The Influence of Plant Extract on the Phase Equilibrium of Structure I Gas Hydrate in a Simulated Offshore Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Assumption/Limitations of Research Work
- The Mini flow loop used operates within a Loop pressure of 3500 psi and temperature between 0 and 50 °C.
- The maximum allowable pressure for the loop was 150 psi because above this pressure, the screw pump failed because the pump used was for single-phase liquid flow so the quantity of pumped gas had a limit.
- The system operates as a constant volume batch process therefore the amount of gas used up is reflected in the pressure of the system at the end of the experiment.
- Rapid temperature increases and excessive decreases in pressure were an indication of hydrate formation in the system. This is so because hydrate formation is an exothermic reaction indicated by temperature increase. The pressure decrease is due to a reduction in the number of gas molecules in the system
- The system is made of 316 stainless steel pipes that are insulated inside a 4-inch PVC pipe with cold water circulated constantly to cool the stainless-steel pipe, mimicking the offshore environment.
- The system studies gas hydrate formation in a gas-dominated two-phase flow system and predominantly studies how pressure affects gas hydrate formation in a gas-dominated 2-phase system.
- About 1 m of the 0.5-inch internal diameter pipe is spiraled and exposed inside the refrigerator (cooling unit) to increase the retention time of the hydrate-forming fluid in the coldest part where gas hydrate is likely to form.
2.2. Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrate Equilibrium Pressure-Temperature Plots for 1, 2, and 3 wt% PE and Uninhibited Experiment (Water and Gas)
3.2. Comparison of the Inhibitory Capacities of Plant Extract (PE) and Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG)
3.3. Hydrate Equilibrium Pressure-Temperature Plots for 1, 2, and 3 wt% PE, MEG and Uninhibited Experiment (Water and Gas)
3.4. Initial and Final Pressure versus Time for 1, 2, and 3 wt% of PE, MEG, and Uninhibited Experiment
3.5. Inhibition Efficiency for 1, 2, and 3 wt% of PE, MEG Inhibited Experiment
- Pi is the initial pressure for both gas and water alone and inhibited systems using PE and MEG.
- Pinhibited is the final pressure of PE and MEG-inhibited systems
- Puninhibited is the final pressure for the gas and water system only.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | Molecular Weight (Mw) | Mole Fraction (%) |
---|---|---|
Methane, CH4 | 16 | 98.44 |
Carbondioxide, CO2 | 44 | 1.56 |
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) | 34.08 | - |
Total Sulfur | 32.065 | - |
Oxygen (O2) | 16 | - |
1 wt% | Δp (psi) | 2 wt%(psi) | Δp (psi) | 3 wt%(psi) | Δp (psi) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gas and water | 150 − 36 | 114 | 150 − 36 | 114 | 150 − 36 | 114 |
Plant Extract (PE) | 150 − 132 | 18 | 150 − 105 | 45 | 150 − 120 | 30 |
Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) | 150 − 105 | 45 | 150 − 99 | 51 | 150 − 120 | 30 |
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Wachikwu-Elechi, V.U.; Ikiensikimama, S.S.; Ajienka, J.A. The Influence of Plant Extract on the Phase Equilibrium of Structure I Gas Hydrate in a Simulated Offshore Environment. Thermo 2023, 3, 21-37. https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo3010002
Wachikwu-Elechi VU, Ikiensikimama SS, Ajienka JA. The Influence of Plant Extract on the Phase Equilibrium of Structure I Gas Hydrate in a Simulated Offshore Environment. Thermo. 2023; 3(1):21-37. https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo3010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleWachikwu-Elechi, Virtue Urunwo, Sunday Sunday Ikiensikimama, and Joseph Atubokiki Ajienka. 2023. "The Influence of Plant Extract on the Phase Equilibrium of Structure I Gas Hydrate in a Simulated Offshore Environment" Thermo 3, no. 1: 21-37. https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo3010002