Annual Excess Crude Mortality in Europe during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Joinpoint Regression Analysis of Historical Trends from 2000 to 2021
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Research Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Study Design
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Principal Findings
4.2. Comparison with Other Literature
4.3. Practical Implications
4.4. Limitations
4.5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Predicted 2020 | Observed | Δ% 2020 | Predicted 2021 | Observed | Δ% 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 9.5 | 10.3 | 7.9 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 7.5 |
Belgium | 9.6 | 11 | 14.8 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 1.3 |
Bulgaria | 15.5 | 18 | 16.2 | 15.6 | 21.7 | 39.5 |
Croatia | 13.2 | 14.1 | 7.0 | 13.3 | 15.8 | 18.5 |
Cyprus | 7.2 | 7.2 | 0.4 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 9.1 |
Czech Republic | 10.6 | 12.1 | 14.7 | 10.6 | 13.3 | 25.6 |
Denmark | 9.4 | 9.4 | −0.4 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 3.2 |
Estonia | 11.8 | 11.9 | 0.9 | 11.8 | 14 | 18.5 |
Finland | 9.9 | 10 | 0.6 | 10.0 | 10.4 | 4.1 |
France | 9.2 | 9.9 | 8.0 | 9.2 | 9.7 | 5.1 |
Germany | 11.6 | 11.9 | 2.5 | 11.7 | 12.3 | 4.9 |
Greece | 11.9 | 12.2 | 2.6 | 12.1 | 13.5 | 11.6 |
Hungary | 13.6 | 14.5 | 6.8 | 13.7 | 16.1 | 17.8 |
Ireland | 6.4 | 6.4 | 0.2 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 3.1 |
Italy | 10.6 | 12.6 | 18.5 | 10.7 | 12 | 12.2 |
Latvia | 14.9 | 15.2 | 2.2 | 15.0 | 18.4 | 23.0 |
Lithuania | 14.1 | 15.6 | 10.4 | 14.2 | 17 | 20.0 |
Luxembourg | 7.0 | 7.3 | 3.9 | 7.0 | 7 | -0.6 |
Malta | 7.6 | 7.9 | 4.5 | 7.6 | 8 | 5.9 |
Netherlands | 9.0 | 9.7 | 7.8 | 9.1 | 9.8 | 7.9 |
Poland | 11.1 | 12.6 | 13.4 | 11.3 | 13.8 | 22.2 |
Portugal | 11.2 | 12 | 7.4 | 11.3 | 12.1 | 6.8 |
Romania | 13.6 | 15.4 | 13.2 | 13.7 | 17.5 | 27.6 |
Slovak Republic | 9.8 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 9.8 | 13.5 | 37.8 |
Slovenia | 10.0 | 11.4 | 13.5 | 10.1 | 11 | 8.4 |
Spain | 9.2 | 10.4 | 13.0 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 2.2 |
Sweden | 8.8 | 9.5 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 1.5 |
EUROPE | 10.5 | 11.6 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 11.9 | 12.1 |
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Rovetta, A. Annual Excess Crude Mortality in Europe during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Joinpoint Regression Analysis of Historical Trends from 2000 to 2021. COVID 2022, 2, 1778-1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid2120128
Rovetta A. Annual Excess Crude Mortality in Europe during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Joinpoint Regression Analysis of Historical Trends from 2000 to 2021. COVID. 2022; 2(12):1778-1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid2120128
Chicago/Turabian StyleRovetta, Alessandro. 2022. "Annual Excess Crude Mortality in Europe during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Joinpoint Regression Analysis of Historical Trends from 2000 to 2021" COVID 2, no. 12: 1778-1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid2120128