Enhancing the Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of Smallholder Farmers to Drought in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Areas
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Conceptual Framework: Probit Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Impacts of Socio-Economic Status on Coping and Adaptation
3.2. Determinants of Capacity Building of Smallholder Farmers towards Drought
3.3. Coping and Adaptability
3.4. Dependency upon Government Support during Drought
3.5. Extension Services to Increase Drought-Resilience
4. Conclusions
5. Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Coefficients | Standard Errors |
---|---|---|
Age | −0.0265 ** | 0.0133 |
Household Size | 0.1970 *** | 0.0608 |
Salary | 7.6444 | 275.080 |
Employment | −6.9432 | 275.08 |
Land size | 0.1388 | 0.1191 |
Borehole | 2.5592 *** | 0.4832 |
Social grant | 0.8862 ** | 0.4303 |
Farming income | 1.3554 ** | 0.5646 |
Two types of farming | −2.0073 ** | 0.7915 |
Three types of farming | −1.6086 ** | 0.7201 |
Education status—Grade 12 | 2.6292 *** | 0.5002 |
Access to dam water | 0.3698 | 0.3610 |
Constant | −2.1771 | 1.1973 |
Summary of the model | ||
N = 200 Log Likelihood = −77.134 Pseudo R-square = 0.4270 | LR Chi-square = 114.94 Prob (Chi-sq) = 0.000 |
A Strategy for Adapting | Greater Giyani (%) | Greater Tzaneen (%) | Thulamela (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Irrigation | 30 | 50 | 70 |
Early maturing maize varieties | 80 | 70 | 80 |
Change in planting dates | 45 | 35 | 75 |
Drought resistant crop | 60 | 50 | 80 |
Crop diversification | 75 | 60 | 50 |
Drilling boreholes | 40 | 30 | 60 |
Rainwater harvesting | 70 | 10 | 40 |
Mulching to conserve moisture | 70 | 25 | 50 |
Application of pesticides | 10 | 10 | 15 |
Applying cow dung/chicken manure | 15 | 25 | 30 |
Non-farming activities | 60 | 70 | 30 |
Observed Changes | Risks That Have Been Identified | Strategy for Coping and Adapting to Drought |
---|---|---|
Frequent heatwaves |
|
|
Reduced rainy season |
|
|
Variability of rainfall within and between seasons |
|
|
Droughts occur more frequently and intensify |
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Shikwambana, S.; Malaza, N.; Ncube, B. Enhancing the Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of Smallholder Farmers to Drought in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Conservation 2022, 2, 435-449. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation2030029
Shikwambana S, Malaza N, Ncube B. Enhancing the Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of Smallholder Farmers to Drought in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Conservation. 2022; 2(3):435-449. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation2030029
Chicago/Turabian StyleShikwambana, Sydney, Ntokozo Malaza, and Bongani Ncube. 2022. "Enhancing the Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of Smallholder Farmers to Drought in the Limpopo Province, South Africa" Conservation 2, no. 3: 435-449. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation2030029