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Volume 6
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10.3390/constrmater6010009
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Communication

Welding of Steel with a High Carbon Equivalent and Bainite Microstructure with Extremely Low Heat Input

by
Mikhailo Brykov
1,2,*,
Vasyl’ Girzhon
2,
Volodymyr Lebedev
3,
Ruslan Kulykovskyi
2,
Oleksii Kapustyan
2,
Olexandr Klymov
2,
Alexey Efremenko
4 and
Denys Molochkov
2
1
Department of Metallic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
2
Faculty of Engineering and Physics, National University Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic, 69063 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
3
Welding Department, Kherson Educational-Scientific Institute of Admiral Makarov, National University of Shipbuilding, 73003 Kherson, Ukraine
4
Physics Department, Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 49044 Dnipro, Ukraine
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Constr. Mater. 2026, 6(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6010009
Submission received: 25 November 2025 / Revised: 29 December 2025 / Accepted: 28 January 2026 / Published: 30 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Sustainable Construction and Road Engineering Materials)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Samples of medium-carbon low alloyed steel (0.45 wt% C, 2.61 wt% Mn, 1.57 wt% Si) with bainite microstructure were welded using the cold metal transfer method. A series of single welding “dots” was made to produce welding joints using austenitic welding wires. The heat input was adjusted to the minimal possible level of 500–800 J per “dot”. Tensile tests of welded samples demonstrated that quality welds were obtained. All samples were broken via welded metal, showing tensile strength 530–670 MPa, which is inherent to the material of the welding wires. It was determined that the time required for phase transformations in the heat-affected zone during the thermal cycle is an order of magnitude greater than the time of temperature flash during producing a single welding “dot”. The results of extensive hardness measurements of material in the heat-affected zone, along with macro- and microstructure investigations, are presented. It has been demonstrated that cold metal transfer welding technology can be successfully used for welding steel with high carbon equivalent and bainite microstructure without preheating and with minimal deterioration of properties in the heat-affected zone.
Keywords: high-strength steels; ultra-high-strength steels; bainite; cold metal transfer; heat-affected zone; microstructure high-strength steels; ultra-high-strength steels; bainite; cold metal transfer; heat-affected zone; microstructure

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MDPI and ACS Style

Brykov, M.; Girzhon, V.; Lebedev, V.; Kulykovskyi, R.; Kapustyan, O.; Klymov, O.; Efremenko, A.; Molochkov, D. Welding of Steel with a High Carbon Equivalent and Bainite Microstructure with Extremely Low Heat Input. Constr. Mater. 2026, 6, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6010009

AMA Style

Brykov M, Girzhon V, Lebedev V, Kulykovskyi R, Kapustyan O, Klymov O, Efremenko A, Molochkov D. Welding of Steel with a High Carbon Equivalent and Bainite Microstructure with Extremely Low Heat Input. Construction Materials. 2026; 6(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6010009

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brykov, Mikhailo, Vasyl’ Girzhon, Volodymyr Lebedev, Ruslan Kulykovskyi, Oleksii Kapustyan, Olexandr Klymov, Alexey Efremenko, and Denys Molochkov. 2026. "Welding of Steel with a High Carbon Equivalent and Bainite Microstructure with Extremely Low Heat Input" Construction Materials 6, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6010009

APA Style

Brykov, M., Girzhon, V., Lebedev, V., Kulykovskyi, R., Kapustyan, O., Klymov, O., Efremenko, A., & Molochkov, D. (2026). Welding of Steel with a High Carbon Equivalent and Bainite Microstructure with Extremely Low Heat Input. Construction Materials, 6(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6010009

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