Insulin Resistance Develops Due to an Imbalance in the Synthesis of Cyclic AMP and the Natural Cyclic AMP Antagonist Prostaglandylinositol Cyclic Phosphate (Cyclic PIP)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cyclic AMP
3. The Natural Cyclic AMP Antagonist Cyclic PIP
4. The Interplay of Cyclic AMP and Cyclic PIP
4.1. At the Level of Their Biosynthesis: Cyclic AMP Inhibits Cyclic PIP Synthase and Cyclic PIP Inhibits Adenylate Cyclase
4.2. At the Level of the Regulation of Metabolism: Increasing Cyclic AMP and Decreasing Cyclic PIP Synthesis Lead to Dominance of Catabolism over Anabolism
5. Illnesses Connected with Decreased Synthesis of Cyclic PIP
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cyclic PIP Synthesis (Units/g Wet Weight) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control Rats | Diabetic Rats | |||
Organs | Basal | Insulin stim. | Basal | Insulin stim. |
Brain | 1.7 | 9.3 | 3.6 | 5 |
Heart | 4.7 | 15.1 | 3.2 | 4.9 |
Intestine | 5.2 | 15.7 | n.d. | n.d. |
Kidney | 4.6 | 12.8 | 7.7 | 9 |
Liver | 4.1 | 8.7 | 7 | 5.5 |
Lung | 4.6 | 7 | 5.7 | 6.7 |
Muscle | n.d. | n.d. | 7 | 8.2 |
Spleen | 1.5 | 19.7 | 5 | 6.2 |
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Wasner, H.K. Insulin Resistance Develops Due to an Imbalance in the Synthesis of Cyclic AMP and the Natural Cyclic AMP Antagonist Prostaglandylinositol Cyclic Phosphate (Cyclic PIP). Stresses 2023, 3, 762-772. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses3040052
Wasner HK. Insulin Resistance Develops Due to an Imbalance in the Synthesis of Cyclic AMP and the Natural Cyclic AMP Antagonist Prostaglandylinositol Cyclic Phosphate (Cyclic PIP). Stresses. 2023; 3(4):762-772. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses3040052
Chicago/Turabian StyleWasner, Heinrich K. 2023. "Insulin Resistance Develops Due to an Imbalance in the Synthesis of Cyclic AMP and the Natural Cyclic AMP Antagonist Prostaglandylinositol Cyclic Phosphate (Cyclic PIP)" Stresses 3, no. 4: 762-772. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses3040052