The Morphological and Ecogeographic Characterization of the Musa L. Collection in the Gene Bank of INIAP, Ecuador
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Morphological Characterization
2.2. Ecogeographic Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Grouping of Accessions Based on Morphological Variables
3.2. Combined Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
3.3. Grouping of Accessions Based on Quantitative Morphological Characters
3.4. Grouping of Accessions Based on Qualitative Morphological Characters
3.4.1. Plant and Pseudostem
3.4.2. Leaves
3.4.3. ♂ Flower
3.4.4. Bracts
3.4.5. ♀ Flower
3.4.6. Raceme
3.4.7. Fruit
3.5. Discriminating Capacity of Descriptors
3.6. Evaluation of the Ecogeographic Diversity of Musa Using the ELC Map
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Descriptor | Unit of Measurement | Descriptor | Unit of Measurement |
---|---|---|---|
Pseudostem Height | m | Number of fruits (middle hand) | n |
Number of suckers | n | Length of pealed fruits | cm |
Length of a leaf blade (lamina) | m | Raceme weight | kg |
Width of a leaf blade (lamina) | cm | Number of hands raceme−1 | n |
Length of the ♀ peduncle | cm | Number of fruits | n |
Length of the ♂ peduncle | cm | External length of the fruit | cm |
Diameter of the ♀ peduncle | cm | Fruit diameter | cm |
Number of green leaves at flowering | n | Weight of the fruit | kg |
Number of green leaves at harvest | n |
Descriptor | State | Descriptor | State |
---|---|---|---|
Leaf Habit | Erect | Pseudostem aspects | Thin |
Normal | Normal | ||
Decumbent | Robust | ||
Color of the pseudostem | Yellow green | Underlying color of the pseudostem | Yellow green |
Grayish orange | Grayish orange | ||
Grayish red | Grayish red | ||
Grayish violet | Grayish violet | ||
Red | Purple red | ||
Grayish brown | |||
Pigmentation of the inner peel | Yellow green | Wax on the fruits | Very little or no visible signs of wax Little wax Waxy Very waxy |
Grayish orange | |||
Purple | |||
Grayish violet | |||
Purple red | |||
Sucker development | Taller than the mother plant More than 3/4 the height of the parent plant Between 1/4 and 3/4 the size of the mother plant Inhibited | Sucker emergence | Distant from mother plant (>50 cm from mother plant) Near the mother plant (vertical growth) Near the mother plant (very inclined) |
Spots at the base of the petiole | Few | Spot color | Brown |
Small spots | Grayish orange | ||
Large spots | Grayish red | ||
Extensive pigmentation | Grayish violet | ||
No pigmentation | |||
3rd Leaf petiole canal | Open with winged margins | Petiole margin | Winged and wavy Winged and not narrowed by the pseudostem Winged and narrowed by the pseudostem Not winged and narrowed by the pseudostem Not winged and not narrowed by the pseudostem |
Open with erect margins | |||
Narrow with erect margins | |||
Margins twisted inwards | |||
Overlapping margin | |||
Petiole margin color | Green yellow Green Grayish red Grayish violet Purple red | Color of the abaxial surface of the bract | Absent |
Purple | |||
Grayish orange | |||
Grayish red | |||
Grayish violet | |||
Appearance of the pseudostem | Opaque (waxy) | Color of the top surface of the leaf blade | Greenish yellow |
Shiny (not waxy) | Green | ||
Appearance of the upper side of the leaf blade | Opaque | Color of the lower side of the leaf blade | Greenish yellow |
Shiny | Green | ||
Appearance of the leaf blade | Opaque | Vein color on the adaxial leaf surface | Greenish yellow |
Shiny | Green | ||
Dorsal surface color of the cigar leaf | Green yellow Green | Peel adhesion | Detaches easily It does not come off easily |
Shape of the leaf blade basis | Both rounded One rounded and one sharp Both sharp | Stain on the sheath of suckers | Spotless Small or narrow spots Large purple spots |
Pubescence of the peduncle | Glabrous (lacking hair and glands) Little pubescent Very pubescent/short hairs (like touching velvet) Very pubescent/long hairs (>2 mm) | Position of the raceme | Vertically pendular Slightly inclined Oblique at 45° Horizontal Erect |
Rachis type | Truncated, without a bract scar below the last fruit hand | Seed surface | Smooth Wrinkled |
Present and the male bud may be degenerated or persistent | |||
Appearance of the floral rachis | Absent Naked Sterile flower (in one or a few coats, the rachis is bare afterwards) Male flower or persistent bract above the male bud (the rachis is bare above) Sterile or male flower and presence of bracts with brushstrokes (along the entire rachis) Sterile or male flower on the entire rachis, without a persistent bract Small cluster of neutral/hermaphrodite flowers just above the male bud Without sterile or male flower on the entire rachis, without a persistent bract Sterile or male flowers from the middle rachis, with persistent bracts or others | Color of the adaxial side of the bract | Absent Grayish yellow Grayish orange Grayish red Grayish violet Red Purple red Red orange Orange |
Shape of the male bud | Absent | Shape of the apex of the bracts | Absent |
Cone shaped | Sharp | ||
Lanceolate | Slightly pointed | ||
Intermediate | Intermediate | ||
Ovoid | Obtuse | ||
Rounded | Obtuse and cracked | ||
Type of male bud | Normal (present) Degenerated before maturity (e.g., ‘false horn’ banana) As a ‘true horn’ plantain (absent) | Imbrication of bracts | Absent |
Old bracts cover the apex | |||
Young bracts lightly cover it | |||
Young bracts cover it | |||
Position of the rachis (spine) | Absent Vertically pendular Inclined With a bend Horizontal Erect | Compound tepal color | Absent Yellow Yellow orange White Yellow white Purple red |
Attenuated coloration of the bract base | Absent Discontinuous coloration towards the insertion with the rachis (pigmented zone at the level of the bract base) Homogeneous coloring (pigmentation is uniform and continuous to the base) | Color of the compound tepal locule | Absent Yellow Yellow orange |
Pigmentation of the compound tepal | Absent Very little or no visible sign of pigmentation Splattered with “rust” Presence of pink color | Anther color | Absent Yellow Yellow orange White Grayish yellow Grayish orange |
Bract behavior before falling | Absent Enrolled (rolls up) Not enrolled (does not curl) | Pigmentation of the ovary | Absent Very little or no visible sign of pigmentation Red/violet |
Fruit cross-section | Pronounced edges Weakly pronounced edges Rounded | Floral vestige at the apex of the fruit | Without a trace of flowers Persistent style Prominent style base |
Presence of wax on the bract | Absent Very little or no visible signs of wax Very little wax Waxy Very waxy | Style shape | Absent Straight With a curve below the stigma Curve at the base With two curves |
Stigma color | Absent Yellow Yellow orange Grayish orange Grayish yellow Yellow white | Color of the ovary basis | Absent Yellow Orange White Greenish yellow Greenish white |
Appearance of the free tepal | Absent Fold below the apex More or less smooth Very folded under the apex (corrugated) | Fruit shape | Straight (slight curve) Straight in the distal part Curved (a very marked curve) S-curve (double curve) |
Fruit apex | Pointed Long pointed Truncated | Seed shape | Flattened Angular (more or less pyramidal) Globular (spherical) Rounded (but not completely spherical) |
In bottleneck Rounded | |||
Color of the unripe peel | Green yellow Green Grayish orange | Color of the ripe peel | Yellow Yellow orange Grayish orange |
Color of the pulp at maturity | Yellow Yellow orange Orange White Yellow white Orange white Grayish yellow Grayish orange | Color of the immature pulp | Yellow Yellow orange Orange White Yellow white Orange white Grayish yellow |
Predominant flavor | Astringent (like cooked bananas) Mild Sweet (like Cavendish) Sweetened (like ‘Pisang Mas’) Sweet and sour (like apples) |
Group 1 | INIAP-ECU-21792 c, INIAP-ECU-21775 c, INIAP-ECU-21732 c, INIAP-ECU-21795 c, INIAP-ECU-29044 c, INIAP-ECU-29045 c, INIAP-ECU-29046 c, INIAP-ECU-21807 c, INIAP-ECU-21749 c, INIAP-ECU-29047 c, INIAP-ECU-29048 c, INIAP-ECU-29049 c, INIAP-ECU-29050 c, INIAP-ECU-29051 c, INIAP-ECU-29052 c, INIAP-ECU-21748 c, INIAP-ECU-29064 c, INIAP-ECU-29065 c, INIAP-ECU-29066 c, INIAP-ECU-29067 c, INIAP-ECU-29068 c, INIAP-ECU-29069 c, INIAP-ECU-21803 c, INIAP-ECU-29070 c, and INIAP-ECU-29071 c |
Group 2 | INIAP-ECU-21763 b, INIAP-ECU-21760 b, INIAP-ECU-21753 b, INIAP-ECU- INIAP-ECU-29034 b, INIAP-ECU-29035 b, INIAP-ECU-29036 b, INIAP-ECU-29037 b, INIAP-ECU-29038 b, and INIAP-ECU-29039 b |
Group 3 | INIAP-ECU-21776 d, INIAP-ECU-21754 d, INIAP-ECU-21744 d, INIAP-ECU-21736 d, INIAP-ECU-29029 d, INIAP-ECU-21804 d, INIAP-ECU-29030 d, INIAP-ECU-29031 d, INIAP-ECU-21782 d, 21730 d, INIAP-ECU-29032 d, INIAP-ECU-21777 d, INIAP-ECU-21783 d, INIAP-ECU-29040 d, INIAP-ECU-29041 d, INIAP-ECU-21798 d, INIAP-ECU-21813 d, INIAP-ECU-29042 d, INIAP-ECU-21745 d, INIAP-ECU-21758 d, INIAP-ECU-21820 d, INIAP-ECU-29043 d, INIAP-ECU-21751 c, INIAP-ECU-21789 c, INIAP-ECU-29062 c, and INIAP-ECU-29063 c |
Group 4 | INIAP-ECU-21769 a, INIAP-ECU-21766 a, INIAP-ECU-21781 a, INIAP-ECU-21791 a, 21,733 a, 29,026 a, 29,027 a, 21,762 a, 21,740 a, 21,734 a, 29,028 a, 21,800 a, 21,817 a, 29,033 a, 21,774 a, INIAP-ECU-21818 d, INIAP-ECU-21801 c, INIAP-ECU-21752 c, INIAP-ECU-21786 c, INIAP-ECU-21799 c, INIAP-ECU-21811 c, INIAP-ECU-29053 c, INIAP-ECU-21767 c, INIAP-ECU-21765 c, INIAP-ECU-21738 c, INIAP-ECU-21779 c, INIAP-ECU-21787 c, INIAP-ECU-29054 c, INIAP-ECU-29055 c, INIAP-ECU-21793 c, INIAP-ECU-21814 c, INIAP-ECU-29056 c, INIAP-ECU-29057 c, INIAP-ECU-29058 c, INIAP-ECU-29059 c, INIAP-ECU-21741 c, INIAP-ECU-21784 c, INIAP-ECU-21815 c, INIAP-ECU-29060 c, and INIAP-ECU-29061 c |
Characteristic | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudo-stem height (m) | 3.29 | 3.25 | 4.05 | 3.62 |
Number of suckers | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
Length of the leaf blade (lamina) (m) | 1.92 | 2.54 | 2.70 | 2.26 |
Width of the leaf blade (lamina) (cm) | 77.03 | 68.51 | 85.89 | 78.17 |
Length of the petiole (cm) | 38.92 | 39.08 | 48.67 | 40.31 |
Number of green leaves at flowering | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 |
Number of green leaves at harvest | 4 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
Length of the peduncle (cm) | 46.44 | 50.88 | 54.26 | 47.06 |
Diameter of the peduncle (cm) | 5.55 | 5.1 | 6.54 | 6.05 |
Weight of the raceme (kg) | 11.57 | 10.99 | 24.93 | 16.78 |
Number of hands | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
Number of fruits (average hand) | 8 | 20 | 15 | 14 |
Number of fruits raceme−1 | 36 | 143 | 117 | 107 |
Length of peeled fruits (cm) | 19.4 | 8.34 | 13.31 | 13.42 |
Length of unpeeled fruits (cm) | 32.13 | 13.08 | 22.07 | 23.4 |
Diameter of the fruit (cm) | 4.42 | 3.24 | 4.21 | 3.44 |
Weight of the fruit (kg) | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.14 |
Qualitative Characteristics | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf Habit 1 | Erect | 1% | 1% | ||
Normal | 25% | 8% | 24% | 38% | |
Decumbent | 2% | 1% | |||
Sucker development 1 | Higher than 3/4 of the mother plant’s height | 1% | |||
Between 1/4 and 3/4 the size of the mother plant | 24% | 9% | 26% | 40% | |
Color of the pseudostem 2 | Yellow green | 24% | 9% | 17% | 37% |
Grayish orange | 1% | ||||
Grayish red | 1% | ||||
Grayish violet | 1% | ||||
Red | 1% | ||||
Grayish brown | 8% | ||||
Appearance of the pseudostem 2 | Opaque (waxy) | 25% | 9% | 25% | 40% |
Shiny (not waxy) | 1% | ||||
Pigmentation of the inner peel 2 | Yellow green | 1% | |||
Grayish orange | 1% | 1% | |||
Purple | 1% | 15% | 2% | ||
Grayish violet | 8% | 9% | 6% | 11% | |
Purple red | 15% | 4% | 26% | ||
Presence of wax on the fruit bract 2 | Very little or no visible signs of wax | 7% | 2% | ||
Little wax | 19% | 2% | 2% | 22% | |
Waxy | 6% | 18% | 17% | ||
Very waxy | 4% | 1% | |||
Spots at the base of the petiole 3 | Few | 8% | 13% | 3% | |
Small spots | 16% | 9% | 5% | 18% | |
Large spots½ | 8% | 15% | |||
Extensive pigmentation | 1% | 4% | |||
Spot color 3 | Brown | 4% | 12% | 18% | |
Grayish orange | 9% | 3% | 3% | ||
Grayish red | 1% | ||||
Grayish violet | 21% | 11% | 18% | ||
3rd Leaf petiole canal 3 | Open with winged margins | 1% | |||
Open with erect margins | 2% | 15% | 12% | ||
Narrow with erect margins | 23% | 9% | 10% | 27% | |
Margins twisted inwards | 1% | ||||
Vein color on the adaxial leaf surface 3 | Greenish yellow | 23% | 1% | 16% | 37% |
Green | 2% | 8% | 10% | 3% | |
Dorsal surface color of the cigar leaf 3 | Greenish yellow | 24% | 9% | 24% | 39% |
Green | 1% | 2% | 1% | ||
Type of male bud 4 | Normal (present) | 2% | 9% | 26% | 40% |
Degenerated before maturity (e.g., ‘false horn’ banana) | 14% | ||||
As a ‘true horn’ plantain (absent) | 9% | ||||
Shape of the male bud 4 | Absent | 9% | |||
Cone shaped | 6% | ||||
Lanceolate | 16% | ||||
Intermediate | 9% | 15% | 17% | ||
Ovoid | 1% | 22% | |||
Rounded | 4% | 1% | |||
Shape of the apex of the bracts 5 | Absent | 9% | |||
Sharp | 7% | ||||
Slightly pointed | 7% | 5% | 8% | 4% | |
Intermediate | 2% | 4% | 14% | 30% | |
Obtuse | 3% | 2% | |||
Obtuse and cracked | 1% | 4% | |||
Imbrication of bracts 5 | Absent | 9% | |||
Old bracts cover the apex | |||||
Young bracts lightly cover it | 16% | 13% | 27% | ||
Young bracts cover it | 9% | 13% | 13% | ||
Color of the adaxial side of the bract 5 | Absent | 9% | |||
Grayish yellow | 2% | ||||
Grayish orange | 6% | 1% | |||
Grayish red | 1% | 17% | 7% | ||
Grayish violet | 13% | 6% | 24% | ||
Red | 1% | 2% | 4% | ||
Purple red | 1% | 1% | |||
Red orange | 1% | 3% | |||
Orange | 1% | ||||
Attenuated coloration of the bract base 5 | Absent | 9% | |||
Discontinuous coloration towards the insertion with the rachis (pigmented zone at the level of the bract base) | 9% | 15% | |||
Homogeneous coloring (pigmentation is uniform and continuous to the base) | 16% | 26% | 25% | ||
Bract behavior before falling 5 | Absent | 9% | |||
Enrolled (rolls up) | 9% | 24% | 18% | ||
Not enrolled (does not curl) | 16% | 2% | 22% | ||
Presence of wax on the bract 5 | Absent | 9% | |||
Very little or no visible signs of wax | |||||
Very little wax | 6% | 9% | 11% | ||
Waxy | 10% | 22% | 28% | ||
Very waxy | 4% | 1% | |||
Compound tepal color 6 | Absent | 9% | |||
Yellow | 1% | 3% | |||
Yellow orange | 1% | ||||
White | 9% | 8% | 21% | 19% | |
Yellow white | 6% | 1% | 3% | 17% | |
Purple red | 1% | 1% | |||
Pigmentation of the compound tepal 6 | Absent | 9% | |||
Very little or no visible sign of pigmentation | 6% | 9% | 5% | 34% | |
Splattered with “rust” | 10% | 1% | 5% | ||
Presence of pink color | 20% | 1% | |||
Color of compound tepal locule 6 | Absent | 9% | |||
Yellow | 9% | 5% | 16% | 20% | |
Yellow orange | 7% | 4% | 10% | 20% | |
Appearance of the free tepal 6 | Absent | 9% | |||
Fold below the apex | 16% | 9% | 26% | 19% | |
More or less smooth | 3% | ||||
Very folded under the apex (corrugated) | 18% | ||||
Stigma color 6 | Absent | 9% | |||
Yellow | 1% | 1% | 4% | 6% | |
Yellow orange | 1% | 5% | 2% | 14% | |
Grayish orange | 1% | 6% | 3% | ||
Grayish yellow | 9% | 3% | 4% | 3% | |
Yellow white | 4% | 10% | 14% | ||
Color of the ovary basis 6 | Absent | 9% | |||
Yellow | 1% | 2% | |||
Orange | 1% | ||||
White | 2% | 1% | 6% | 6% | |
Greenish yellow | 6% | 2% | 5% | 30% | |
Greenish white | 8% | 6% | 14% | 1% | |
Pigmentation of the ovary 6 | Absent | 9% | |||
Very little or no visible sign of pigmentation | 16% | 9% | 6% | 39% | |
Red/violet | 20% | 1% | |||
Position of the raceme 7 | Vertically pendular | 19% | 4% | 20% | 24% |
Slightly inclined | 6% | 14% | |||
Oblique at 45° | 1% | ||||
Horizontal | 6% | 5% | |||
Erect | 1% | ||||
Rachis type 7 | Truncated, without a bract scar below the last fruit hand | 9% | |||
Present and the male bud may be degenerated or persistent | 16% | 9% | 26% | 40% | |
Position of the rachis (spine) 7 | Absent | 9% | |||
Vertically pendular | 8% | 1% | 26% | 36% | |
Inclined | 8% | ||||
With a bend | 8% | 4% | |||
Appearance of the floral rachis 7 | Male flower or persistent bract above the male bud (the rachis is bare above) | 10% | 6% | ||
Male flower or persistent bract above the male bud (the rachis is bare above) | 9% | 14% | 12% | ||
Sterile or male flowers throughout the rachis, without persistent bracts | 16% | ||||
Small cluster of sterile flowers just above the male bud | 2% | 21% | |||
No sterile or male flowers on the entire rachis, without persistent bracts | 9% | ||||
Sterile or male flowers from the middle rachis, with persistent bracts | 1% | ||||
Fruit shape 8 | Straight (slight curve) | 1% | 9% | 14% | 5% |
Straight in the distal part | 24% | 4% | 22% | ||
Curved (a very marked curve) | 8% | 13% | |||
Fruit cross-section 8 | Pronounced edges | 25% | 5% | 22% | |
Weakly pronounced edges | 21% | 18% | |||
Rounded | 9% | ||||
Fruit apex 8 | Pointed | 3% | 1% | ||
Long pointed | 25% | 4% | 21% | ||
Truncated | 18% | 18% | |||
In bottleneck | 1% | ||||
Rounded | 9% | ||||
Floral vestige at the apex of the fruit 8 | Without a trace of flowers | 22% | 16% | ||
Persistent style | 9% | 2% | |||
Prominent style base | 25% | 4% | 22% | ||
Color of the unripe peel 8 | Greenish yellow | 24% | 9% | 16% | 38% |
Green | 1% | 1% | 2% | ||
Grayish orange | 9% | ||||
Color of the ripe peel 8 | Yellow | 24% | 9% | 15% | 38% |
Yellow orange | 1% | 2% | 2% | ||
Grayish orange | 9% | ||||
Peel adhesion 8 | Detaches easily | 9% | 23% | 17% | |
It does not come off easily | 25% | 3% | 23% | ||
Color of the immature pulp 8 | Yellow | 1% | 6% | ||
Yellow orange | 3% | 1% | 4% | ||
Orange | 6% | 2% | 2% | ||
White | 4% | 3% | 8% | ||
Yellow white | 4% | 5% | 1% | ||
Orange-white | 11% | 15% | 17% | ||
Grayish yellow | 5% | 2% | |||
Color of the pulp at maturity 8 | Yellow | 3% | 2% | 11% | |
Yellow orange | 17% | 4% | 10% | 20 | |
Orange | 7% | 1% | |||
White | 1% | 1% | |||
Yellow white | 1% | 3% | 4% | ||
Orange-white | 2% | ||||
Grayish yellow | 1% | 9% | 1% | ||
Grayish orange | 1% | 1% | |||
Predominant flavor 8 | Astringent (like cooked bananas) | ||||
Mild | 22% | 3% | |||
Sweet (like Cavendish) | 14% | ||||
Sweetened (like ‘Pisang Mas’) | 9% | ||||
Sweet and sour (like apples) | 25% | 4% | 23% |
Variable | X2 | Coefficient (P) | Cramer (V) |
---|---|---|---|
Fruit cross-section | 137.46 ** | 3.4496 × 10−27 | 0.83 |
Fruit apex | 143.52 ** | 1.1639 × 10−24 | 0.69 |
Type of male bud | 149.34 ** | 3.2612 × 10−24 | 0.71 |
Floral vestige at the apex of the fruit | 122.51 ** | 4.841 × 10−24 | 0.78 |
Appearance of the rachis | 138.31 ** | 4.9674 × 10−22 | 0.68 |
Pigmentation of the compound tepal | 113.16 ** | 3.3409 × 10−20 | 0.61 |
Pigmentation of the ovary | 93.16 ** | 6.6632 × 10−18 | 0.68 |
Type of male bud | 89.61 ** | 3.6505 × 10−17 | 0.67 |
Bract behavior before falling | 69.20 ** | 5.9569 × 10−13 | 0.59 |
Fruit shape | 62.67 ** | 1.2863 × 10−11 | 0.56 |
Shape of the apex of the bracts | 77.31 ** | 2.1613 × 10−10 | 0.51 |
Imbrication of bracts | 54.79 ** | 5.0999 × 10−10 | 0.52 |
Color of the ovary basis | 67.80 ** | 1.0983 × 10−8 | 0.48 |
Stigma color | 62.42 ** | 9.6134 × 10−8 | 0.46 |
Spots at the base of the petiole | 41.61 ** | 3.8757 × 10−6 | 0.37 |
Color of the immature pulp | 57.73 ** | 4.7351 × 10−6 | 0.44 |
Color of the ripe peel | 29.79 ** | 4.3139 × 10−5 | 0.39 |
Color of the unripe peel | 28.72 ** | 6.884 × 10−5 | 0.38 |
Color of pseudostem | 29.42 ** | 0.01420494 | 0.31 |
Seed shape | 8.22 ** | 0.04170303 | 0.29 |
Category | Annual Temperature | Apparent Density | Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) |
---|---|---|---|
4 | 23.99 °C ± 1.62 | 0.99 g cm−3 ± 0.08 | 45.79 cmol kg−1 ± 15.53 |
9 | 22.36 °C ± 4.96 | 1.32 g cm−3 ± 0.01 | 17.43 cmol kg−1 ± 1.97 |
10 | 22 °C ± 4. 40 | 1.13 g cm−3 ± 0.03 | 27.17 cmol kg−1 ± 4.27 |
22 | 25.01 °C ± 6.01 | 1.12 g cm−3 ± 0.07 | 29.63 cmol kg−1 ± 7.19 |
23 | 25.32 °C ± 1.42 | 0.86 g cm−3 ± 0.07 | 29.39 cmol kg−1 ± 8.53 |
12 | 24.75 °C ± 7.70 | 1.39 g cm−3 ± 0.04 | 18.46 cmol kg−1 ± 4.24 |
11 | 24.34 °C ± 12.56 | 1.28 g cm−3 ± 0.04 | 21.07 cmol kg−1 ± 5.23 |
6 | 23.46 °C ± 13.02 | 1.42 g/cm3 ± 0.04 | 16.78 cmol kg−1 ± 3.96 |
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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Poaquiza, N.A.; Vásconez, R.A.; Tandazo, L.L.; Monteros-Altamirano, Á.; Bastidas, C.T.; Franklin, S.M.; Sørensen, M.; Andrade, N.P. The Morphological and Ecogeographic Characterization of the Musa L. Collection in the Gene Bank of INIAP, Ecuador. Crops 2025, 5, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops5030034
Poaquiza NA, Vásconez RA, Tandazo LL, Monteros-Altamirano Á, Bastidas CT, Franklin SM, Sørensen M, Andrade NP. The Morphological and Ecogeographic Characterization of the Musa L. Collection in the Gene Bank of INIAP, Ecuador. Crops. 2025; 5(3):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops5030034
Chicago/Turabian StylePoaquiza, Nelly Avalos, Ramiro Acurio Vásconez, Luis Lima Tandazo, Álvaro Monteros-Altamirano, César Tapia Bastidas, Sigcha Morales Franklin, Marten Sørensen, and Nelly Paredes Andrade. 2025. "The Morphological and Ecogeographic Characterization of the Musa L. Collection in the Gene Bank of INIAP, Ecuador" Crops 5, no. 3: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops5030034
APA StylePoaquiza, N. A., Vásconez, R. A., Tandazo, L. L., Monteros-Altamirano, Á., Bastidas, C. T., Franklin, S. M., Sørensen, M., & Andrade, N. P. (2025). The Morphological and Ecogeographic Characterization of the Musa L. Collection in the Gene Bank of INIAP, Ecuador. Crops, 5(3), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops5030034