Antimicrobial Properties against Human Pathogens of Medicinal Plants from New Zealand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Species
2.2. Preparation of Plant Extracts Using Soxhlet Method
2.3. Preparation of Extracts Suspensions for Antimicrobial Testing
2.4. Microorganisms
2.5. Preparation of Agar and Broth Media, and Microbial Cultures
2.5.1. Preparation of Agar Plates and Broth Growth Media
2.5.2. Preparation of Microorganism Colonies in Agar Plates
2.5.3. Preparation of Fresh Overnight Microorganism Cultures in Broth and Inoculum
2.5.4. Preparation of A. niger Inoculum
2.6. Determination of MIC and MLC of Plants Extracts
2.6.1. Determination of MIC
2.6.2. Determination of MLC
2.7. Statistical Analysis of Data
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. MIC and MLC of Antimicrobial Plant Extracts
3.2. Nature of Antimicrobial Effect
3.3. Microbial Susceptibility of Different Microorganisms
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scientific Name | Local Name | Type of Plant | Ethnopharmacological Uses | Scientist |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kunzea ericoides | kānuka | tree | The essential oils of several species of Myrtaceae have been found to have activity against Staphylococcus aureus; it was also mentioned in the discussion that they support antimicrobial results against S. aureus. Bark decoction relieved diarrhea and dysentery. A weak infusion of the leaves was often given to a patient with a high temperature | Richard A, 1832 |
Pseudowintera colorata | horopito, pepper tree | small tree | Leaves were used to cure skin disease, venereal diseases, diarrhea; decoction of the leaves was used for stomachache; leaves were chewed for toothache (dental analgesic); leaves rubbed on breast when weaning infants. Sesquiterpenoid dialdehyde polygodial has strong antibiotic activity against Candida albicans (support the antimicrobial result against Candida) | Raoul E, 1844 |
Weinmannia racemosa | kāmahi | tree | The inner bark is laxative, and the bark infused in boiling water was a tonic medicine | Linnaeus C. von filius, 1782 |
Phormium tenax | harakeke, flax | evergreen perennial plant | The blanched base of the leaf or root was beaten to pulp, heated, or roasted, and applied hot to bring forward abscesses or tumors; leaves and roots have beneficial effects for cutaneous diseases such as ringworm, or venereal diseases. | Forster JR and Forster G, 1776 |
Schefflera digitata | patete, umbrella tree, seven finger | tree | The sap was used on scrofulous sores and ringworm; the leaves contain farcarindiol, an acetylenic alcohol which shows remarkable specific activity against common dermatophyte fungi such as those causing ringworm. | Forster JR and Forster G, 1776 |
Pomaderris kumeraho | kumarahou | shrub | Liquid from boiled leaves is a well-known relief for all chest complaints, bronchitis, and pulmonary tuberculosis; ointment applied for skin cancer; beneficial effect on kidneys | Cunningham A, 1839 |
Hebe stricta | koromiko | herb | Leaves infusion is a powerful astringent for dysentery and other complaints; the leaves were chewed as a remedy for diarrhea; decoction taken for ulcers and venereal diseases. Top shoots and young leaves (green or dried) boiled or eaten raw were a remedy for kidney and bladder troubles. | Jussieu AL de, 1789 |
Geniostoma ligustrifolium | hangehange | shrub | The sap was applied to skin diseases of children. | Cunningham A, 1838 |
Melicytus ramiflorus | māhoe | small tree | The leaves were boiled, and the liquid was used to bathe parts affected by rheumatism. The boiled leaves were bandaged on surfaces affected with scabies and a plaster of steamed leaves was placed over a stomach wound. | Forster JR and Forster G, 1776 |
Plant Species | Extract | Concentration in µg/mL | Microorganisms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Staphylococcus aureus | Bacillus cereus | Candida albicans | Escherichia coli | Aspergillus niger | |||
Kunzea ericoides | Methanol | MIC | 125 | 62.5 | 62.5 | >2000 | >2000 |
MLC | 250 a | 250 | >2000 | >2000 | >2000 | ||
Ethyl acetate | MIC | 125 | 125 | 250 | >2000 | >2000 | |
MLC | 250 | >2000 | >2000 a | >2000 | >2000 | ||
Pseudowintera colorata | Methanol | MIC | 1000 | 500 | 500 | >1000 | >1000 |
MLC | >1000 a | >1000 | 500 | >1000 | >1000 | ||
Ethyl acetate | MIC | 62.5 | 125 | 125 | >1000 | >1000 | |
MLC | >1000 c | >1000 | 250 a | >1000 | >1000 | ||
Weinmannia racemosa | Methanol | MIC | 250 | 250 | 125 | >2000 | >2000 |
MLC | 2000 b | 250 | >2000 a | >2000 | >2000 | ||
Ethyl acetate | MIC | 250 | 250 | 2000 | >2000 | >2000 | |
MLC | 2000 a | >2000 b | 2000 | >2000 | >2000 | ||
Phormium tenax | Methanol | MIC | 1000 | 2000 | 2000 | >2000 | >2000 |
MLC | >2000 a | >2000 | >2000 | >2000 | >2000 | ||
Ethyl acetate | MIC | 500 | 500 | >2000 | 2000 | >2000 | |
MLC | 2000 a | >2000 a | >2000 | 2000 | >2000 | ||
Schefflera digitata | Methanol | MIC | 2000 | 500 | 2000 | >2000 | >2000 |
MLC | >2000 | >2000 | >2000 | >2000 | >2000 | ||
Ethyl acetate | MIC | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | >2000 | >2000 | |
MLC | 1000 a | >2000 | 2000 a | >2000 | >2000 | ||
Pomaderris kumeraho | Methanol | MIC | 1000 | 500 | 1000 | >1000 | >1000 |
MLC | >1000 | >1000 | >1000 | >1000 | >1000 | ||
Ethyl acetate | MIC | >1000 | >1000 | >1000 | >1000 | >1000 | |
MLC | >1000 | >1000 | >1000 | >1000 | >1000 | ||
Hebe stricta | Methanol | MIC | >2000 | 2000 | >2000 | >2000 | >2000 |
MLC | >2000 | >2000 | >2000 | >2000 | >2000 | ||
Ethyl acetate | MIC | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
MLC | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Plant Common Name | Plant Botanical Name | Extraction Solvent | Susceptible Microorganism | MLC/MIC |
---|---|---|---|---|
kānuka | Kunzea ericoides | Methanol | Staphylococcus aureus | 2 |
Bacillus cereus | 4 | |||
Ethyl acetate | S. aureus | 2 | ||
horopito | Pseudowintera colorata | Methanol | Candida albicans | 1 |
Ethyl acetate | 2 | |||
kāmahi | Weinmannia racemosa | Methanol | B. cereus | 1 |
S. aureus | 8 | |||
Ethyl acetate | C. albicans | 1 | ||
S. aureus | 8 | |||
harakeke | Phormium tenax | Ethyl acetate | Escherichia coli | 1 |
S. aureus | 4 | |||
patete | Schefflera digitata | Ethyl acetate | S. aureus | 1 |
C. albicans | 2 |
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Safian, S.; Majid, H.; Swift, S.; Silva, F.V.M. Antimicrobial Properties against Human Pathogens of Medicinal Plants from New Zealand. Appl. Microbiol. 2022, 2, 357-366. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol2020027
Safian S, Majid H, Swift S, Silva FVM. Antimicrobial Properties against Human Pathogens of Medicinal Plants from New Zealand. Applied Microbiology. 2022; 2(2):357-366. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol2020027
Chicago/Turabian StyleSafian, Syahidi, Hafiz Majid, Simon Swift, and Filipa V. M. Silva. 2022. "Antimicrobial Properties against Human Pathogens of Medicinal Plants from New Zealand" Applied Microbiology 2, no. 2: 357-366. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol2020027
APA StyleSafian, S., Majid, H., Swift, S., & Silva, F. V. M. (2022). Antimicrobial Properties against Human Pathogens of Medicinal Plants from New Zealand. Applied Microbiology, 2(2), 357-366. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol2020027