.6 | 23 | 39 | 0 | 10.5 | 5.92 | 11.6 | 1.22 | |
3 | 28.7 | 36.5 | 22 | 38 | 0 | 12.6 | 7.19 | 14.5 | 1.28 |
Name | Description | Rm + Rsi (m2.K/W) | Rse + Rm + Rsi (m2.K/W) |
---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | Cement render (15 mm) + solid masonry brick (240 mm) + gypsum plaster (15 mm) | 0.40 | 0.44 |
Type 1a | Type 1 + expanded polystyrene (50 mm) + cement mortar (10 mm) | 1.74 | 1.78 |
Type 2 | Perforated brick masonry (120 mm) + air chamber (40 mm) + hollow brick masonry (40 mm) + gypsum plaster (15 mm) | 0.64 | 0.68 |
Type 2a | Type 2 + expanded polystyrene (50 mm) + cement mortar (10 mm) | 1.98 | 2.02 |
Type 3 | Cement render (15 mm) + perforated brick masonry (120 mm) + mineral wool (20 mm) + hollow brick masonry (40 mm) + gypsum plaster (15 mm) | 0.96 | 1.00 |
Type 3a | Type 3 + expanded polystyrene (50 mm) + cement mortar (10 mm) | 2.30 | 2.34 |
Type 4 | Cement render (15 mm) + perforated brick masonry (120 mm) + mineral wool (70 mm) + hollow brick masonry (40 mm) + gypsum plaster (15 mm) | 2.20 | 2.24 |
Type 4a | Type 4 + expanded polystyrene (50 mm) + cement mortar (10 mm) | 3.54 | 3.58 |
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Barbero-Barrera, M.d.M.; Tendero-Caballero, R.; García de Viedma-Santoro, M. Impact of Solar Shading on Façades’ Surface Temperatures under Summer and Winter Conditions by IR Thermography. Architecture 2024, 4, 221-246. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4020014
Barbero-Barrera MdM, Tendero-Caballero R, García de Viedma-Santoro M. Impact of Solar Shading on Façades’ Surface Temperatures under Summer and Winter Conditions by IR Thermography. Architecture. 2024; 4(2):221-246. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4020014
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbero-Barrera, María del Mar, Ricardo Tendero-Caballero, and María García de Viedma-Santoro. 2024. "Impact of Solar Shading on Façades’ Surface Temperatures under Summer and Winter Conditions by IR Thermography" Architecture 4, no. 2: 221-246. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4020014