Textile-Based Sound Sensors (TSS): New Opportunities for Sound Monitoring in Smart Buildings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
3. Methods to Embed Sound Sensors in Textile
3.1. Piezoelectric Acoustic Sensors (PAS) Films
3.2. Piezoelectric Acoustic Sensors (PAS) Yarns
4. Sound Sensors Typologies in Monitoring System
5. Comparison of Textile-Based Sound Sensors and Other Microphones
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Unit |
---|---|
Sensitivity at 1 kHz | mV/Pa, or dB |
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | dB |
Noise floor | dB |
Sensitivity Resonance | Hz |
Reference | PAS Thickness [μm] | PAS Material | Sensitivity mV/Pa at 1 kHz | SNR dB at 1 kHz | Noise Floor | Sensitivity Peak kHz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D31 mode | ||||||
[36] | 3 | AlN (Aluminium nitride) | 1.82 | 57 | 37 in dB(A) (A-weighted decibels expresses the relative loudness of sounds in air as perceived by the human ear) | NR |
[40] | 127 | PZT (lead zirconate-titanate) | 0.12 | NR | NR | 13.71 |
[44] | 3.5 | ZnO (Zinc oxide) | 0.92 | 37 | 57 Hz (resonance frequency) | 18 |
[45] | 2.14 | AlN (Aluminium nitride) | 0.039 | 54 | 40 in dB SPL | 20 |
[46] | 0.267 | PZT (lead zirconate-titanate) | 0.00166 | 58.3 | 35.7 in dB SPL (Sound pressure level measured in decibel) | 59 |
[47] | 0.2 | AlN (Aluminium nitride) | 0.68 | NR | NR | 11.2 |
D33 mode | ||||||
[48] | 26 | PP (polypropylene) | 2 | 57 | 37 in dB SPL | NR |
[49] | 0.5 | AlN (Aluminium nitride) | 4.49 | 67 | 27.3 in dB SPL | 10.18 |
Reference Source | Sound Sensors Typology | Application | Sensitivity at 1 kHz, dB re. 1 V/Pa | Transfer Factor mV/Pa at 1 kHz | SNR | Thickness [μm] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[16] | MEMS | Outdoor | −38 | 12.59 | 63 dBA | 11,000 |
[17] | Monacor MCE-400 | Outdoor | −42.04 | 7.9 | 58 dB | 6700 |
[18] | Tmote-Invent | Outdoor | −35 | 17.78 | NR | 86,000 |
[19] | Condenser microphone ½” C-130 Cesva | Outdoor | −35.14 | 17.5 | NR | 17,600 |
[20] | ADMP401 MEMS | Outdoor | −42 | 7.94 | 62 dBA | 10,000 |
[21] | Knowles SPU0410LR5H-QB analog MEMS | Indoor | −41 | 8.91 | 94 dBA | 1700 |
References Source | Sensitivity mV/Pa at 1 kHz | SNR dBA at 1 kHz | Noise Floor | Thickness μm |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sound sensors in current monitoring system | ||||
[15] | 12.59 | 63 | NR | 11,000 |
[16] | 7.9 | 58 | NR | 6700 |
[18] | 17.78 | NR | NR | 860,000 |
[19] | 17.5 | NR | NR | 17,600 |
[20] | 7.94 | 62 | NR | 10,000 |
[21] | 8.912 | −41 | NR | 1700 |
PAS (Piezo acoustic sensors) yarn | ||||
[30] | 19.6 | 30 | NR | 200 |
PAS (Piezo acoustic sensors) film D33 mode | ||||
[48] | 2 | 57 | 37 in dB SPL | 26 |
[49] | 4.49 | 67 | 27.3 in dB SPL | 0.5 |
MEMS | ||||
[57] | 1 | NR | 16 in (kHz) | 2.0 |
[58] | 0.0966–0.1266 | NR | 85 in (kHz) | 15 |
[59] | 0.61 | NR | 13 in (kHz) | 29 |
[60] | 11.22 | NR | 176 in (kHz) | 150,000 |
[48] | 2 | 57 | 37 | 125 |
Conventional microphone | ||||
[61] | 50 | NR | 15 dBA | 17,600 |
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Giglio, A.; Neuwerk, K.; Haupt, M.; Conti, G.M.; Paoletti, I. Textile-Based Sound Sensors (TSS): New Opportunities for Sound Monitoring in Smart Buildings. Textiles 2022, 2, 296-306. https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles2020016
Giglio A, Neuwerk K, Haupt M, Conti GM, Paoletti I. Textile-Based Sound Sensors (TSS): New Opportunities for Sound Monitoring in Smart Buildings. Textiles. 2022; 2(2):296-306. https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles2020016
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiglio, Andrea, Karsten Neuwerk, Michael Haupt, Giovanni Maria Conti, and Ingrid Paoletti. 2022. "Textile-Based Sound Sensors (TSS): New Opportunities for Sound Monitoring in Smart Buildings" Textiles 2, no. 2: 296-306. https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles2020016