Education, Off-the-Job Vocational Training, and Early Employment Outcomes: Evidence from Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. The Italian Vocational Training System: A Brief Description
4. Materials and Methods
5. Results
5.1. Education and Vocational Training
5.2. Training and Employment Outcomes
5.3. Robustness Check
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Controls | Treated | |
---|---|---|
Observations | 1539 (71.2) | 334 (16.9) |
Female | 45.4% | 51.3% |
Male | 54.6% | 49.7% |
Lower sec. school | 29.5% | 23.1% |
Three-year vocational school | 8.6% | 18.4% |
Higher sec. school | 61.8% | 58.4% |
High school track: Academic oriented (licei) | 22.4% | 17.9% |
High school track: Technical | 23.6% | 22.4% |
High school track: Vocational | 8.2% | 11.3% |
High school track: Others | 7.6% | 0.6% |
Employed | 54.4% | 60.4% |
Use of informal channels * | 48.1% | 35.7% |
Skills matching * | 58.8% | 66.3% |
Courses to obtain a qualification for low-educated youth | 22.2% |
Courses to obtain a higher qualification/specialization for educated youth | 29.0% |
Technical education and training courses | 2.1% |
Other courses for the unemployed | 3.0% |
Courses for women | 0.9% |
Courses to achieve specific licences | 9.6% |
Other publicly funded courses | 33.2% |
All | Centre-North | South | |
---|---|---|---|
Female | 0.0143 | 0.00227 | 0.0245 |
(0.00879) | (0.00840) | (0.0179) | |
3-year vocational education degree | 0.0794 *** | 0.0675 *** | 0.0906 ** |
(0.0230) | (0.0244) | (0.0408) | |
Generalist academic-oriented high school degree | 0.0127 | −0.0230 ** | 0.0632 ** |
(0.0137) | (0.0101) | (0.0301) | |
5-year vocational education degree | 0.0406 ** | 0.0273 | 0.0615 * |
(0.0172) | (0.0171) | (0.0327) | |
Technical high school degree | 0.0232 ** | 0.00821 | 0.0393 * |
(0.0115) | (0.0113) | (0.0215) | |
Other high school degrees | 0.0123 | 0.0227 | −0.0167 |
(0.0179) | (0.0230) | (0.0306) | |
Lower secondary school leaving grade “Good” | −0.00795 | −0.00714 | 0.00139 |
(0.0102) | (0.0103) | (0.0190) | |
Lower secondary school leaving grade “V. Good or Excellent” | −0.0221 ** | −0.00298 | −0.0478 ** |
(0.0109) | (0.0119) | (0.0227) | |
Failures at school (one or more) | −0.0306 *** | −0.0185 * | −0.0485 ** |
(0.0105) | (0.0101) | (0.0218) | |
Importance attributed to work (high) | 0.0132 | 0.0178 ** | −0.00582 |
(0.00870) | (0.00864) | (0.0198) | |
Observations | 1873 | 1293 | 580 |
All | Centre-North | South | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATT | s.e. | C | T | ATT | s.e | C | T | ATT | s.e | C | T | |
Employment | ||||||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | 0.1196 *** | 0.0510 | 1539 | 326(8) | 0.0343 | 0.0553 | 1055 | 233(5) | 0.1808 ** | 0.0911 | 484 | 94(2) |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | 0.0370 | 0.0296 | 1539 | 331(3) | 0.0189 | 0.0333 | 1055 | 237(1) | 0.1504 *** 0.1504 *** | 0.0579 | 484 | 94(2) |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | 0.0299 | 0.0305 | 1539 | 326(8) | −0.0050 | 0.0340 | 1055 | 233(5) | 0.1540 *** | 0.0623 | 484 | 94(2) |
Informal channels | ||||||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | −0.1181 * | 0.0628 | 904 | 220(3) | −0.2 *** | 0.0694 | 727 | 170(10) | 0.4411 *** | 0.1495 | 177 | 34(9) |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | −0.1017 *** | 0.0382 | 904 | 223 | −0.1427 *** | 0.0399 | 727 | 170(10) | 0.0138 | 0.1052 | 177 | 40(3) |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | −0.0954 ** | 0.0394 | 852 | 220(3) | −0.1417 *** | 0.0417 | 727 | 170(10) | 0.2764 ** | 0.1305 | 177 | 34(9) |
Skill matching | ||||||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | 0.0909 | 0.0052 | 904 | 220(3) | 0.1941 *** | 0.0703 | 727 | 170(10) | 0.0882 | 0.1549 | 177 | 34(9) |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | 0.0932 *** | 0.0375 | 904 | 223 | 0.1179 *** | 0.0407 | 727 | 170(10) | 0.0475 | 0.1028 | 177 | 40(3) |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | 0.0857 ** | 0.0387 | 904 | 220(3) | 0.1327 *** | 0.0429 | 727 | 170(10) | 0.0713 | 0.1304 | 177 | 34(9) |
All | Centre-North | South | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATT | s.e. | C | T | ATT | s.e | C | T | ATT | s.e | C | T | |
Employment | ||||||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | 0.0659 | 0.0602 | 1539 | 197(1) | 0.1153 * | 0.0672 | 1055 | 134(4) | 0.1587 | 0.1091 | 484 | 63(1) |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | 0.1124 *** | 0.0345 | 1539 | 197(1) | 0.1013 *** | 0.0358 | 1055 | 134 | 0.2079 *** | 0.0694 | 484 | 63(1) |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | 0.1250 *** | 0.0353 | 1539 | 198(1) | 0.0909 *** | 0.0371 | 1055 | 134 | 0.2308 *** | 0.072 | 484 | 63(1) |
Informal channels | ||||||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | −0.0962 | 0.0753 | 904 | 135(10) | −0.2 *** | 0.0801 | 727 | 105(8) | 0.4090 ** | 0.1779 | 151 | 22(10) |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | −0.0848 * | 0.0456 | 904 | 145 | −0.1552 *** | 0.0464 | 727 | 105(8) | 0.0549 | 0.1151 | 151 | 30(2) |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | −0.0832 * | 0.0476 | 904 | 135(10) | −0.1511 *** | 0.0472 | 727 | 105(8) | 0.3181 *** | 0.1298 | 151 | 22(10) |
Skill matching | ||||||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | 0.1703 ** | 0.0743 | 904 | 135(10) | 0.1714 ** | 0.0820 | 727 | 105(8) | −0.0909 | 0.1521 | 151 | 22(10) |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | 0.0874 * | 0.0447 | 904 | 145 | 0.1145 ** | 0.0494 | 727 | 105(8) | 0.0415 | 0.1121 | 151 | 30(2) |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | 0.1066 ** | 0.0461 | 904 | 135(10) | 0.1145 ** | 0.0497 | 727 | 105(8) | 0.0181 | 0.1301 | 151 | 22(10) |
All | Centre-North | South | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect | Qmh+ Test Stat. for Γ = 1 | Critical Value for Γ | Effect | Qmh+ Test Stat. for Γ = 1 | Critical Value for Γ | Effect | Qmh+ Test Stat. for Γ = 1 | Critical Value for Γ | |
Employment | |||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | 0.1196 *** | 2.139 *** | 1.2–1.9 | 0.0343 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.1808 ** | 1.298 * | 1.1–2.8 |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | 0.0370 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.0189 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.1504 *** | 1.558 * | 1.1–2 |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | 0.0299 | n.s. | n.s. | −0.0050 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.1540 *** | 1.614 * | 1.1–2 |
Informal channels | |||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | −0.1181 * | n.s. | n.s. | −0.2 *** | 2.552 *** | - | 0.4411 *** | 2.222 ** | 1.8– |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | −0.1017 *** | 2.885 *** | - | −0.1427 *** | 3.179 *** | - | 0.0138 | n.s. | n.s. |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | −0.0954 ** | 2.766 *** | - | −0.1417 *** | 3.297 *** | - | 0.2764 ** | n.s. | n.s. |
Skill matching | |||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | 0.0909 | 2.289 *** | 1.3–2.4 | 0.1941 *** | 3.088 *** | 1.6–3.3 | 0.0882 | n.s. | n.s. |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | 0.0932 *** | 2.573 *** | 1.3–1.8 | 0.1179 *** | 2.795 *** | 1.4–2.1 | 0.0475 | n.s. | n.s. |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | 0.0857 ** | 2.401 *** | 1.3–1.8 | 0.1327 *** | 2.790 *** | 1.4–2.1 | 0.0713 | n.s. | n.s. |
All | Centre-North | South | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect | Qmh+ Test Stat. for Γ = 1 | Critical Value for Γ | Effect | Qmh+ Test Stat. for Γ = 1 | Critical Value for Γ | Effect | Qmh+ Test Stat. for Γ = 1 | Critical Value for Γ | |
Employment | |||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | 0.0659 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.1153 * | 2.096 ** | 1.4–3.5 | 0.1587 * | 1.464 * | 1.1– |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | 0.1124 *** | 3.800 *** | 1.6–2.4 | 0.1013 *** | 3.589 *** | 1.8–3.4 | 0.2079 *** | 2.02 ** | 1.3–2.6 |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | 0.1250 *** | 3.871 *** | 1.6–2.4 | 0.0909 *** | 3.421 *** | 1.7–3.4 | 0.2308 *** | 2.139 ** | 1.3–2.7 |
Informal channels | |||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | −0.0962 | n.s. | n.s. | −0.2 *** | 2.032 *** | - | 0.4090 ** | 1.9062 ** | 1.6– |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | −0.0848 * | 2.343 *** | - | −0.1552 *** | 3.003 *** | - | 0.0549 | n.s | n.s |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | −0.0832 * | 2.258 ** | - | −0.1511 *** | 3.023 *** | - | 0.3181 *** | 1.733 ** | 1.3– |
Skill matching | |||||||||
NN with repl. (cal. 0.01) | 0.1703 ** | 1.767 ** | 1.2–2.6 | 0.1714 ** | 1.395 * | 1.1–2.6 | −0.0909 | n.s. | n.s. |
Kernel (cal. 0.01) | 0.0874 * | 2.096 ** | 1.2–1.9 | 0.1145 ** | 2.028 ** | 1.2–2.2 | 0.0415 | n.s. | n.s. |
Radius (cal. 0.01) | 0.1066 ** | 2.358 *** | 1.3–2.1 | 0.1155 ** | 2.056 ** | 1.2–2.2 | 0.0181 | n.s. | n.s. |
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Casalone, G.; Baici, E. Education, Off-the-Job Vocational Training, and Early Employment Outcomes: Evidence from Italy. Merits 2023, 3, 390-404. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits3020022
Casalone G, Baici E. Education, Off-the-Job Vocational Training, and Early Employment Outcomes: Evidence from Italy. Merits. 2023; 3(2):390-404. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits3020022
Chicago/Turabian StyleCasalone, Giorgia, and Eliana Baici. 2023. "Education, Off-the-Job Vocational Training, and Early Employment Outcomes: Evidence from Italy" Merits 3, no. 2: 390-404. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits3020022
APA StyleCasalone, G., & Baici, E. (2023). Education, Off-the-Job Vocational Training, and Early Employment Outcomes: Evidence from Italy. Merits, 3(2), 390-404. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits3020022