Evaluating Serum RBP4 as an Auxiliary Biomarker for CKDu Diagnosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Information and Study Design
2.2. Clinical Sample Collection
2.3. Luminex X-MAP Screening
2.4. ELISA Assay
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Serum RBP4 as a Potential Marker for Distinguishing between CKD and CKDu
3.3. Circulating RBP4 Levels and Significance in Study Cohorts
3.4. Performance of Serum RBP4 in Identifying Proximal Tubular Disease
3.5. Synergy in Glomerular and Tubular Markers for Distinguishing between CKD and CKDu
3.6. A Robust Putative Discriminatory Marker—Normalized RBP4:S.Cr Index
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Average ± SD or Cases (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
CKDu (n = 44) | NECKD (n = 45) | NEC (n = 45) | |
Age, years | 51.7 ± 9.3 | 49.62 ± 13.5 | 48.1 ± 12.1 |
Gender distribution, males | 40 (90.9) | 23 (51) | 18 (40) |
Family history of CKD | 22 (50) | 7 (15.5) | 4 (8.9) |
Smoking | 21 (47.7) | 11 (24.4) | 7 (15.5) |
Chewing betel | 36 (81.8) | 6 (13.3) | 23 (51) |
Alcohol consumption | 19 (43.2) | 8 (17.8) | 12 (26.7) |
Hypertension | 14 (31.8) | 36 (80) | 0 (0) |
Diabetes mellitus | 2 (4.5) | 21 (46.7) | 0 (0) |
History of malaria | 18 (40.9) | 7 (15.6) | 0 (0) |
S.Cr | eGFR | Raw RBP4 | Normalized RBP4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RBP4 | RBP4:SCr | RBP4:eGFR | RBP4 | RBP4:SCr | RBP4:eGFR | ||||
CKD vs. NEC | AUC | 0.939 | 0.917 | 0.709 | 0.934 | 0.916 | 0.584 | 0.937 | 0.897 |
Sensitivity | 0.800 | 0.844 | 0.844 | 0.800 | 0.844 | 0.733 | 0.844 | 0.800 | |
Specificity | 1.000 | 0.978 | 0.578 | 1.000 | 0.978 | 0.556 | 0.933 | 0.978 | |
CKDu vs. NEC | AUC | 0.909 | 0.883 | 0.699 | 0.880 | 0.893 | 0.762 | 0.847 | 0.912 |
Sensitivity | 0.750 | 0.841 | 0.841 | 0.750 | 0.841 | 0.733 | 0.867 | 0.841 | |
Specificity | 0.956 | 0.911 | 0.533 | 0.933 | 0.889 | 0.773 | 0.727 | 0.956 | |
CKD vs. CKDu | AUC | 0.688 | 0.674 | 0.523 | 0.699 | 0.670 | 0.663 | 0.743 | 0.619 |
Sensitivity | 0.600 | 0.568 | 0.822 | 0.667 | 0.444 | 0.556 | 0.778 | 0.864 | |
Specificity | 0.727 | 0.733 | 0.318 | 0.727 | 0.841 | 0.773 | 0.682 | 0.444 |
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Swa, H.L.F.; Fernando, B.N.T.; Premarathna, S.; Alli-Shaik, A.; Badurdeen, Z.; Gunarathna, J.; Nanayakkara, N. Evaluating Serum RBP4 as an Auxiliary Biomarker for CKDu Diagnosis. Kidney Dial. 2022, 2, 576-587. https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial2040052
Swa HLF, Fernando BNT, Premarathna S, Alli-Shaik A, Badurdeen Z, Gunarathna J, Nanayakkara N. Evaluating Serum RBP4 as an Auxiliary Biomarker for CKDu Diagnosis. Kidney and Dialysis. 2022; 2(4):576-587. https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial2040052
Chicago/Turabian StyleSwa, Hannah L. F., Buddhi N. T. Fernando, Shakila Premarathna, Asfa Alli-Shaik, Zeid Badurdeen, Jayantha Gunarathna, and Nishantha Nanayakkara. 2022. "Evaluating Serum RBP4 as an Auxiliary Biomarker for CKDu Diagnosis" Kidney and Dialysis 2, no. 4: 576-587. https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial2040052